Gender differences in depression
Abstract
It is commonly suggested that a female preponderance in depression is universal and substantial. This review considers that proposition and explanatory factors. The view that depression rates are universally higher in women is challenged with exceptions to the proposition helping clarify candidate explanations. 'Real' and artefactual explanations for any such phenomenon are considered, and the contribution of sex role changes, social factors and biological determinants are overviewed. While artefactual factors make some contribution, it is concluded that there is a higher order biological factor (variably determined neuroticism, 'stress responsiveness' or 'limbic system hyperactivity') that principally contributes to the gender differentiation in some expressions of both depression and anxiety, and reflects the impact of gonadal steroid changes at puberty. Rather than conclude that 'anatomy is destiny' we favour a diathesis stress model, so accounting for differential epidemiological findings. Finally, the impact of gender on response to differing antidepressant therapies is considered briefly.
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From puberty onward, internalizing disorders are more commonly seen in women.
“As a general rule of thumb, from puberty onward, internalizing disorders (those during which negative emotions are subjectively experienced) are more commonly seen in women (1–3).”
From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Gender could be relevant as a sensitive attribute in depression screening due to reported gender differences in the disorder's signals.
“For example, in a depression screening application, gender could be relevant as a sensitive attribute due to reported gender differences in the disorder’s signals [192].”
From Human-centred artificial intelligence for mobile health sensing: challenges and opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [192]
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- Authors
- Parker, G., & Brotchie, H.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Parker, Gordon
- ORCID
- Parker, Gordon
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 429-436
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- OpenAlex
- W2106413222
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- gender differences in depression, sex differences in depression, neuroticism, stress responsiveness, sex steroids, puberty, diathesis-stress model, anxiety, antidepressant response
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Limbic System, Male, Men, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Psychological, Women, Treatment Outcome
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