Sperm concentration and semen volume increase after smoking cessation in infertile men
Open accessAbstract
Smoking has negative reproductive consequences. This study investigated the effect of smoking cessation on the main semen parameters. We included 90 participants who applied to our infertility clinic and smoked at least 20 cigarettes a day for at least 1 year. Of the 90 participants, 48 were in the study group and 42 were in the control group. Semen analysis was performed before and at least 3 months after quitting smoking in the study group. Semen analysis was repeated at baseline and at least 3 months later in the control group. Semen parameters such as volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, morphology, and motility were evaluated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Patient characteristics as well as the duration of the smoking period, the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the time elapsed since smoking cessation were recorded. The mean age of the participants was 34.69 ± 5.3 years, and the duration of infertility was 34.12 ± 12.1 months (n = 90). The number of cigarettes smoked per day was 30.14 ± 6.69, and the smoking time was 8.31 ± 3.53 years. The average time to quit smoking was 104.2 ± 11.51 days (n = 48). A significant increase in semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count was observed 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002; 18.45 × 10 6/ml ± 8.56 vs. 22.64 × 10 6/ml ± 11.69, p = 0.001; 45.04 ± 24.38 × 10 6 vs. 65.1 ± 34.9 × 10 6, p < 0.001, respectively). This study showed that smoking cessation had a positive effect on sperm concentration, semen volume, and total sperm count. Although smoking cessation contributed positively to sperm motility and morphology, the difference was not statistically significant.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 7 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There is only one case report in the literature investigating whether the same individual has improved semen parameters after a 3-month smoking cessation program.
“Most of the studies compare semen parameters of smokers with nonsmokers, and there is only one case report in the literature investigating whether the same individual has improved semen parameters after a 3-month smoking cessation program [16].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Prentki Santos E, López-Costa S, Chenlo P, Pugliese MN, Curi S, Ariagno J, et al. Impact of spontaneous smoking cessation on sperm quality: case report. Andrologia. 2011;43:431–5. source
The Summary and Semen analysis sections describe a case report comparing one man’s semen parameters before and after three months of smoking cessation, with improvement in several parameters. The paper does not establish that it was the only such case report in the literature; it also describes spontaneous cessation rather than a structured program. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Three months is usually a sufficient time to see changes in semen analysis results.
“It is stated that 3 months is usually a sufficient time to see changes in semen analysis results [23][24][25].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [23] Fukuda T, Miyake H, Enatsu N, Matsushita K, Fujisawa M. Assessment of time-dependent changes in semen parameters in infertile men after microsurgical varicocelectomy. Urology. 2015;86:48–51. source
- cites [24] Al Bakri A, Lo K, Grober E, Cassidy D, Cardoso JP, Jarvi K. Time for improvement in semen parameters after varicocelectomy. J Urol. 2012;187:227–31. source
- cites [25] Ghaed MA, Makian SA, Moradi A, Maghsoudi R, Gandomi-Mohammadabadi A. Best time to wait for the improvement of the sperm parameter after varicocelectomy: 3 or 6 months? Arch Ital di Urol e Androl. 2020. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2020.3.259. source
The discussion ('Two meta-analysis by Agarwal et al.') reports improved sperm concentration and motility at three months after varicocelectomy, with no further improvement at six months. It did not find improvement in morphology or semen volume. The citing sentence omits the post-varicocelectomy setting and thus states the point more broadly than this study supports. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
At 3 months, total sperm count was significantly higher in the smoking cessation group than in the control group (p < 0.001).
“Semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group in the 3rd month (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 3 months, sperm concentration was significantly higher in the smoking cessation group than in the control group (p = 0.001).
“Semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group in the 3rd month (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 3 months, semen volume was significantly higher in the smoking cessation group than in the control group (p = 0.001).
“Semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group in the 3rd month (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In infertile men who smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year, semen volume increased significantly from baseline to 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002).
“A significant increase in semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count was observed 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002; 18.45 × 10 6 /ml ± 8.56 vs. 22.64 × 10 6 /ml ± 11.69, p = 0.001; 45.04 ± 24.38 × 10 6 vs. 65.1 ± 34.9 × 10 6 , p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The proportion of oligozoospermic patients in the smoking cessation group decreased significantly from 70.8% at baseline to 54.2% at 3 months (p = 0.043).
