Cited by 107Body Composition Measurement TechniquesSports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes

Silva, Analiza M.·2019·European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Abstract

Advances in body composition assessment enable a detailed body composition analyses and the respective organization at different levels. Sports-related professionals are interested in understanding how and which body components are relevant for improving performance, prevent injury risk, and monitor athletic health. The aim of this review is to propose an integrative model that links performance, injury risk, and athletic health with body components, and to report their cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Cross-sectional studies reveal that endurance athletes with higher fat mass (FM) show a longer race time, whereas a higher fat-free mass benefits power and strength-related tasks. Longitudinal studies indicated that increases in intracellular water, assessed through dilution techniques, were associated with power and strength improvements, independently of weight and lean-soft-tissue changes. There is evidence that athletes involved in weight-sensitive sports restrict energy intake, thus reducing energy availability (EA) and compromising bone health (Female Athlete Triad). To counteract the low EA and related negative energy balance, metabolic adaption (MA) occurs to promote energy conservation. Currently, reference values for body composition assessment using anthropometry and DXA are available for a few sports, according to sex. More research is needed to develop a functional body composition profile according to sports-specific requirements.

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Background
Development and validation of a new anthropometric equation to predict skeletal muscle mass in a heterogeneous caucasian population
Ortega, D. R., Moya-Amaya, H., Molina-López, A., Berral-Aguilar, A. J., & de la Rosa, F. J. B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77965-8 · Cited by 5
The usefulness of total body protein mass models for adolescent athletes
Silva, A. M., Campa, F., & Sardinha, L. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1439208 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Examining the Influence of Season Phase, Age, and Anthropometrics on Body Composition Trends in National Basketball Association Athletes
Russell, J. L., Baker, B. S., Mercer, R. A. J., & McLean, B. D. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004959 · Cited by 4
“Previous research in team sport athletes has also shown that it is possible to increase fat-free mass despite increased energy expenditure and negative energy balance, suggesting athletes have metabolic adaptations that result in lean mass being less susceptible to energy balance state (2,31).”
Science behind policy: implementing a modern circumference-based body fat equation with a physical fitness threshold is associated with lower musculoskeletal injury risk
McClung, H. L., Bartlett, P. M., Spiering, B. A., Foulis, S. A., Oliver, T. E., Walker, L. A., Nguyen, V. T., Proctor, S. P., McClung, J. P., & Taylor, K. M. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01701-5 · Cited by 6
“Research also links body composition and PF to the incidence of musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) in active populations [5, 6].”
The Effects of a Baseball Season on Various Body Composition Measurements in NCAA Division I Baseball Players
Marthens, J. R., Porush, S. R. S., Sharpless, S. A., Oates, M. K., Schaffner, A. A., Sikalidis, A. K., & Reaves, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Exercise and Nutrition · doi:10.53520/jen2021.10384 · Cited by 4
“In this context, detailed sport-specific analyses enable athletes and coaches to better understand the needs and define goals in terms of optimal BC for maximum performance potential for their respective sport 21 .”
Background
Retrospective evaluation and review of approaches for nonspecific lameness in dogs presented to an emergency service (2013–2014): 134 cases
Ramos, M. T., Hartzell, A. M., & Otto, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care · doi:10.1111/vec.13344 · Cited by 3
Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in the Evaluation of Reference Characteristics of Elite Young Basketball Players
Toselli, S., Zaccagni, L., Rinaldo, N., & Mauro, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15062894 · Cited by 3
Accuracy of anthropometric-based predictive equations for tracking fat mass over a competitive season in elite female soccer players: a validation study
Baroncini, G., Campa, F., Tarabini, P. C., Sala, A., Boldrini, L., Mazzoni, S., & Paoli, A. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01115-4 · Cited by 3
“This model accounts for the variability in hydration levels of lean soft mass, offering a more precise evaluation of body composition compared to simpler methods [35].”
Beyond somatotype categories: composition-based clustering of body types in young adults
Campa, F., Moon, J. R., Petri, C., Spataro, F., Baroncini, G., Faraone, E., Ortenzi, L., Bongiovanni, T., Serafini, S., & Izzicupo, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1722899 · Cited by 3
“…and numerical estimation of the components of body composition (e.g., mass, size and proportions of tissues), whereas qualitative assessment involves interpreting these measurements in relation to relevant outcomes such as health status, injury risk, or athletic performance (Silva, 2019).”
