Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission
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Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.
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DXA is a reliable method for assessing BMD and estimating fat and lean masses, provided standard test protocols are used.
“Though costlier, DXA is a reliable method for assessing BMD and estimating fat and lean masses, provided standard test protocols are used.[138][139][140]”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [138]
The DXA discussion (section ‘Insert Table II near here’; page unavailable) describes bone-mineral assessment and estimates of fat and fat-free soft tissue, and calls DXA a reasonably precise whole-body method. But it explicitly says DXA is not reliable for accurate fat estimates in lean athletes; the cited passages do not establish that following standard test protocols removes this limitation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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Self-citationReference Values for Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements in Athletes
Santos, D. A., Dawson, J. A., Matias, C. N., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Allison, D. B., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097846 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“Furthermore, caution is necessary when using this method on multiple occasions, perhaps no more than four times per year,[1] not only because of the cumulative radiation dose but also because the error of measurement in detecting small changes in body composition [33] may lead to misinterpretation of data.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUltrasound as a Tool to Assess Body Fat
Wagner, D. R. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/280713 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“In a recent review of body composition assessment for athletes, ultrasound was classified as a laboratory method [50].”
BackgroundSundgot-Borgen, J., Meyer, N. L., Lohman, T. G., Ackland, T. R., Maughan, R. J., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092966 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationDomains of Chronic Low Back Pain and Assessing Treatment Effectiveness: A Clinical Perspective
Tagliaferri, S. D., Miller, C. T., Owen, P. J., Mitchell, U. H., Brisby, H., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Massé‐Alarie, H., Oosterwijck, J. V., & Belavý, D. L. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12846 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Kasper, A. M., Langan-Evans, C., Hudson, J. F., Brownlee, T. E., Harper, L. D., Naughton, R. J., Morton, J. P., & Close, G. L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041075 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“These varying positions altered FM by over 3 kg and total body mass by 7 kg, with BF% ranging from 13.8% to 16.6% (Table 3).”
MethodInfluentialNaranjo-Hernández, D., Reina‐Tosina, J., & Min, M. (2019) · Journal of Sensors · doi:10.1155/2019/9210258 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“One of themost outstanding applications of bioimpedance in healthcare is the estimation of body composition, which is normally applied to assess the nutritional and hydration status and useful in multiple clinical areas: obstetrics [13], postoperative monitoring [14], critical care [15], pregnancy and lactation [16],…”
BackgroundMörkl, S., Lackner, S., Müller, W., Gorkiewicz, G., Kashofer, K., Oberascher, A., Painold, A., Holl, A., Holzer, P., Meinitzer, A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22801 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationWells, K. R., Jeacocke, N. A., Appaneal, R., Smith, H. D., Vlahovich, N., Burke, L. M., & Hughes, D. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101813 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“63 Education regarding body composition and testing including procedure, rationale, consent and use of information must be conducted for all athletes prior to commencing any testing.”
The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes
Bilsborough, J. C., Greenway, K., Opar, D. A., Livingstone, S. G., Cordy, J. T., & Coutts, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.926380 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“In contrast, fan beam technology uses wider X-ray beams, allowing faster scanning and better image resolution but at the cost of higher radiation dosage and magnification errors (Ackland et al., 2012; Soriano et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMcSwiney, F. T., Wardrop, B., Hyde, P. N., Lafountain, R. A., Volek, J. S., & Doyle, L. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.010 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“Theses figure are similar to Ackland and colleagues finding that collegiate endurance athletes carry 5–11% body fat [32] and resulted in current study participants possessing the ideal body fat range for endurance athletes [33].”
Assessment of Nutrient Status in Athletes and the Need for Supplementation
Larson‐Meyer, D. E., Woolf, K., & Burke, L. M. (2017) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0338 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Although there are a variety of ways to measure body size and composition in athletes, the IOC ad hoc research working group on body composition, health, and performance (Ackland et al., 2012) recommends the procedures established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) (Stewart et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRandell, R. K., Clifford, T., Drust, B., Moss, S. L., Unnithan, V. B., Croix, M. B. A. D. S., Datson, N., Martin, D., Mayho, H., Carter, J. M., et al. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“The anthropometric and physical characteristics of athletes are factors that can contribute to successful performance and health status [43].”
BackgroundNew Frontiers of Body Composition in Sport
Lukaski, H., & Raymond-Pope, C. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1373-5881 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Rapid Weight Loss in Sports with Weight Classes
Khodaee, M., Olewinski, L., Shadgan, B., & Kiningham, R. (2015) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000206 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Meyer, N. L., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Lohman, T. G., Ackland, T. R., Stewart, A. D., Maughan, R. J., Smith, S., & Müller, W. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092561 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationAandstad, A., Holtberget, K., Hageberg, R., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00545 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“However, there is no universally accepted “gold standard” methodology within body composition research.(10) DXA is a much used reference method in body composition validation studies, but has some limitations.”