“While the proportion of oligozoospermic patients decreased significantly from 70.8% to 54.2% in the cessation group (p = 0.043), it decreased from 69% to 66.6% in the control group (p = 0.441).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In infertile men who smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year, total sperm count increased significantly from baseline to 3 months after smoking cessation (45.04 ± 24.38 × 10^6 vs. 65.1 ± 34.9 × 10^6, p < 0.001).
“A significant increase in semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count was observed 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002; 18.45 × 10 6 /ml ± 8.56 vs. 22.64 × 10 6 /ml ± 11.69, p = 0.001; 45.04 ± 24.38 × 10 6 vs. 65.1 ± 34.9 × 10 6 , p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In infertile men who smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year, sperm concentration increased significantly from baseline to 3 months after smoking cessation (18.45 × 10^6/ml ± 8.56 vs. 22.64 × 10^6/ml ± 11.69, p = 0.001).
“A significant increase in semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count was observed 3 months after smoking cessation (2.48 ± 0.79 ml vs. 2.90 ± 0.77 ml, p = 0.002; 18.45 × 10 6 /ml ± 8.56 vs. 22.64 × 10 6 /ml ± 11.69, p = 0.001; 45.04 ± 24.38 × 10 6 vs. 65.1 ± 34.9 × 10 6 , p < 0.001, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Subjects might have underreported their lifestyle habits, particularly the amount of smoking, which may cause bias in the results.
“In addition, subjects might have underreported their lifestyle habits, particularly regarding the amount of smoking, which may cause a bias in the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There was no statistically significant difference in baseline semen characteristics between the cessation and control groups.
“There was no statistically significant difference in terms of baseline semen characteristics between the groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The study population (infertile men presenting to an andrology outpatient clinic) may cause selection bias.
“Therefore, this situation can cause a selection bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Smoking has negative consequences on semen quality.
“Our study highlights the fact that smoking has negative consequences on semen quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The observed improvements in semen parameters in the cessation group are attributable to smoking cessation rather than to other differences between groups or lifestyle changes.
- Premisecitation
Spermatogenesis in humans takes approximately 74 days.
“Spermatogenesis in humans takes approximately 74 days [22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Griswold MD. Spermatogenesis: the commitment to meiosis. Physiol Rev. 2016;96:1–17. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The study results should not be generalized to the fertile population because they reflect changing semen quality of men with infertility problems presenting to an andrology outpatient clinic.
“First, the results reflected the changing semen quality of men with infertility problems who presented to an andrology outpatient clinic; therefore, the study results should not be generalized to the fertile population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 3
- May combine two claims. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSemen analysis is the most common and valid diagnostic test for sperm quality.
“Semen analysis is the most common and valid diagnostic test for sperm quality and involves the evaluation of semen volume and total count, sperm concentration, sperm morphology and sperm motility [12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Hwang K, Walters RC, Lipshultz LI. Contemporary concepts in the evaluation and management of male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2011;8:86–94. source
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn infertile men who smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year, sperm motility increased after smoking cessation but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.190).
“Although sperm motility and morphology increased after smoking cessation, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.190, and p = 0.120, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn infertile men who smoked at least 20 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year, sperm morphology increased after smoking cessation but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.120).
“Although sperm motility and morphology increased after smoking cessation, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.190, and p = 0.120, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOne patient in the control group and 8 patients in the study group became normospermic at 3 months.
“One patient in the control group and 8 patients in the study group became normospermic in the 3rd month.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe proportion of oligozoospermic patients in the control group decreased from 69% to 66.6% at 3 months, but the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.441).
“While the proportion of oligozoospermic patients decreased significantly from 70.8% to 54.2% in the cessation group (p = 0.043), it decreased from 69% to 66.6% in the control group (p = 0.441).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThere were no statistically significant differences between the cessation and control groups at baseline in age, BMI, educational level, duration of infertility, smoking time, or average number of cigarettes smoked per day.
