Uncovering the hidden impacts of inequality on mental health: a global study
Open accessAbstract
Women are nearly twice as likely as men to suffer from mental illness. This gender disparity in depressive disorders may relate to social inequalities and living standards across nations. Currently, these disparities were not reflected at the level of health policies. This study utilized global data for depressive disorders and socioeconomic data from the United Nations’ World Bank databases and Global Burden of Disease database to demonstrate the correlation between social inequality and gender disparities in mental health. This study investigated the association among the ratio of female to male depressive disorder rates, gross domestic product, the GINI Index, and the gender inequality index for 122 countries. The research yielded some major findings. First, there exists a significant correlation between gender inequality and gender disparities in mental health. Second, the GINI index is significantly associated with male—but not female—depressive disorder rates. Third, gender disparities in depressive disorders are associated with a country’s wealth. These findings can help to inform society, policy-makers, and clinicians to improve the overall health level globally.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A systematic review and meta-analysis reports small to medium effects for indicated preventive interventions in the workplace, targeting persons with sub-threshold depressive symptoms with either CBT-based or other psychosocial interventions.
“A systematic review and meta-analysis reports small to medium effects for indicated preventive interventions in the workplace, targeting persons with sub-threshold depressive symptoms with either CBT-based (six studies) or other psychosocial interventions (two studies). 447”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [447]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x · Cited by 8,475 · see citing works
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006 · see citing works
Lopez, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9 · Cited by 5,630 · see citing works
Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health
Courtenay, W. H. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1 · Cited by 4,091 · see citing works
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431 · see citing works
The spirit level : why equality is better for everyone
Wilkinson, R. G., & Pickett, K. E. (2010) · Penguin Books · Cited by 2,990 · see citing works
Reiss, F. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026 · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Orloff, A. (1993) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095903 · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
The global burden of disease, 1990–2020
López, A. D., & Murray, C. C. J. L. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/3218 · Cited by 1,613 · see citing works
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., et al. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles.
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure
Ruigrok, A. N. V., Salimi-Khorshidi, G., Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Tait, R. J., & Suckling, J. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.004 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Mathers, C. D. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00335-x · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Marmot, M. G., & Bell, R. (2012) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2012.05.014 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions versus Social Roles
(2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2874.003.0015 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Marmot, M. G., & Bell, R. (2010) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2010.10.25.6.30.p4603 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Depression: A Global Public Health Concern
Marcus, M., Yasamy, M. T., van Ommeren, M., Chisholm, D., & Saxena, S. (2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e517532013-004 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression
Parker, G., & Brotchie, H. (2010) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2010.492391 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Modeling the effects of health on economic growth
Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. L. (2001) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(01)00073-x · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories
Canli, T., Desmond, J. E., Zhao, Z., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.162356599 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault And Stalking: Findings from The British Crime Survey
Walby, S., & Allen, J. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e649462007-001 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
D, M. F. M., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00112-4 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
The gender role strain paradigm: An update.
Pleck, J. H. (1995) · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis
Seguino, S. (2000) · World Development · doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00018-8 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Depression in Women: Implications for Health Care Research
Weissman, M. M., & Olfson, M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7638596 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation.
Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1010 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness.
Vlassoff, C. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 494 · see citing works
West, B. T., Welch, K. B., & Gałecki, A. T. (2014) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17198 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., Baxter, A. J., Pirkis, J. E., Harris, M. G., Page, A., Carnahan, E., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091936 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Sex, gender, and health: the need for a new approach
Doyal, L. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1061 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation.
Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1010 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Jagger, C., Gillies, C. L., Moscone, F., Cambois, E., Oyen, H. J. V., Nusselder, W. J., & Robine, J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61594-9 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Poverty, social inequality and mental health
Murali, V., & Oyebode, F. (2004) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.10.3.216 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?