MethodResultInfluentialKendler, D. L., Borges, J. L. C., Fielding, R. A., Itabashi, A., Krueger, D., Mulligan, K., Camargos, B. M., Sabowitz, B., Wu, C.-H., Yu, E. W., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.020 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Mathisen, T. F., Ackland, T. R., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Haudum, J., Macnaughton, L. S., Meyer, N. L., Mountjoy, M. L., Slater, G., & Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106812 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationOral health and elite sport performance
Needleman, I. G., Ashley, P. F., Fine, P. D., Haddad, F. S., Loosemore, M., de Medici, A., Donos, N., Newton, T., van Someren, K. A., Moazzez, R., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Júdice, P. B., Magalhães, J. P., Minderico, C. S., Fields, D. A., Lukaski, H. C., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.013 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Structural and functional body components in athletic health and performance phenotypes
Silva, A. M. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0321-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bioimpedance and Impedance Vector Patterns as Predictors of League Level in Male Soccer Players
Micheli, M. L., Pagani, L., Marella, M., Gulisano, M., Piccoli, A., Angelini, F., Burtscher, M., & Gatterer, H. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0119 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Müller, W., Lohman, T. G., Stewart, A. D., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Sardinha, L. B., Kirihennedige, N., Reguant-Closa, A., Risoul-Salas, V., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095641 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationPromotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes
Carl, R. L., Johnson, M. D., Martin, T. J., LaBella, C. R., Brooks, M. A., Diamond, A. B., Hennrikus, W. L., LaBotz, M., Logan, K., Loud, K. J., et al. (2017) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1871 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“28, 29, 52 In addition, are racial and ethnic differences the location of body mass storage and fat deposition that affect fold measurements.”
BackgroundInfluentialInflammatory Markers in Anorexia Nervosa: An Exploratory Study
Dalton, B., Campbell, I. C., Chung, R., Breen, G. D., Schmidt, U. H., & Himmerich, H. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111573 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“As BIA measurements of body composition are influenced by fluid and electrolyte status (for which there are known imbalances in AN and these parameters are reported to be particularly affected in early refeeding), the accuracy of BIA measurements of body composition may be limited, particularly in the AN group [82,83].”
BackgroundStörchle, P., Müller, W., Sengeis, M., Ahammer, H., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., Bachl, N., Lackner, S., Mörkl, S., & Holasek, S. J. (2016) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Exercise Sessions on DXA Measurements of Body Composition in Active People
Nana, A., Slater, G., Hopkins, W. G., & Burke, L. M. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31826c9cfd · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer
Oliveira, C. C., Ferreira, D., Caetano, C., Granja, D. S., Pinto, R., Mendes, B. D. A. C., & Sousa, M. (2017) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports5020028 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Störchle, P., Müller, W., Sengeis, M., Lackner, S., Holasek, S. J., & Fürhapter-Rieger, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34213-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationMüller, W., Horn, M., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., Kainz, P., Kröpfl, J. M., Maughan, R. J., & Ahammer, H. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092232 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationArthur-Cameselle, J. N., Sossin, K., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2016) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2016.1258940 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…by a meta-analysis of 34 studies (Smolak, Murnen, & Ruble, 2000), is that ED risk is most elevated in “weight sensitive sports,” described by Ackland et al. (2012) to include gravitational sports like distance running, weight-class sports like wresting, and aesthetic sports, like figure…”
BackgroundEating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review
Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1013995 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Three specific classifications appear to most succinctly describe the spectrum (Ackland et al., 2012; Sundgot-Borgen et al., 2013): (1) Aesthetic sports are those in which physical appearance is a fundamental component of judging criteria.”
BackgroundLeischik, R., Foshag, P., Strauß, M., Littwitz, H., Garg, P., Dworrak, B., & Horlitz, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133113 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Body weight and body composition were determined using a Tanita BC-418MA segmental body composition analyzer [25].”
MethodAuthors’ 2015 additions to the IOC consensus statement: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)
Mountjoy, M. L., Sundgot-Borgen, J. K., Burke, L. M., Carter, S., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C. M., Meyer, N. L., Sherman, R. T., Steffen, K., Budgett, R., et al. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094371 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of body composition on strength and power in male and female students
Ghassen, B. M., Kacem, A., Ishak, M., Grélot, L., & Ftaiti, F. (2021) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-021-00376-z · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“thickness, circumferences to assess hip/thigh ratio and body mass index [6].”