“In terms of age, body mass index, educational level, duration of infertility, smoking time, and average number of cigarettes smoked per day, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataHormonal evaluation was not performed on participants.
“Finally, hormonal evaluation was not performed on the participants in our study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study conducted a pilot study with 8 participants and determined that at least 40 participants were needed per group at a significance level of 0.05.
“We conducted a pilot study with 8 participants to evaluate a required number of participants at a significance level of 0.05 using version 3.01 of the G* Power software (Franz Foul, Kiel, Germany), and found that at least 40 participants were needed for each group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSmoking cessation may improve semen quality and reduce the number of patients with abnormal parameters by improving semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count.
“Our study showed that smoking cessation may improve semen quality and reduce the number of patients with abnormal parameters by improving semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The observed improvements in semen parameters in the cessation group are attributable to smoking cessation rather than to other differences between groups or lifestyle changes.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSmoking has an adverse effect on semen quality in both fertile and sterile men and is associated with decreased sperm motility and count, particularly in moderate to heavy smokers.
“A meta-analysis of studies with a large population of 5865 men from 26 regions/countries reported that smoking has an adverse effect on semen quality in both fertile and sterile men and is associated with decreased sperm motility and count, particularly in moderate to heavy smokers [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Sharma R, Harlev A, Agarwal A, Esteves SC. Cigarette smoking and semen quality: a new meta-analysis examining the effect of the 2010 World Health Organization laboratory methods for the examination of human semen. Eur Urol. 2016;70:635–45. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSmoking cessation had a positive effect on sperm concentration, semen volume, and total sperm count in infertile men.
“This study showed that smoking cessation had a positive effect on sperm concentration, semen volume, and total sperm count.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The observed improvements in semen parameters in the cessation group are attributable to smoking cessation rather than to other differences between groups or lifestyle changes.
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed improvements in semen parameters in the cessation group are attributable to smoking cessation rather than to other differences between groups or lifestyle changes.
“Our study showed that smoking cessation may improve semen quality and reduce the number of patients with abnormal parameters by improving semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Control group participants did not quit smoking during the 3-month follow-up.
“60 patients who did not accept smoking cessation were assigned to the control group.”
“The same follow-up was performed at 3-month intervals in the control group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Study group participants remained abstinent from smoking for the 3-month period.
“Semen analysis was performed before and at least 3 months after quitting smoking in the study group.”
“The average time to quit smoking was 104.2 ± 11.51 days (n = 48).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants who dropped out or were excluded did not differ systematically from those included in the analysis.
“Eighteen participants in the control group and 22 participants in the study group were excluded from the study due to not being able to continue the follow-ups for reasons such as the COVID-19 pandemic, being out of the city, not being able to quit smoking, and not coming to the 3rd-month visit.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One non-randomized trial in India suggested that men willing to stop smoking showed better quality sperm within 3 months of smoking cessation than men unwilling to stop smoking.
“One non-randomized trial in India suggested that men willing to stop smoking showed better quality sperm within 3 months of smoking cessation than men unwilling to stop smoking (Kulaksiz et al., 2022).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as Kulaksiz et al., 2022
The Materials and Methods describe a prospective nonrandomized trial comparing men who accepted smoking cessation with men who did not. The Results report significantly higher semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count in the cessation group at three months. The location is wrong: the Methods describe the study population using data from Turkey, not India. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Smoking-cessation odds-ratio intervals conflict with their p-values
MajorIn Table 3, the 95% confidence intervals for the smoking-cessation odds ratios for sperm motility and morphology both exclude 1, but their corresponding p-values are 0.196 and 0.138. Those intervals indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 level, while the p-values do not, affecting the reported conclusion that these changes were not significant.
“| Smoking cessation | 1.16 (1.11-1.20) | 1.18 (1.14-1.22) | 1.41 (1.35-1.48) | 1.06 (1.01-1.11) | 1.13 (1.07-1.19) |”
“| | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.196 | 0.138 |”
Infertility-duration odds-ratio intervals conflict with their p-values
MajorThe duration-of-infertility odds ratios for sperm motility and morphology have 95% confidence intervals that exclude 1, while their corresponding p-values are 0.188 and 0.115.