Emslie, C., Ridge, D., Ziebland, S., & Hunt, K. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.017 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Evans, J. A., Frank, B. W., Oliffe, J. L., & Gregory, D. (2011) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.227 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Hausmann, R., Tyson, L. D., & Zahidi, S. (2006) · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Stress Response Circuitry Activation Dependent on Female Hormonal Cycle
Goldstein, J. M., Jerram, M. W., Abbs, B., Whitfield, S., & Makris, N. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3021-09.2010 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Should Health Studies Measure Wealth?
Pollack, C. E., Chideya, S., Cubbin, C., Williams, B. A., Dekker, M., & Braveman, P. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.033 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Muntaner, C., Eaton, W. W., Diala, C. C., Kessler, R. C., & Sorlie, P. D. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00309-8 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Inequality: an underacknowledged source of mental illness and distress
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072066 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: a framework for the patterning of women's health
Moss, N. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00115-0 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Quantifying disability: data, methods and results.
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Influence of Macrosocial Policies on Women's Health and Gender Inequalities in Health
Borrell, C., Palencia, L., Muntaner, C., Urquia, M. L., Malmusi, D., & O'Campo, P. J. (2013) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt002 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Sex and Gender Factors in Medical Studies
Pinn, V. W. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.4.397 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Distinguishing Between Sex and Gender: History, Current Conceptualizations, and Implications
Muehlenhard, C. L., & Peterson, Z. D. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9932-5 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
Hopcroft, R. L., & Bradley, D. B. (2007) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0071 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Do Sex Hormones Determine Vulnerability?
Naninck, E. F. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Bakker, J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02125.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Negotiating New Asian-American Masculinities: Attitudes and Gender Expectations
Chua, P., & Fujino, D. C. (1999) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.3149/jms.0703.391 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Global burden of disease studies: implications for mental and substance use disorders
Whiteford, H., Ferrari, A., & Degenhardt, L. (2016) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0082 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Major depression in women: a review of the literature.
Desai, H. D., & Jann, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/s1086-5802(15)30400-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
What is the association between wealth and mental health?
Carter, K. N., Blakely, T. A., Collings, S. C., Gunasekara, F. I., & Richardson, K. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079483 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Unequal depression for equal work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders
Platt, J., Prins, S., Bates, L., & Keyes, K. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.056 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Vos, T., & Mathers, C. D. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1590/s0042-96862000000400004 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Inequality, Interactions, and Human Development
Seth, S. (2009) · Journal of Human Development and Capabilities · doi:10.1080/19452820903048878 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Macro‐level gender equality and depression in men and women in Europe
Van de Velde, S., Huijts, T., Bracke, P., & Bambra, C. (2013) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01521.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sex and gender matter in health research: addressing health inequities in health research reporting
Gahagan, J., Gray, K., & Whynacht, A. (2015) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0144-4 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Pay gap by gender in the tourism industry of Brazil
Guimarães, C. R. F. F., & Silva, J. R. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Beyond inequality: Acknowledging the complexity of social determinants of health
Eckersley, R. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.052 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sex differences in effective fronto-limbic connectivity during negative emotion processing
Lungu, O., Potvin, S., Tikàsz, A., & Mendrek, A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.012 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Social correlates of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in China and India: a review
Cheng, H. G., Shidhaye, R. R., Charlson, F., Dèng, F., Lyngdoh, T., Chen, S., Nanda, S., Lacroix, K., Baxter, A. J., & Whiteford, H. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30166-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sex differences in health and mortality in Moscow and Denmark
Oksuzyan, A., Shkolnikova, M. A., Vaupel, J. W., Christensen, K., & Школьников, В. М. (2014) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9893-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wada, K., Sairenchi, T., Haruyama, Y., Taneichi, H., Ishikawa, Y., & Muto, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056319 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bhan, N., Rao, K. D., & Kachwaha, S. (2016) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0457-y · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gender differences in health of EU10 and EU15 populations: the double burden of EU10 men
Nusselder, W. J., Looman, C. W. N., Oyen, H. J. V., Robine, J., & Jagger, C. (2010) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-010-0169-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Foverskov, E., & Holm, A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hagen, E. H., Garfield, M. J., & Sullivan, R. J. (2016) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eow013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Explaining the sex difference in depression with a unified bargaining model of anger and depression
Hagen, E. H., & Rosenström, T. H. (2016) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eow006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Performance pay, competitiveness, and the gender wage gap: Evidence from the United States
McGee, A. D., McGee, P. J., & Pan, J. (2015) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.01.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Editorial Social inequality and mental health
Hartwell, H. J. (2008) · The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health · doi:10.1177/14664240081280030701 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
State liberalism, female supervisors, and the gender wage gap
Maume, D. J., & Ruppanner, L. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.11.005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The role of occupational attributes in gender earnings inequality, 1970-2010.