BackgroundSchubert, M. M., Seay, R. F., Spain, K. K., Clarke, H. E., & Taylor, K. J. (2018) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12550 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Sale, C., Healy, A., & O’Reilly, J. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux046 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Body Image of Highly Trained Female Athletes Engaged in Different Types of Sport
Kantanista, A., Korcz, A., Banio, A., Firek, W., Ingarden, A., Malchrowicz-Mośko, E., Markiewicz, P., Płoszaj, K., Ingarden, M., & Maćkowiak, Z. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/6835751 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Does Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Syndrome Exist?
Jeukendrup, A. E., Areta, J. L., Genechten, L. V., Langan‐Evans, C., Pedlar, C. R., Rodas, G., Sale, C., & Walsh, N. P. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02108-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Smith, S., & Madden, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12372 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Strauß, M., Foshag, P., Przybylek, B., Horlitz, M., Lucía, A., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., & Leischik, R. (2016) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-016-0174-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zaccagni, L., & Gualdi‐Russo, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065228 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Fultz, S. N., Melvin, M. N., Wingfield, H. L., & Woessner, M. N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091750 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“A greater amount of adipose tissue and greater inconsistencies within the tissue of an overweight and obese population could cause a slower pulse through the subcutaneous adipose tissue, initiating an uneven reflection of the pulse to return back to the probe [12,22,44].”
Sebastiá-Rico, J., Soriano, J. M., González-Gálvez, N., & Martínez-Sanz, J. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051160 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Paoli, A., Mancin, L., Caprio, M., Monti, E., Narici, M. V., Cenci, L., Piccini, F., Pincella, M., Grigoletto, D., & Marcolin, G. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00459-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lohman, T. G., Hingle, M. D., & Going, S. B. (2013) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.25.4.573 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In adults MC models have been established as reference methods for body fat content with an accuracy of 1–2% (6).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLeão, C., Camões, M., Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Lima, R., Bezerra, P., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132386 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Each technique presents advantages, however, also has limitations [10].”
BackgroundBishop, D. J., Beck, B. R., Biddle, S., Denay, K. L., Ferri, A., Gibala, M. J., Headley, S., JONES, A. M., Jung, M. E., Lee, M. J.-C., et al. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003795 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Longitudinal Body Composition Changes in NCAA Division I College Football Players
Trexler, E. T., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Mann, J. B., Ivey, P. A., Hirsch, K. R., & Mock, M. G. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001486 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Agyapong‐Badu, S., Warner, M. B., Samuel, D., Narici, M. V., Cooper, C. C., & Stokes, M. J. (2014) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/10/2165 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In ski jumping, for instance, BMI is used as a cut-off measure for applying penalties (shorter skis) to athletes whose BMI is considered too low (Müller 2009), despite BMI not being a measure of body fat and only a very rough measure of ‘relative weight’ (Ackland et al 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEating Disorder Symptoms in Elite Spanish Athletes: Prevalence and Sport-Specific Weight Pressures
Teixidor-Batlle, C., Ventura, C., & Andrés, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559832 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“These are sports in which leanness or low weight is considered important (Ackland et al., 2012; Giel et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMatias, C. N., Campa, F., Santos, D. A., Lukaski, H., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1179-6236 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zemski, A. J., Slater, G., & Broad, E. (2015) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.977937 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Both of these methods are recognised as being reliable with good precision (Ackland et al., 2012).”
MethodNutritional Intake and Energy Availability of Collegiate Distance Runners
Beermann, B. L., Lee, D. G., Almstedt, H. C., & McCormack, W. P. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1735570 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Manore, M. M., Larson‐Meyer, D. E., Lindsay, A. R., Hongu, N. K., & HOUTKOOPER, L. B. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080905 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Furzer, B. J., Ackland, T. R., Wallman, K. E., Petterson, A. S., Gordon, S., Wright, K. E., & Joske, D. J. L. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2955-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In the absence of follow-up testing, we cannot rule out that the UC would also have maintained BMD once they commenced exercise (Table 3) [31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBioimpedance patterns and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) of road cyclists
Giorgi, A., Vicini, M., Pollastri, L., Lombardi, E., Magni, E., Andreazzoli, A., Orsini, M., Bonifazi, M., Lukaski, H. C., & Gatterer, H. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1470597 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“A variety of methods exists for the determination of body composition, each characterized by advantages and disadvantages (Ackland et al., 2012; Gatterer, Schenk, & Burtscher, 2017).”