“| Duration of infertility | 1.17 (1.12-1.22) | 1.16 (1.12-1.20) | 1.39 (1.33-1.45) | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | 1.15 (1.11-1.19) |”
“| | 0.002 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.188 | 0.115 |”
BMI odds-ratio intervals conflict with their p-values
MinorThe BMI odds ratios for sperm motility and morphology have 95% confidence intervals that exclude 1, but their corresponding p-values are 0.202 and 0.132.
“| Body Mass Index | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | 1.13 (1.09-1.17) | 1.36 (1.31-1.41) | 1.06 (1.01-1.11) | 1.13 (1.08-1.18) |”
“| | 0.002 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.202 | 0.132 |”
Age odds-ratio intervals conflict with their p-values
MinorThe age odds ratios for sperm motility and morphology likewise have 95% confidence intervals that exclude 1, whereas their corresponding p-values, 0.186 and 0.113, exceed 0.05.
“| Age | 1.20 (1.16-1.24) | 1.19 (1.15-1.23) | 1.42 (1.37-1.47) | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | 1.17 (1.12-1.22) |”
“| | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.186 | 0.113 |”
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“[35] found a negative effect of smoking on all semen parameters of infertile men, especially on sperm motility, and significant changes in sperm DNA fragmentation.”
BackgroundSemen quality and cigarette smoking in a cohort of healthy fertile men
Tang, Q., Pan, F., Wu, X., Nichols, C. E., Wang, X., Xia, Y., London, S. J., & Wu, W. (2019) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000055 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It was indirectly shown that smoking cessation could have a positive effect on semen quality [38].”
BackgroundReducing Levels of Toxic Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke: A New Healthy People 2010 Objective
Richter, P., Pechacek, T. F., Swahn, M. H., & Wagman, V. (2008) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335490812300105 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Prentki Santos, E., López-Costa, S., Chenlo, P., Pugliese, M. N., Curi, S., Ariagno, J., Repetto, H., Sardi, M., Palaoro, L., & Mendeluk, G. (2011) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01089.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kızılay, F., & Altay, B. (2019) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0109-4 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Semen analysis is an important method for evaluating male fertility [26].”
MethodDiscrete survival model analysis of a couple’s smoking pattern and outcomes of assisted reproduction
Vanegas, J. C., Chavarro, J. E., Williams, P. L., Ford, J. B., Toth, T. L., Hauser, R. B., & Gaskins, A. J. (2017) · Fertility Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40738-017-0032-2 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this study, examining the effect of smoking cessation on ART every passing year since a smoking man quit smoking, the risk of failure during an ART cycle decreased by 4% each year, regardless of the duration and intensity of smoking [37].”
BackgroundEvaluation of Male Infertility Prevalence with Clinical Outcomes in Middle Anatolian Region
Öztekin, Ü., Caniklioğlu, M., Sarı, S., Selmï, V., Gürel, A., & Işıkay, L. (2019) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.5122 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fukuda, T., Miyake, H., Enatsu, N., Matsushita, K., & Fujisawa, M. (2015) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2015.04.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effect of cigarette smoking on the semen parameters of infertile men
Brucker, S. D., Drakopoulos, P., Dhooghe, E., Geeter, J. D., Uvin, V., Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Michielsen, D. P. J., Tournaye, H. J., & Brucker, M. D. (2020) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1775195 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rahimi‐Madiseh, M., Mohammadi, M., Hassanvand, A., Ahmadi, R., Shahmohammadi, M., & Rostamzadeh, A. (2020) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1186/s43043-020-00025-4 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are studies showing a decrease in sperm motility in smokers [30, 32] because of the toxic effects of nicotine [33] or an increased rate of carbon monoxide in the blood, which leads to a decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin and thus affects sperm mitochondrial oxygen utilization.”
BackgroundBest time to wait for the improvement of the sperm parameter after varicocelectomy: 3 or 6 months?
