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Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: double-edged swords
Open accessAbstract
Neutrophils are frontline cells of the innate immune system. These effector leukocytes are equipped with intriguing antimicrobial machinery and consequently display high cytotoxic potential. Accurate neutrophil recruitment is essential to combat microbes and to restore homeostasis, for inflammation modulation and resolution, wound healing and tissue repair. After fulfilling the appropriate effector functions, however, dampening neutrophil activation and infiltration is crucial to prevent damage to the host. In humans, chemoattractant molecules can be categorized into four biochemical families, i.e., chemotactic lipids, formyl peptides, complement anaphylatoxins and chemokines. They are critically involved in the tight regulation of neutrophil bone marrow storage and egress and in spatial and temporal neutrophil trafficking between organs. Chemoattractants function by activating dedicated heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role for atypical chemoattractant receptors (ACKRs) that do not couple to G proteins in fine-tuning neutrophil migratory and functional responses. The expression levels of chemoattractant receptors are dependent on the level of neutrophil maturation and state of activation, with a pivotal modulatory role for the (inflammatory) environment. Here, we provide an overview of chemoattractant receptors expressed by neutrophils in health and disease. Depending on the (patho)physiological context, specific chemoattractant receptors may be up- or downregulated on distinct neutrophil subsets with beneficial or detrimental consequences, thus opening new windows for the identification of disease biomarkers and potential drug targets.
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“In the presence of pathogens, different host cells (such as monocytes and macrophages) secrete inflammatory and neutrophil chemoattractant mediators (such as the leukotriene LTB4 involved in inflammation, the interleukin IL-8, and the chemokine CXCL6, a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family, also known as granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 GCP-2) which bind to specific receptors on”
From Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity (2023) · cites this paper as [215]
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Nureen, L., Salerno, A., D’Agostino, S., Barbaro, V., Ferrari, S., Ponzin, D., Vittorio, O., & Girolamo, N. D. (2026) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2026.102792 · Cited by 2
Ren, Y., Guo, F., Liu, Y., & Wang, L. (2026) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15563650.2026.2621060 · Cited by 2
“Meanwhile, they also regulate multiple processes, including acute injury repair, carcinogenesis, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation [38,39]. in our cohort, participants in the non-survival group exhibited significantly higher neutrophil counts and inflammatory indices than their counterparts in…”
Tang, W., Ma, X., Marlowe, C., Liu, S. S., Park, K.-W., Chen, P., Shu, H., & Yang, R. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adu9186 · Cited by 2
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Single-cell spatiotemporal mapping reveals a spleen-to-lung neutrophil axis in antiviral defense
Yang, Z., Cong, B., Wang, B., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Ren, X., & Cao, X. (2026) · Immunity & Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s44466-026-00030-8 · Cited by 2
“We found that a variety of well-characterized chemokines with neutrophil chemotactic potential [12] were highly expressed in the distinct lung cell subpopulations: Cxcl5 was prominently expressed in the LU_Epi_Club; Cxcl12 was highly enriched in LU_Mac_Spp1_Il10, LU_Mac_Spp1_Il10_Mki67 and…”
Hayes, K. M., Boldt, K., Schnorr, P. J., Bawa, P., Abyazi, M. L., Ware, M. S., Gyimesi, G., James, M. F., Ko, H., Cunningham‐Rundles, C., et al. (2026) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.198703 · Cited by 2
“…chemoattractant chemokines, and we did see reduction of CXCL1 in the plasma over time upon initiating treatment with infliximab as well as increased mRNA expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL2 and CXCL3 due to the 1377delT heterozygous NFKB1 variant in CA01-derived iMONOs (48–50).”
Moussa, H. Y. A., Thomas, R., Albatarni, R., Shin, K. C., Nour‐Eldine, W., Alshaban, F. A. W., Abdulla, S. A., Al‐Shammari, A. R., Decock, J. V., & Park, Y. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-026-01723-9 · Cited by 2
“Chemokines such as Gro-alpha (CXCL1) and RANTES (CCL5) were downregulated, whereas pro - inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, stem cell growth factor (SCGF-beta), and IL-15 were upregulated in ASD EVs, suggesting that several chemokines and cytokines are dysregulated in ASD EVs compared with HC EVs.”