In-Season Longitudinal Hydration/Body Cell Mass Ratio Changes in Elite Rugby Players
Cebrián‐Ponce, Á., Petri, C., Izzicupo, P., Micheli, M. L., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Carrasco‐Marginet, M., & Mascherini, G. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11080142 · Cited by 3
“[26], which indicates that team sport athletes have a greater PhA (and therefore cellular health) than other sports (such as endurance) due to a mesomorphic phenotype and higher muscle mass [27,28].”
Background
Exploratory approach to speculate on body composition models for elite teenage basketball players
Mauro, M., Moro, F., & Toselli, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20293-2 · Cited by 3
Body Composition Assessment of University Athletes: Comparison Between the Data Obtained by Bioelectrical Impedance and by Anthropometry
Abreu, B., Henriques, R., Figueiredo, J. P., & Loureiro, H. (2022) · International Journal of Kinanthropometry · doi:10.34256/ijk2221 · Cited by 6
Hydration and Body Composition in Sports Practice: An Editorial
Campa, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15224814 · Cited by 6
“Assessing hydration status and monitoring body composition represent crucial aspects when discussing the advantages of embracing a healthy lifestyle, given its signiﬁcant impact on both health and sports performance [1,2].”
Background
Exercise testing for young athletes
Fitzgerald, H., Fitzgerald, D. A., & Selvadurai, H. C. (2023) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.002 · Cited by 4
Bioimpedance Vector Analysis-Derived Body Composition Influences Strength and Power in Alpine Skiers
Bertozzi, F., Tenderini, D., Camuncoli, F., Simoni, G., Galli, M., & Tarabini, M. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2023.2298464 · Cited by 3
“Precisely, body composition provides information and quantifies distinct components within the human body, from the cellular to tissue level (Campa et al., 2022; Silva, 2019).”
BODY COMPOSITION AND REGIONAL PHASE ANGLE AS INDICATORS OF VO2max IN ELITE MALE AND FEMALE COMBAT ATHLETES
Tortu, E., Deliceoğlu, G., ÇAKAR, A. N., & Kaya, S. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Culture and Science · doi:10.14486/intjscs.2024.695 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Futsal Players’ Initial Physical Condition on the Occurrence of Injuries
Rebelo, M., Marques, C., Crisóstomo, R. S. D. S., Batista, M., Paulo, R. M., Rocha, J., & Serrano, J. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2363-1885 · Cited by 2
“In this sense, body composition, name - ly muscle mass, fat mass and body mass index (BMI), are important determinants of physical condition, and all these parameters are related to the risk of injury and the health of players [16, 17].”
Ultrasound-Derived Skinfolds in Anthropometric Predictive Equations Overestimate Fat Mass: A Validation Study Using a Four-Component Model
Cerullo, G., Franchi, M. V., Sampieri, A., Campa, F., & Paoli, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17111881 · Cited by 3
“In fact, the Evans equation [45] was developed against a 4C model, which is currently regarded as the state-of-the-art method for FM quantification [8,55].”
Relationship between Biological, Training, and Physical Fitness Variables in the Expression of Performance in Non-Professional Runners
Thuany, M., Gomes, T. N., & de Almeida, M. B. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9080114 · Cited by 3
“It seems that there is some consensus that performance derives from a set of variables related to body components, athletic health, injury risk, socioeconomic variables, and environmental factors [34,35].”