BackgroundSanfilippo, J. L., Krueger, D. C., Heiderscheit, B. C., & Binkley, N. (2019) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738119861572 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Furthermore, strength and conditioning programs are typically designed with the underlying goal of optimizing the amount and distribution of lean mass as it relates to the sport or position.(1,27) Our findings may be useful to these groups by characterizing the degree of difference in body composition that exists betw…”
BackgroundMüller, W., Horn, M., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., Kainz, P., Kröpfl, J. M., Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092233 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationConsensus statement: Oral health and elite sport performance
Needleman, I. G., Ashley, P. F., Fine, P. D., Haddad, F. S., Loosemore, M., de Medici, A., Donos, N., Newton, T., van Someren, K. A., Moazzez, R., et al. (2014) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.1000 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Body Fat of Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sansone, P., Makivić, B., Csapo, R., Hume, P. A., Martínez‐Rodríguez, A., & Bauer, P. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00418-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kendall, K. L., Fukuda, D. H., Hyde, P. N., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Moon, J. R., & Stout, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1183802 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“For example, the positive relationship between muscle size and power generation is well known, therefore the ability to track changes in muscle size becomes vital for athletes competing at an elite level (Ackland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBody Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?
Dopsaj, M., Zuozienė, I. J., Milić, R., Cherepov, E., Эрлих, В. В., Masiulis, N., di Nino, A., & Vodičar, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249464 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimation Fat-Free Mass in the Army Cadets
Langer, R., Borges, J., Pascoa, M., Cirolini, V., Guerra-Júnior, G., & Gonçalves, E. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030121 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The evaluation of this body component can contribute to the development, monitoring, and improvement of physical training programs [6], as well as in the reduction of body fat [7].”
Mechelli, F., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., Stokes, M. J., & Agyapong‐Badu, S. (2019) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps2030058 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“For image acquisition, US gel was placed over the marked site and the US transducer placed on the skin with minimal contact pressure to avoid distorting the tissues [12,35].”
MethodDifferences between the sexes in athletes� body composition and lower limb bioimpedance values
Mascherini, G. (2017) · Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal · doi:10.11138/mltj/2017.7.4.573 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Raymond‐Pope, C. J., Dengel, D. R., & Bosch, T. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002320 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“effort to prevent injury and optimize athletic performance (1).”
BackgroundMuscle strength and regional lean body mass influence on mineral bone health in young male adults
Guimarães, B. R., Pimenta, L. D., Massini, D. A., dos Santos, D. J. M., Siqueira, L. O. D. C., Simionato, A. R., dos Santos, L. G. A., Neiva, C. M., & Filho, D. M. P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191769 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Low Energy Availability, Plasma Lipids, and Hormonal Profiles of Recreational Athletes
Black, K., Slater, J., Brown, R. C., & Cooke, R. (2018) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002540 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tinsley, G. M., Harty, P. S., Stratton, M. T., SMITH, R. W., Rodriguez, C., & Siedler, M. R. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521002579 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Coaches’ Knowledge and Management of Eating Disorders
Martinsen, M., Sherman, R. T., Thompson, R. A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. K. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000489 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMašanović, B. (2018) · Sport Mont · doi:10.26773/smj.181004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Allen, H., Backhouse, S. H., Hull, J. H., & Price, O. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01075-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perelman, H., Schwartz, N., Yeoward‐Dodson, J., Quiñones, I. C., Murray, M. F., Dougherty, E. N., Townsel, R., Arthur‐Cameselle, J., & Haedt‐Matt, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23665 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bongiovanni, T., Mascherini, G., Genovesi, F., Pasta, G., Iaia, F. M., Trecroci, A., Ventimiglia, M., Alberti, G., & Campa, F. (2020) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk5040073 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Disordered eating and eating disorders in aquatic sports.
Melin, A., Torstveit, M. K., Burke, L., Marks, S., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Keywords: disordered eating continuum, diving, synchronized swimming, swimming In many sports, body weight and body composition are crucial variables for performance (Ackland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMathisen, T. F., Rosenvinge, J. H., Pettersen, G., Friborg, O., Vrabel, K. R., Bratland‐Sanda, S., Svendsen, M., Stensrud, T., Bakland, M., Wynn, R., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1312-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRMR Ratio as a Surrogate Marker for Low Energy Availability
Sterringer, T. M., & Larson‐Meyer, D. E. (2022) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00385-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Considerations for dosing immunoglobulin in obese patients
Hodkinson, J. P. (2017) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/cei.12955 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football
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- Authors
- Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
- Robert Gordon University (GB)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-249
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969968719
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 14.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- International Olympic Committee
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- body composition assessment, athletes, multicomponent model, weight-class sports, aesthetic sports, athlete performance monitoring, body mass index, measurement accuracy and repeatability, selection criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Sports Medicine, Western Australia, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Guidelines as Topic, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Body Fat Distribution, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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