Morphology of travel routes and the organization of cities
Open accessAbstract
The city is a complex system that evolves through its inherent social and economic interactions. Mediating the movements of people and resources, urban street networks offer a spatial footprint of these activities. Of particular interest is the interplay between street structure and its functional usage. Here, we study the shape of 472,040 spatiotemporally optimized travel routes in the 92 most populated cities in the world, finding that their collective morphology exhibits a directional bias influenced by the attractive (or repulsive) forces resulting from congestion, accessibility, and travel demand. To capture this, we develop a simple geometric measure, inness, that maps this force field. In particular, cities with common inness patterns cluster together in groups that are correlated with their putative stage of urban development as measured by a series of socio-economic and infrastructural indicators, suggesting a strong connection between urban development, increasing physical connectivity, and diversity of road hierarchies.
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A city's spatial structure is characterized by multiple subregions connected via distribution networks.
“Recent findings indicate that a city's spatial structure is characterized by multiple subregions (such as urban zoning areas) connected via distribution networks (such as streets) 40,43,134,135 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Industrial cities in different regions of the world exhibit scale-invariant structural characteristics (for example, road networks), whereas the number of nodes and their configuration depends on infrastructure development, size and other sociocultural factors.
“Industrial cities in different regions of the world are suggested to exhibit scale-invariant structural characteristics (for example, road networks) 40,129 , whereas the number of nodes and their configuration depends on infrastructure development, size and other sociocultural factors 40 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The patterns of individuals' movement to and from urban hubs across cities can be collected using GIS tools and phone-usage data.
“The patterns of individuals' movement to and from urban hubs across cities can be collected using GIS (geographic information system) tools and phone-usage data 40,43,177,210 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Lee, M., Barbosa, H., Youn, H., Holme, P., & Ghoshal, G.
- Affiliations
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ghoshal, Gourab
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2017-12-20
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2229-2229
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5738436
- OpenAlex
- W2775506506
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (NRF-2016S1A2A2911945)
- Ministry of Education
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2016S1A2A2911945, 2017R1A2B2005957)
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
- Army Research Office (W911NF-17-1-0127, W911NF)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis
- Keywords
- travel routes, urban road networks, directional bias, traffic congestion, accessibility (transport and spatial geography), travel demand, urban development stages, road hierarchy, physical connectivity
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