Background
Total body water percentage and 3rd space water are novel risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males
Chen, L., Jin, K.-X., Yang, J., Ouyang, J.-J., Chen, H., Zhou, S., Luo, X.-Q., Liu, M., Kuang, L., Xie, Y., et al. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2024.01.001 · Cited by 2
Estimation equation of limb lean soft tissue mass in Asian athletes using bioelectrical impedance analysis
Lai, Y.-K., Ho, C.-Y., Huang, A.-C., Lu, H.-K., & Hsieh, K.-C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300911 · Cited by 2
Complex assessment of athletes’ operative status and its correction during competitions, based on the body impedance analysis
Dorofieieva, O., Yarymbash, K., Skrypchenko, I. T., Joksimović, M., & Mytsak, A. (2021) · Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports · doi:10.15561/26649837.2021.0201 · Cited by 2
Validity of A-Mode Ultrasound for Estimating Body Fat Percentage of Young Adult Athletes: A Multicomponent Model Study
Wagner, D. R., Cafferty, E. A., Harper, S. A., & Vakula, M. N. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003651 · Cited by 1
Anthropometric profile of the brazilian male judo team: cross-sectional study
Lopes, A. L., Ribeiro, G. D. S., Teixeira, B. C., Carteri, R. B., Muzy, P. C., & Pontes‐Silva, A. (2025) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v64.110475 · Cited by 1
Generalized Bioimpedance Equations Underestimate Fat-Free Mass in Elite Male Soccer Players: Development and Validation of Soccer-Specific Predictive Models
Abdelrahman, A. S., & Saad, M. K. (2025) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.51847/jblojwtyn0 · Cited by 1
Specific Bioelectrical Vector Reference Values for Italian Adults: A Multicentre Study
Frau, F., Pizzo, E., Succa, V., Stagi, S., Moro, F., Sguaizer, F., Petri, C., Paoli, A., Mascherini, G., Izzicupo, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11010081 · Cited by 1
Field-based assessment of body composition: Independent and combined contributions of anthropometry, bioimpedance, and ultrasound
Cerullo, G., Franchi, M. V., Annunziata, G., Sampieri, A., Marotta, L., Barrea, L., Paoli, A., & Campa, F. (2026) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113387 · Cited by 1
What is measured and what is estimated in body composition? A clarification framework for terminology and interpretation
Campa, F., Lukaski, H. C., Moro, T., Tinsley, G. M., Paoli, A., & Coratella, G. (2026) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-026-10071-4 · Cited by 1
Development and validation of new anthropometric equations to estimate fat mass in young adult men and women
Campa, F., Vaquero‐Cristóbal, R., Baglietto, N., Mecherques-Carini, M., Sampieri, A., Cerullo, G., Albaladejo-Saura, M., Paoli, A., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2026) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104868 · Cited by 1
Body Composition in Athletes: History, Methodology and Computational Prospects
Rudnev, S. G. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35048-2_19 · Cited by 2
Fat-Free Mass Index for body composition analysis in pediatric sport: a cross-sectional study
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., da Costa, R. F., Cesário, T. D. M., Aidar, F. J., de Matos, D. G., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15377-1 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Body Composition and Somatotype Among Sports Persons
Ghosh, M., Chatterjee, A., & Diaz, E. F. (2025) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4370-9_5 · Cited by 1
The Effects of a Baseball Season on Various Body Composition Measurements and Assessment of Dietary Intake in NCAA DI Baseball Players
Marthens, J. R. (2020) · DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) · doi:10.15368/theses.2020.109
“FFM should be optimized in baseball athletes due to its importance of function within strength and power sports (Silva, 2019).”
Background
Classificação do estado nutricional de adultos jovens mediante o índice de massa gorda: uma comparação entre instrumentos
Borges, F. G. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.109.2021.tde-17062021-092831
Editorial - Desporto, ciência e excelência
Garganta, J. (2021) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.21.01.09
Componentes da aptidão física em corredores de rua de diferentes níveis de desempenho
Thuany, M., Brito, J. T. C. P., Moura, É. V., Alcântara, T. D. S., Neto, S. T. D. S., & Gomes, T. N. (2021) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.21.02.44
WHOLE BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASURED BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS
ATAKAN, M. M., Demirci, N., Güzel, Y., & Koşar, Ş. N. (2022) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1012472
Classification of nutritional status by fat mass index: does the measurement tool matter?
