Body Water Content and Morphological Characteristics Modify Bioimpedance Vector Patterns in Volleyball, Soccer, and Rugby Players
Open accessAbstract
Background: Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a widely used method based on the interpretation of raw bioimpedance parameters to evaluate body composition and cellular health in athletes. However, several variables contribute to influencing BIVA patterns by militating against an optimal interpretation of the data. This study aims to explore the association of morphological characteristics with bioelectrical properties in volleyball, soccer, and rugby players. Methods: 164 athletes belonging to professional teams (age 26.2 ± 4.4 yrs; body mass index (BMI) 25.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2) underwent bioimpedance and anthropometric measurements. Bioelectric resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were standardized for the athlete’s height and used to plot the vector in the R-Xc graph according to the BIVA approach. Total body water (TBW), phase angle (PhA), and somatotype were determined from bioelectrical and anthropometric data. Results: No significant difference (p > 0.05) for age and for age at the start of competition among the athletes was found. Athletes divided into groups of TBW limited by quartiles showed significant differences in the mean vector position in the R-Xc graph (p < 0.001), where a higher content of body fluids resulted in a shorter vector and lower positioning in the graph. Furthermore, six categories of somatotypes were identified, and the results of bivariate and partial correlation analysis highlighted a direct association between PhA and mesomorphy (r = 0.401, p < 0.001) while showing an inverse correlation with ectomorphy (r = −0.416, p < 0.001), even adjusted for age. On the contrary, no association was observed between PhA and endomorphy (r = 0.100, p = 0.471). Conclusions: Body fluid content affects the vector length in the R-Xc graph. In addition, the lateral displacement of the vector, which determines the PhA, can be modified by the morphological characteristics of the athlete. In particular, higher PhA values are observed in subjects with a high mesomorphic component, whereas lower values are found when ectomorphy is dominant.
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Soccer players are on average shorter and lighter than volleyball or basketball players, resulting in lower FFM and different morphology.
“For example, soccer players are on average shorter and lighter than volleyball or basketball players, resulting in a lower FFM as well as a different morphology [24, 25].”
From Athletic bioimpedance-based equations underestimate fat free mass components in male elite soccer players: development and validation of new soccer-specific predictive models (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results report different mean somatotype components for soccer and volleyball players, offering some support for a difference in morphology. Our copy does not report that soccer players were shorter or lighter, or had lower fat-free mass, than volleyball players; the study did not include basketball players. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnthropometric dimensions of elite soccer players revealed a profile characterized by high musculoskeletal and loglinear components, with a low percentage of body fat.
“In line with previous studies, anthropometric dimensions of elite soccer players revealed a profile characterized by high musculoskeletal as well as loglinear components, with a low percentage of body fat [25, 44].”
From Athletic bioimpedance-based equations underestimate fat free mass components in male elite soccer players: development and validation of new soccer-specific predictive models (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results report that the soccer players’ average somatotype was ectomorphic mesomorph, with relatively high mesomorphy and ectomorphy and low endomorphy. This supports the muscular and linear profile, but the paper does not report a body-fat percentage for the soccer players; low endomorphy alone does not establish that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Campa, F., Silva, A. M., Matias, C. N., Monteiro, C. P., Paoli, A., Nunes, J. P., Talluri, J., Lukaski, H., & Toselli, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (BR)
- Department of clinical research and development, Akern Ltd., 56121 Pisa, Italy
- University of North Dakota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campa, Francesco
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6604
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7559102
- OpenAlex
- W3083897911
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Keywords
- bioimpedance vector analysis, total body water, phase angle, somatotype, body morphology, volleyball players, soccer players, rugby players, professional athletes, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Body Water, Football, Humans, Soccer, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Volleyball
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