Ghaed, M. A., Makian, S. A., Moradi, A., Maghsoudi, R., & Gandomi-Mohammadabadi, A. (2020) · Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia · doi:10.4081/aiua.2020.3.259 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fukuda, T., Miyake, H., Enatsu, N., Matsushita, K., & Fujisawa, M. (2016) · Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2804
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- World Health Organisation (2019) WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use third edition.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced sperm dysfunction
Wang, Y., Fu, X., & Li, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1520835 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Fauser, B. C. J. M., Adamson, G. D., Boivin, J., Chambers, G. M., de Geyter, C., Dyer, S., Inhorn, M. C., Schmidt, L., Serour, G. I., Tarlatzis, B., et al. (2024) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmad028 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“One non-randomized trial in India suggested that men willing to stop smoking showed better quality sperm within 3months of smoking cessation than men unwilling to stop smoking (Kulaksiz et al. , 2022).”
BackgroundTesařík, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26062797 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Kaltsas, A., Markou, E., Kyrgiafini, M.-A., Zikopoulos, A., Symeonidis, E. N., Dimitriadis, F., Zachariou, A., Sofikitis, N., & Chrisofos, M. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16010093 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The variations highlight that more rigorous prospective studies are needed to determine precise dose–response relationships and the potential reversibility of epigenetic damage once harmful habits cease [127,128].”
Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm
Henriques, M. C., Santiago, J., Patrício, A., Herdeiro, M. T., Loureiro, S., & Fardilha, M. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12101828 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Influence of substance use on male reproductive health and offspring outcomes
Lo, J. O.-T., Hedges, J. C., Chou, W. H., Tager, K. R., Bachli, I., Hagen, O. L., Murphy, S. K., Hanna, C. B., & Easley, C. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-024-00868-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…± 11.69, P = 0.001) and total sperm count (45.04 × 10 6 /ml ± 24.38 versus 65.1 × 10 6 /ml ± 34.9, P 0.001) were found, with positive yet insignificant trends in sperm motility (20.54% ± 15.72 versus 21.41 ± 14.97, P = 0.190) and sperm morphology (2.22% ± 1.69 versus 2.43 ± 1.47, P = 0.120) 151 .”
InfluentialBeneficial Effects of Resveratrol on Testicular Functions: Focus on Its Antioxidant Properties
Chimento, A., Luca, A. D., Venditti, M., Amicis, F. D., & Pezzi, V. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14141122 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Smoking can increase the leukocytes number ROS seminal levels as well as decrease the seminal plasma antioxidant systems [130,131].”
Unraveling the Impact of Sperm DNA Fragmentation on Reproductive Outcomes
Nielsen, J. L., Majzoub, A., Esteves, S., & Humaidan, P. (2023) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777324 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Nicotine on Human Sperm Nuclear Proteins
Firouzabadi, A. M., Henkel, R., Niaki, M. T., & Fesahat, F. (2024) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.240072 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cui, J., Wang, C., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, S., Ren, Z., Qin, X., Zhang, M., Gao, F., Huang, H., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08493-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Transgenerational effects of paternal exposures: the role of germline de novo mutations
Dehghanbanadaki, H., Jimbo, M., Fendereski, K., Kunisaki, J., Horns, J. J., Ramsay, J. M., Gross, K. X., Pastuszak, A. W., & Hotaling, J. M. (2024) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13609 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Impact of conventional cigarette and electronic cigarette use on sperm quality and IVF/ICSI outcomes
Kim, H. K., Choi, W. Y., Lee, J. I., & Kim, T. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09495-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Additionally, a prospective, nonrandomized controlled trial demonstrated that quitting smoking for more than three months significantly improved semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count 26 .”
Deafening Silence of Male Infertility
Nam, C. S., Campbell, K. J., Acquati, C., Bole, R., Adler, A., Collins, D. J., Collins, E., Samplaski, M. K., Anderson-Bialis, J., Andino, J. J., et al. (2023) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.09.018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wu, J., Li, T., Xu, L., Chen, L., Liang, X., Lin, A., Zhang, W., & Huang, R. (2024) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-024-03153-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous research found that quitting smoking significantly improved semen volume and sperm concentration in infertile males [20].”
