How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality
Open accessAbstract
The newly emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, but has rapidly spread all over the world. Some COVID-19 patients encounter a severe symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality. This high severity is dependent on a cytokine storm, most likely induced by the interleukin-6 (IL-6) amplifier, which is hyper-activation machinery that regulates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and stimulated by the simultaneous activation of IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-κB signaling in non-immune cells including alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells. We hypothesize that IL-6-STAT3 signaling is a promising therapeutic target for the cytokine storm in COVID-19, because IL-6 is a major STAT3 stimulator, particularly during inflammation. We herein review the pathogenic mechanism and potential therapeutic targets of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
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Antidepressant use may be associated with reduced plasma levels of several inflammatory mediators linked to severe COVID-19, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-2.
“Third, antidepressant use may be associated with reduced plasma levels of several inflammatory mediators associated with severe COVID-19 [7], including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CCL-2 [8].”
Severe COVID-19 is associated with increased plasma levels of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines.
“Accumulating evidence suggests that severe COVID-19 is associated with an increased plasma level of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines”
Approximately 70% of COVID-19 deaths occur from ARDS, with age being one of the most significant risk factors.
“Approximately 70% of COVID‐19 deaths are reported to occur from ARDS with age being one of the most significant risk factors (Hojyo et al, 2020; Jordan et al, 2020).”
From The struggle of a good friend getting old: cellular senescence in viral responses and therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Hojyo et al, 2020
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- Authors
- Hojyo, S., Uchida, M., Tanaka, K., Hasebe, R., Tanaka, Y., Murakami, M., & Hirano, T.
- Affiliations
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Murakami, Masaaki
- Hirano, Toshio
- Venue
- Inflammation and Regeneration
- Published
- 2020-10-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-37
- ISSN
- 1346-8022 (ISSN-L)
- 1880-8190
- OpenAlex
- W3091085673
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 199 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Inflammation and Regeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- QST-Repository (National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H00502)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, interleukin-6, STAT3 signaling, NF-κB signaling, alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial cells, inflammation, therapeutic target
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