Iron metabolism and ferroptosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus and complications: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Open accessAbstract
The maintenance of iron homeostasis is essential for proper endocrine function. A growing body of evidence suggests that iron imbalance is a key factor in the development of several endocrine diseases. Nowadays, ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, has become increasingly recognized as an important process to mediate the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It has been shown that ferroptosis in pancreas β cells leads to decreased insulin secretion; and ferroptosis in the liver, fat, and muscle induces insulin resistance. Understanding the mechanisms concerning the regulation of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in T2DM may lead to improved disease management. In this review, we summarized the connection between the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in T2DM. Additionally, we discuss the potential targets and pathways concerning ferroptosis in treating T2DM and analysis the current limitations and future directions concerning these novel T2DM treatment targets.
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Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with osteoporosis.
“There are strong associations between diabetes mellitus and numerous concurrent health issues, such as osteoporosis, thyroid dysfunction, and abnormalities in iron metabolism (2–4).”
From Biological variation in serum thyroid, iron metabolism, and plasma bone metabolism biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Melatonin section reports that osteoporotic fractures are more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes than in healthy populations and discusses type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. This supports an association, but the passage does not establish its strength or extend the finding to diabetes mellitus generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDiabetes mellitus is strongly associated with abnormalities in iron metabolism.
“There are strong associations between diabetes mellitus and numerous concurrent health issues, such as osteoporosis, thyroid dysfunction, and abnormalities in iron metabolism (2–4).”
From Biological variation in serum thyroid, iron metabolism, and plasma bone metabolism biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The “Iron metabolism and glucose homeostasis” section (page not specified) reports that iron overload is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and that higher ferritin levels are associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk. This supports an association with abnormal iron metabolism, but the cited paper focuses on type 2 diabetes rather than diabetes mellitus generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDiabetes mellitus is strongly associated with thyroid dysfunction.
“There are strong associations between diabetes mellitus and numerous concurrent health issues, such as osteoporosis, thyroid dysfunction, and abnormalities in iron metabolism (2–4).”
From Biological variation in serum thyroid, iron metabolism, and plasma bone metabolism biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction and Conclusion discuss links between type 2 diabetes and iron metabolism, not thyroid dysfunction. Searches for thyroid dysfunction and thyroid-hormone disorders found no passage in our copy addressing an association with diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Iron Homeostasis and Ferroptosis in Human Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects
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- Authors
- Miao, R., Fang, X., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Zhang, Y., & Tian, J.
- Affiliations
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CN)
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tian, Jiaxing
- Venue
- Cell Death & Disease
- Published
- 2023-03-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 186-186
- ISSN
- 2041-4889 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9992652
- OpenAlex
- W4323349193
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 15
- FWCI
- 8.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cell Death and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81904187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- iron metabolism, ferroptosis, type 2 diabetes, iron homeostasis, pancreatic beta cells, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, diabetes complications, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Ferroptosis, Regulated Cell Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Iron
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