InfluentialHelix 8 in chemotactic receptors of the complement system
Wiśniewski, S., Dragan, P., Makal, A., & Latek, D. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009994 · Cited by 2
“We also performed homology modeling to characterize conformations of another subtype of C5aR recep-tors—C5aR2 and explain its lack of ability to couple with G proteins and affect chemotaxis through the classical G protein-mediated pathway like C5aR1 [16,19].”
Hino, T., Nakahara, F., Miyauchi, M., Ito, Y., Masamoto, Y., Morita, K., Kagoya, Y., Kojima, H., & Kurokawa, M. (2023) · Experimental Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2023.104137 · Cited by 2
Putri, M. H., Nurjanah, N., Laela, D. S., & Sukmasari, S. (2023) · Healthcare in Low-resource Settings · doi:10.4081/hls.2023.11768 · Cited by 2
Thomsen, A. R. B. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.123.001976 · Cited by 2
CXCR2 perturbation promotes Staphylococcus aureus implant-associated infection
Akaraphanth, M., Nordgren, T. M., & Gries, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001821 · Cited by 2
“The regulation of CXCR2 expression and its role during disease is notably complicated and is often situation-dependent [38].”
BackgroundGolenkina, E. A., Viryasova, G. M., Galkina, S. I., Iakushkina, I. V., Gaponova, T. V., Romanova, Y. M., & Sud’ina, G. F. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061184 · Cited by 2
“End-target chemoattractants formyl peptides collaborate with intermediate-target chemoattractants (lipid leukotriene B4 and chemokines, e.g., CXCL8) to navigate neutrophil trafficking [30].”
BackgroundPhagocytosis: A Practical Approach for Evaluating Neutrophil Function in Health and Disease
Rojas-Espinosa, O., Arce‐Paredes, P., Islas-Trujillo, S., Becerril-Villanueva, L. E., & Ponce-Regalado, M. D. (2024) · Modern Research in Inflammation · doi:10.4236/mri.2024.132002 · Cited by 2
Du, C., Lu, M., Zheng, J., Liu, C., Yang, P., Yi, J., Zhu, L., & Shen, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1406168 · Cited by 2
“However, the role of neutrophils during infectious diseases is intricate (Koenderman et al., 2022; Metzemaekers et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPool, K., Hemmat, G. J., & Dorschner, R. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310810 · Cited by 2
Adenosine accumulation in the blood of newborn mice weakens antimicrobial host defenses
Ledderose, C., Valsami, E., Elevado, M., Stevenson, A., Abutabikh, R., Curatolo, J., & Junger, W. G. (2025) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1093/jleuko/qiaf003 · Cited by 2
Tsai, Y.-F., Yang, S.-C., & Hwang, T. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1080/13543776.2025.2515882 · Cited by 2
“FPR1 mainly drives pro-inflammatory responses, whereas FPR2 shows biased agonism with dual functionality, mediating both pro-and anti-inflammatory activities depending on the bound ligand [14].”
Kwon, M. S., Park, W. H., La, J., Kim, C. W., & Lee, H. K. (2025) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.06.006 · Cited by 2
Ferroptosis-related genes MDM2 and CDKN1A as potential biomarkers for COPD
Shi, R., Wang, L., Bai, C., Wang, F., Li, C., Xiao, C., Chen, A. F., & Yang, W. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation · doi:10.1186/s12950-025-00468-4 · Cited by 2
“Meanwhile, senescent neutrophils (CXCR4 high CXCR1/2 low ) in tissues can also return of the cell to the bone marrow [30].”
Assessment of the Functional Activities of Casein Phosphopeptides on Circulating Blood Leukocytes
Mezzomo, T. R., Martins, C. A. F., Marcondes, D. B. D. S., Mischiatti, K. L., & Weffort‐Santos, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.1007/s10989-021-10166-3 · Cited by 2
Targeting Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bhatt, S., Kanoujia, J., Nagappa, A. N., & Pai, K. S. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6827-9_5 · Cited by 2
Screening of Neutrophil Activating Factors from a Metagenome Library of Sponge-Associated Bacteria
Okamura, Y., Takahashi, H., Shiida, A., Hirata, Y., Takeyama, H., & Suzuki, K. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19080427 · Cited by 2
“, leukotriene B4 or LTB4), and formyl peptides [3].”