Nickel and human sperm quality: a systematic review
Vinnikov, D. V., & Syurin, S. A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21119-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Moreover, in many included studies well-studied risk factors such as diabetes [63], tobacco smoking [64, 65], alcohol use [66] were not controlled for.”
Environmental determinants of male infertility: emerging threats and technological interventions
Jagadesh, P., & Tb, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1770866 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“For example, a recent study found that quitting smoking improved sperm concentration, semen volume, and overall sperm count (182).”
Matulewicz, R. S., Meeks, W. D., Mbassa, R., Fang, R. S., Pittman, A., Mossanen, M., Furberg, H. F., Chichester, L.-A. R., Lui, M. L., Sherman, S. E., et al. (2023) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.06.022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shin, D., Sansone, A., Krishnappa, P., Baazeem, A., Bernie, H. L., Ahsan, M. S., Thirumavalavan, N., Hellstrom, W. J. G., & Shah, R. S. (2025) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf073 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
First Evidence of Cotinine in Canine Semen Reveals Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Groppetti, D., Pizzi, G., Giussani, E., Pecile, A., Mazzola, S., Bronzo, V., & Fusi, E. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci11120598 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This can occur through the disruption of spermatogenesis or altered hormone production [9,10,25,26].”
Smoking and infertility in Saudi Arabian Males: A Systematic Review
Qutub, J., Sharee, M., Murad, B. M. A. A., Alsadiq, A., Dakhil, S. A., Alofi, N., Alharbi, H., Alduraibi, K., Mohammed, S., Aboukhshaba, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Sciences · doi:10.52533/johs.2022.21121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The result of recent studies makes it clear that quitting smoking had a positive impact on sperm concentration, semen volume, and total sperm count (43).”
ResultEndocrine Disruption as a Mediator of Declining Semen Quality in Smokers
Choudhury, B. P., Das, S., Kar, K. K., Sláma, P., Kolesárová, A., Rosas, I. M., & Roychoudhury, S. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14171345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that the decline in semen volume in smokers may be attributed to the impact of nicotine on the accessory glands, such as seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral glands [17,43].”
Bijou, A. A. A., Ilfergani, J. A., Bader, T. S., Feetouri, M. M., Alogali, I. S., Hasen, Y., Aloriby, M. A., & Bleiblo, F. A. (2025) · Libyan Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1080/19932820.2025.2569151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Kulaksiz et al. reported an increase in semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count after three months of abstinence [21], but sperm DNA fragmentation was not tested.”
Mai, H., Ke, J., Li, M., He, M., Qu, Y., Jiang, F., Cai, S., Xu, Y., Fu, L., Pi, L., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42927-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“By following doctors’ guidance to quit smoking and drinking at least six months before trying to get pregnant, male-partners of couples would always have a better physical condition and semen quality 23,31 , and the chances of successful pregnancy are usually increased 32 .”
BackgroundEvaluating the effect of smoking and its cessation on semen parameters
Ragheb, A., Abdelbary, A., Massoud, A., Abd Elkhalek, M., & Elbatanony, A. (2025) · Reproduction and Fertility · doi:10.1530/raf-24-0135 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Skerrett-Byrne, D. A., Ashton, L., Nixon, B., & Morgan, P. J. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101716 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“59,60 Inter-estingly, recent work with infertile men who cease to smoke for 3 months observed a marked improvement across these sperm parameters, 61 although further studies are required.”
Male reproductive aging: can men with oligospermia become azoospermic over time?
