Methods over Materials: The Need for Sport-Specific Equations to Accurately Predict Fat Mass Using Bioimpedance Analysis or Anthropometry
Open accessAbstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry are considered alternatives to well-established reference techniques for assessing body composition. In team sports, the percentage of fat mass (FM%) is one of the most informative parameters, and a wide range of predictive equations allow for its estimation through both BIA and anthropometry. Although it is not clear which of these two techniques is more accurate for estimating FM%, the choice of the predictive equation could be a determining factor. The present study aimed to examine the validity of BIA and anthropometry in estimating FM% with different predictive equations, using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference, in a group of futsal players. A total of 67 high-level male futsal players (age 23.7 ± 5.4 years) underwent BIA, anthropometric measurements, and DXA scanning. Four generalized, four athletic, and two sport-specific predictive equations were used for estimating FM% from raw bioelectric and anthropometric parameters. DXA-derived FM% was used as a reference. BIA-based generalized equations overestimated FM% (ranging from 1.13 to 2.69%, p < 0.05), whereas anthropometry-based generalized equations underestimated FM% in the futsal players (ranging from −1.72 to −2.04%, p < 0.05). Compared to DXA, no mean bias (p > 0.05) was observed using the athletic and sport-specific equations. Sport-specific equations allowed for more accurate and precise FM% estimations than did athletic predictive equations, with no trend (ranging from r = −0.217 to 0.235, p > 0.05). Regardless of the instrument, the choice of the equation determines the validity in FM% prediction. In conclusion, BIA and anthropometry can be used interchangeably, allowing for valid FM% estimations, provided that athletic and sport-specific equations are applied.
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The appropriate use of predictive equations in estimating body composition through BIA depends on the device used and the subject's age, geographical ancestry, health status, physical activity level and sex.
“The appropriate use of predictive equations in estimating body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) depends on the device used and the subject’s age, geographical ancestry, healthy status, physical activity level and sex.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says predictive equations are developed for specific populations and should not be used interchangeably. The Methods and Discussion (pages unavailable) further distinguish healthy adults from athletes, exclude equations developed for adolescents and older adults, and caution against extending findings to different BIA technologies. Our copy does not establish geographical ancestry or sex as criteria for choosing an equation, so the full list is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is crucial to use BIA-based equations that have been developed and validated in a similar population as the one being assessed.
“Recent studies showed that it is crucial to use BIA-based equations that have been developed and validated in a similar population as the one being assessed [20, 21].”
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Zambrano-Villacres, R., Verdugo, K. E. V., Castillo, W. D. G., Mejía, N. A., Cagua-Ordoñez, J. C., & Simancas‐Racines, D. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11040401
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- Authors
- Campa, F., Matias, C. N., Moro, T., Cerullo, G., Casolo, A., Teixeira, F. J., & Paoli, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Universidade Lusófona (PT)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Casolo, Andrea
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 278
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9866214
- OpenAlex
- W4313641253
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 5.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- body fat percentage, bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometry, prediction equations, body composition assessment, futsal players, team sports, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, measurement validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Humans, Male, Sports, Absorptiometry, Photon, Electric Impedance, Young Adult
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