BackgroundKragstrup, T. W., Sørensen, A. S., Brüner, M., Lomholt, S., Nielsen, M. A., Schafer, P. H., & Deleuran, B. W. (2022) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109267 · Cited by 2
Chen, B., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Shao, C., Miao, L., Zhang, S., & Shang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.953801 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, the biological functions of neutrophil chemotaxis, peptidoglycan binding, and oligosaccharide binding are associated with some diseases, but there is no direct evidence that they are strongly associated with LUAD (Metzemaekers et al., 2020; Cui et al., 2022; Rye and Bovin, 1997).”
BackgroundLiu, C.-L., & Dai, Y.-H. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13020284 · Cited by 2
“This gene encodes CXCR2, which is a major chemokine receptor involved in neutrophil trafficking [81].”
BackgroundEnhancement of neutrophil chemotaxis by trans-anethole-treated Staphylococcus aureus strains
Kwiatkowski, P. A., Tabiś, A., Sobolewski, P., Płaziński, W., Pruss, A., Sienkiewicz, M., Dołęgowska, B., & Wojciechowska‐Koszko, I. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284042 · Cited by 2
“…peptides (e.g., N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine known as fMLP), leukotriene B4, platelet-activating factor, chemokines (e.g., interleukin-8 –IL-8 known as CXCL8) and released through subsequent cascades of complement system reactions–complement components 3a and 5a (C5a) [2–4].”
BackgroundMohapatra, S. K., Chaudhary, D., Panda, B. S. K., Somagond, Y. M., Kamboj, A., Kapila, R., & Dang, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2023.103972 · Cited by 2
Dwivedi, A. K., Siegel, D. A., Thanh, C., Hoh, R., Hobbs, K. S., Pan, T., Gibson, E. A., Martin, J. N., Hecht, F. M., Pilcher, C. D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523535 · Cited by 2
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“In addition, 363 neutrophils can respond to various chemo-attractants that modulate and finetune various cellular 364 behaviors, such as migration direction, adhesion strength, and functional heterogeneity [70].”
BackgroundNeutrophils actively swell to potentiate rapid migrationPreprint
Nagy, T. L., Strickland, E., & Weiner, O. D. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.90551.1 · Cited by 2
Vegting, Y., Jongejan, A., Neele, A. E., Claessen, N., Sela, G., Prange, K. H. M., Kers, J., Roelofs, J. J. T. H., van der Heijden, J. W., de Boer, O. J., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584866 · Cited by 2
Physiological bias governs neutrophil inflammatory threat perceptionPreprint
Pajonczyk, D., Pauli, L., Pünt, C., Sternschulte, M. F., Fehler, O., Vogl, T., Soehnlein, O., Bermúdez, M., Raabe, C. A., & Rescher, U. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.05.588243 · Cited by 2
Neutrophils actively swell to potentiate rapid migrationPreprint
Nagy, T. L., Strickland, E., & Weiner, O. D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.90551.2 · Cited by 3
Kaur, G., Lamb, T. W., Tjitropranoto, A., & Rahman, I. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.106380 · Cited by 2
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“During reperfusion, the reoxygenation of ischaemic tissues leads to a substantial accumulation of inflammatory cells and the release of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, and cytokines, resulting in tissue damage [23].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Metzemaekers, M., Gouwy, M., & Proost, P.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Proost, Paul
- Venue
- Cellular & Molecular Immunology
- Published
- 2020-04-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 433-450
- ISSN
- 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-0226
- PMC
- PMC7192912
- OpenAlex
- W3014824156
- Cited by
- 570
- References
- 246
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven (C16/17/010)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G.0808.18N)
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (779295)
- Rega Foundation
- M.M. obtained a PhD fellowship supported by the L’Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science initiative and the FWO-Vlaanderen
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- neutrophils, chemoattractant receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, atypical chemokine receptors, formyl peptides, anaphylatoxins, chemokines, neutrophil trafficking, neutrophil maturation, inflammation resolution, tissue repair, disease biomarkers, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chemotactic Factors, Disease, Health, Humans, Neutrophils, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Formyl Peptide
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