Borges, F. G., Abdalla, P. P., Alves, T. C., Venturini, A. C. R., dos Santos, A. P., Júnior, M. F. T., Aznar, S., Mota, J. A. P. S., & Machado, D. R. L. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance · doi:10.1590/1980-0037.2022v24e84048
Predictors of performance on world-level arm wrestlers
Páscoa, M. A., Stancanelli, M., Lourenço, T. F., Tessarotto, V., Guerra‐Júnior, G., & Lazarim, F. L. (2024) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.55860/v64tya36
“It is possible for the athletes to compete in different divisions on alternate days, depending on age, para-sport, and in stand-up for competition in the senior division (Silva, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Anthropometric Characteristics and Somatotype Profiles of University Athletes in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bankole, J. L., & Adefisan, I. E. (2024) · International Journal of Kinanthropometry · doi:10.34256/ijk2427 · Cited by 3
Advanced Sports Nutrition Assessment Technique
Butt, A. A., & Ahmed, Z. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6317-1.ch013
Body Composition Changes over a Collegiate Playing Career in NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Players
Tinsley, G. M., Meyer, M. K., Ptak, S. M., Yu, D., Provost, J. A., Hansen, N. J., & Carbuhn, A. F. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004935
“Body composition is known to influence success in a variety of athleticendeavors,includingorganizedsport(1,18,31).”
A Review of Scientific Methods for Measuring Body Composition: Advancements and Emerging Techniques
Uppal, A. K., & Upadhyay, A. (2024) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.54392/ijpefs2443
ANAEROBİK GÜÇ VE KAPASİTE İLE VÜCUT KOMPOZİSYONU ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ÖZDEN, A., Avcu, E. Ç., Polat, M., & Hazar, S. (2025) · Dede Korkut Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.71243/dksbd.1686155
Effect of Trapezius Muscle Thickness on the One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) Strength
Yılmaz, C., Ceylan, T., ALTUNBAŞ, A., Soylu, H. H., Kavuran, K., & Söyler, M. (2025) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences · doi:10.30621/jbachs.1720886 · Cited by 1
The effect of probiotic supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in unprofessional bodybuilders: a randomized, double-blind,
Shirkoohi, N. M., Chegol, A., Mohammadi, H., Shab‐Bidar, S., Choobineh, S., & Djafarian, K. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01766-7
Body Composition, Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity Comparison in Collegiate Dancers of Different Dance Styles in China
Xue, J., Hong, P., Wen, R., Shen, M., & Huang, S. (2025) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x251383189
“22 Koutedakis et al 1 suggested that appropriate lean body mass and body fat are essential for optimizing physical performance.”
Training mit Frauen
Platen, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69524-1_11
Novel methods for women's football players' body composition assessment: an age-related perspectivePreprint
Moro, F., Mauro, M., Perugini, M., & Toselli, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9493709/v1
Multilevel Analysis of Body Composition in Elite and Sub-Elite Female Volleyball Players: Structural and Potentially Modifiable Characteristics
Pincella, M., Spataro, F., Cancian, A., Cecchinato, A., Longa, E., Sprenger, F., Annunziata, G., Cerullo, G., & Campa, F. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14060223
“…composition can also be interpreted within a multilevel organizational framework, in which the human body is described across different levels of biological organization [4], ranging from body mass components to whole-body descriptors such as size, shape, and proportionality, as shown in Figure 1.”
Influential
Integrative Talent Transfer Models for Ski Jumping Linking Adolescent-to-Adult Morphological, Physiological, and Functional ProfilingPreprint
Zhao, W. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9862606/v1
Association Between Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness Among University Students in a Sub-Plateau Region of Gansu Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Chen, M., Zhao, L., Yang, L. T., Jin, M., Kong, J., & Yang, Q. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16081235

Authors: Silva, A. M.
Affiliations: University of Lisbon (PT)
Corresponding author: Silva, Analiza M.
ORCID: Silva, Analiza M.
Venue: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-10-04
Volume: 73
Issue: 2
Pages: 215-224
ISSN: 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
1476-5640
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0321-9
OpenAlex: W2895022728
Cited by: 107
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 1.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: body composition, athletic performance, injury risk, fat mass, fat-free mass, intracellular water, energy availability, female athlete triad, bone health, metabolic adaptation, endurance athletes, reference values, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometry
MeSH terms: Anthropometry, Body Composition, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Phenotype, Athletic Performance, Athletes

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Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes

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