Patel, M., Muthigi, A., Laurentino, S., Diaz, P., & Ramasamy, R. (2022) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00634-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recently, a prospective study evaluating the effects of smoking cessation on semen parameters demonstrated a significant increase in semen volume and sperm concentration, highlighting smoking as modifiable risk factor and smoking cessation as an important recommendation for patients [22].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Smoking on Sperm Quality and the DAZ Gene
Sukarjati, S., Choirunnisa, N., & Fajar, N. S. (2024) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9213 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gupta, P., Prasad, S., & Prasad, S. (2024) · Fertility Science and Research · doi:10.25259/fsr_28_2024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Yang, L., Peng, M., Xu, S., Duan, M., Wang, L., Xia, R. Z., Tan, L., Li, S., & Wang, S. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Selected Lifestyle Factors on Semen Quality in Iraqi Men
Ali, I. N. (2023) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences & Technology · doi:10.37648/ijrmst.v16i01.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sukarjati, S., Yani, A. D. C., Kusuma, N. D., & Wiranata, F. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v9ispecialissue.5755 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…2019) which showed a significant decrease in the number of spermatid, primer spermatocytes, spermatogonium in the testes of mice treated with cigarette smoke Cigarettes contain many toxic compounds, including arsen, nicotine, benzena, carbon monoxide, nicotine, heavy metals (Kulaksiz et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWang, C., Zhang, J., Gao, F., Zheng, M., Fu, X., & Yang, K. (2024) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108734
Wang, L., Pan, M., Dong, J., He, Z., Wang, W., Junsheng, S., Wang, T., & Wang, Y. (2025) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-025-04302-9
“It has been established that smoking not only leads to common respiratory system diseases but also causes male reproductive disorders (Kulaksiz et al. 2022).”
Paternal Aging and Offspring Health
Stirland, I., Jenkins, A., Barnett, B., Salehisedeh, N., & Jenkins, T. G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21477-6.00480-6
Yang, X., Lan, M., Yang, J., Xia, Y., Han, L., Zhang, L., & Yu, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[26].”
Dewi, R., Siregar, T. N., Sutriana, A., Wahyuni, S., & Armansyah, T. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Plants · doi:10.61882/jmp.24.93.68
Cheng, Z., Yang, Y., Ding, S., Liu, Z., Liu, M., Liu, Y., Xu, D., Wu, Q., Wu, Y., Zhao, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2025-225167
“31 32 Due to the inability to ascertain the exact timing of cessation, some husbands may have quit smoking immediately before the prepregnancy exam.”
Lien entre perturbateurs endocriniens et infertilité
Mirakian, P., & Pretalli, J. (2025) · Actualités Pharmaceutiques · doi:10.1016/j.actpha.2025.10.010
Yao, H.-L., Yang, T., Tian, R., Zhao, C., Yang, F., Liu, Z., & Li, F.-P. (2026) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/aja20263
“28 In another study, no significant difference in semen quality was observed between former smokers and never smokers, 29 further supporting the importance of smoking cessation in improving male fertility.”
THE IMPACT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON SEMEN QUALITY AND MALE FERTILITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Kotlarska, K. M., Kotlarski, W., Mainka, T. S., & Sergejuk, E. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5525
Qimanguli, Y., Wei, X., Mireyi, J., Liu, J., & He, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9515711/v1
THE IMPACT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON SEMEN QUALITY AND MALE FERTILITY: A REVIEW OF CURRENT EVIDENCE
Bednarczuk, K., Skuza, A. I., Góral, M., Fidorowicz, D., Sagan, D., Sergiel, K. H., Siedlecki, R., Torbacka, E., Downar-Zapolska, M., & Mikłaszewicz, A. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.5836
“However, sperm motility and morphology improved only modestly and did not reach statistical significance (Kulaksiz et al., 2022).”
Influential
- Authors
- Kulaksiz, D., Toprak, T., Tokat, E., Yilmaz, M., Ramazanoglu, M. A., Garayev, A., Sulukaya, M., Degirmentepe, R. B., Allahverdiyev, E., Gul, M., & Verit, A.
- Affiliations
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi (TR)
- Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Toprak, Tuncay
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Impotence Research
- Published
- 2022-08-13
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 614-619
- ISSN
- 0955-9930 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5489
- PMC
- PMC9375087
- OpenAlex
- W4291116244
- Semantic Scholar
- d3c98d92e33acd2ef9470fdf9193c0a846190313
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Impotence Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, male infertility, sperm concentration, semen volume, total sperm count, semen parameters, sperm motility, sperm morphology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Infertility, Infertility, Male, Male, Semen, Smoking, Sperm Count, Sperm Motility, Spermatozoa, Smoking Cessation, Semen Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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