Mandel, H. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gitto, L., Noh, Y.-H., & Andrés, A. R. (2015) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.82 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Undurraga, E. A., Behrman, J. R., Leonard, W. R., & Godoy, R. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [11]Sanders, A. R., Detera-Wadleigh, S. D., & Gershon, E. S. Molecular genetics of mood disorders. In: Charney DDS, Nestler EJ, Bunney ES, eds. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. 1st ed. New York: Oxford; 1999:299-316.
- [30]World Health Organization. Women’s Mental Health: An Evidence Based Review (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2000).
- [46]World Health Organization. Mental health: responding to the call for action, report by the Secretariat Vol. 55. 55th World Health Assembly A (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002).
- [55]World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research, Vol. 2 (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
Herrman, H., Patel, V., Kieling, C., Berk, M., Buchweitz, C., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T. A., Kessler, R. C., Kohrt, B. A., Maj, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02141-3 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Lawrance, E. L., Thompson, R., Newberry Le Vay, J., Page, L., & Jennings, N. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2128725 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: A meta‐analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents
Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kellerman, J., Pollak, O., Cha, C. B., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., Wyman, P. A., & Boatman, A. E. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13106 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Zugman, A., Alliende, L. M., Medel, V., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Seidlitz, J., Ringlein, G., Arango, C., Arnatkevičiūtė, A., Asmal, L., Bellgrove, M., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2218782120 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Li, S., Xu, Y., Zheng, L., Pang, H., Zhang, Q., Lou, L., & Huang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.789305 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Consumers’ experiences of rights-based mental health laws: Lessons from Victoria, Australia
Maylea, C., Katterl, S., Johnson, B., Alvarez-Vasquez, S., Hill, N., & Weller, P. (2021) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101737 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Structural inequality and temporal brain dynamics across diverse samples
Baez, S., Hernandez, H., Moguilner, S., Cuadros, J., Santamaria‐Garcia, H., Medel, V., Migeot, J., Cruzat, J., Valdes‐Sosa, P. A., Lopera, F., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.70032 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kemp, C. G., Johnson, L. C. M., Sagar, R., Poongothai, S., Tandon, N., Anjana, R. M., Aravind, S., Sridhar, G. R., Patel, S. A., Emmert-Fees, K., et al. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Enhancing brain health in the global south through a sex and gender lens
Baez, S., Castro-Aldrete, L., Britton, G. B., Ibañez, A., & Santuccione-Chadha, A. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00339-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tomczyk, J., Nezlek, J. B., & Krejtz, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.878819 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tanrikulu, A. B. (2024) · Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2024.00245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yu, S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yu, Shoukai
- ORCID
- Yu, Shoukai
- Venue
- Translational Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-05-18
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-98
- ISSN
- 2158-3188 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5959880
- OpenAlex
- W2803225599
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 23.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Translational Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- gender inequality, depressive disorders, mental health disparities, socioeconomic disparities, Gini coefficient, Gender Inequality Index, gross domestic product, country wealth, women's mental health, global health policy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Women's Health, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
