The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Genome-wide association study in 176,678 Europeans reveals genetic loci for tanning response to sun exposure
Open accessAbstract
The skin’s tendency to sunburn rather than tan is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Here we report a large genome-wide association study of ease of skin tanning in 176,678 subjects of European ancestry. We identify significant association with tanning ability at 20 loci. We confirm previously identified associations at six of these loci, and report 14 novel loci, of which ten have never been associated with pigmentation-related phenotypes. Our results also suggest that variants at the AHR/AGR3 locus, previously associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma the underlying mechanism of which is poorly understood, might act on disease risk through modulation of tanning ability.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“a high-frequency introgressed haplotype that influences skin pigmentation levels in Europeans (Fig. S15)59,60”
From Quantifying the contribution of Neanderthal introgression to the heritability of complex traits (2021) · cites this paper as [60]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089
Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes
Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium, Kundaje, A., Meuleman, W., Ernst, J., Bilenky, M., Yen, A., Heravi-Moussavi, A., Kheradpour, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14248 · Cited by 6,368
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559
METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans
Willer, C. J., Li, Y., & Abecasis, G. R. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq340 · Cited by 5,205
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: Multitissue gene regulation in humans
The GTEx Consortium, Ardlie, K. G., Deluca, D. S., Segrè, A. V., Sullivan, T. J., Young, T. R., Gelfand, E. T., Trowbridge, C. A., Maller, J. B., Tukiainen, T., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1262110 · Cited by 5,062
The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI
Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1988) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008 · Cited by 4,339
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
ReproGen Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3, Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P.-R., Duncan, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3406 · Cited by 4,255
Genome-wide efficient mixed-model analysis for association studies
Zhou, X., & Stephens, M. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2310 · Cited by 3,627
Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies
Manichaikul, A., Mychaleckyj, J. C., Rich, S. S., Daly, K., Sale, M., & Chen, W.-M. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq559 · Cited by 3,541
Merlin—rapid analysis of dense genetic maps using sparse gene flow trees
Abecasis, G. R., Cherny, S. S., Cookson, W., & Cardon, L. R. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng786 · Cited by 3,323
The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations
Welter, D., MacArthur, J., Morales, J., Burdett, T., Hall, P., Junkins, H., Klemm, A., Flicek, P., Manolio, T., Hindorff, L., et al. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1229 · Cited by 2,707
LocusZoom: regional visualization of genome-wide association scan results
Pruim, R. J., Welch, R. P., Sanna, S., Teslovich, T. M., Chines, P. S., Gliedt, T. P., Boehnke, M., Abecasis, G. R., & Willer, C. J. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq419 · Cited by 2,707
Purcell, S., Cherny, S. S., & Sham, P. C. (2003) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/19.1.149 · Cited by 2,057
Fast and accurate genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies through pre-phasing
Howie, B., Fuchsberger, C., Stephens, M., Marchini, J., & Abecasis, G. R. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2354 · Cited by 1,737
The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Breteler, M. M. B., van Duijn, C. M., Krestin, G. P., Pols, H. A. P., Stricker, B. H. C., Tiemeier, H. W., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vingerling, J. R., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2007) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x · Cited by 1,408
Self-citationSNAP: a web-based tool for identification and annotation of proxy SNPs using HapMap
Johnson, A. D., Handsaker, R. E., Pulit, S. L., Nizzari, M. M., O’Donnell, C. J., & de Bakker, P. I. W. (2008) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn564 · Cited by 1,339
The evolution of human skin coloration
Jablonski, N. G., & Chaplin, G. (2000) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403 · Cited by 1,212
qqman: an R package for visualizing GWAS results using Q-Q and manhattan plotsPreprint
Turner, S. (2014) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/005165 · Cited by 1,154
Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits
Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. Z., Ségurel, L., Tung, J. Y., & Hinds, D. A. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3570 · Cited by 1,151
Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans
Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Stacey, S. N., Helgason, A., Rafnar, T., Magnusson, K. P., Manolescu, A., Karason, A., Palsson, A., Thorleifsson, G., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2007.13 · Cited by 750
Han, J., Kraft, P., Nan, H., Guo, Q., Chen, C., Qureshi, A., Hankinson, S. E., Hu, F. B., Duffy, D. L., Zhao, Z. Z., et al. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000074 · Cited by 499
Self-citationWeb-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits
Eriksson, N., Macpherson, J. M., Tung, J. Y., Hon, L., Naughton, B., Saxonov, S., Avey, L., Wojcicki, A., Pe’er, I., & Mountain, J. L. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993 · Cited by 483
Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk
Bishop, D. T., Démenais, F., Iles, M. M., Harland, M., Taylor, J., Corda, E., Randerson‐Moor, J. A., Aitken, J. F., Avril, M., Azizi, E., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.411 · Cited by 465
Self-citationAndrew, T., Hart, D. J., Snieder, H., de Lange, M., Spector, T. D., & MacGregor, A. J. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/1369052012803 · Cited by 440
Self-citationUK biobank data: come and get it
Allen, N. E., Sudlow, C., Peakman, T., Collins, R., & Biobank, O. B. O. U. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3008601 · Cited by 399
The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update
Albert Hofman, D., Brusselle, G., Murad, S. D., van Duijn, C. M., Franco, O. H., Goedegebure, A., Ikram, M. A., Klaver, C. C. W., Nijsten, T. E. C., Peeters, R. P., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0082-x · Cited by 385
Self-citationTwo newly identified genetic determinants of pigmentation in Europeans
Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Stacey, S. N., Helgason, A., Rafnar, T., Jakobsdottir, M., Steinberg, S., Gudjonsson, S. A., Palsson, A., Thorleifsson, G., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.160 · Cited by 368
MC1R variants, melanoma and red hair color phenotype: A meta‐analysis
Raimondi, S., Sera, F., Gandini, S., Iodice, S., Caini, S., Maisonneuve, P., & Fargnoli, M. C. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23396 · Cited by 349
Small, K. S., Grundberg, E., Soranzo, N., Ahmadi, K. R., Spector, T. D., Shin, S., Deloukas, P., Hedman, Å. K., Lindgren, C. M., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.833 · Cited by 328
Self-citationAndrew, T., Hart, D. J., Snieder, H., de Lange, M., Spector, T. D., & MacGregor, A. J. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.4.6.464 · Cited by 289
Self-citationNovel MITF targets identified using a two‐step DNA microarray strategy
Hoek, K. S., Schlegel, N. C., Eichhoff, O. M., Widmer, D. S., Praetorius, C., Einarsson, S. O., Valgeirsdóttir, S., Bergsteinsdóttir, K., Schepsky, A., Dummer, R., et al. (2008) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00505.x · Cited by 276
Pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on human pigmentation
Flanagan, N. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.17.2531 · Cited by 276
Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for cutaneous malignant melanoma
Law, M. H., Bishop, D. T., Lee, J. E., Brossard, M., Martin, N. G., Moses, E. K., Song, F., Barrett, J. H., Kumar, R., Easton, D. F., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3373 · Cited by 240
Self-citationPhenome-wide heritability analysis of the UK Biobank
Ge, T., Chen, C., Neale, B. M., Sabuncu, M. R., & Smoller, J. W. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006711 · Cited by 239
Risk factors for skin cancers: a nested case–control study within the Nurses’ Health Study
Han, J., Colditz, G. A., & Hunter, D. J. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl197 · Cited by 210
Self-citationDigital Quantification of Human Eye Color Highlights Genetic Association of Three New Loci
Liu, F., Wollstein, A., Hysi, P. G., Ankra-Badu, G. A., Spector, T. D., Park, D., Zhu, G., Larsson, M., Duffy, D. L., Montgomery, G. W., et al. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000934 · Cited by 191
Self-citationLiu, F., Visser, M., Duffy, D. L., Hysi, P. G., Jacobs, L. C., Lao, O., Zhong, K., Walsh, S., Chaitanya, L., Wollstein, A., et al. (2015) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1559-0 · Cited by 172
Chahal, H. S., Lin, Y., Ransohoff, K. J., Hinds, D. A., Wu, W., Dai, H., Qureshi, A. A., Li, W., Kraft, P. L., Tang, J. Y., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12048 · Cited by 141
Self-citationGenome-Wide Association Study of Tanning Phenotype in a Population of European Ancestry
Nan, H., Kraft, P. L., Qureshi, A. A., Guo, Q., Chen, C., Hankinson, S. E., Hu, F. B., Thomas, G. D., Hoover, R. N., Chanock, S. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.62 · Cited by 140
Self-citationJacobs, L. C., Hamer, M. A., Gunn, D. A., Deelen, J., Lall, J. S., van Heemst, D., Uh, H., Albert Hofman, D., Uitterlinden, A. G., Griffiths, C. E. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2015.62 · Cited by 131
Self-citationMelanesian Blond Hair Is Caused by an Amino Acid Change in TYRP1
Kenny, E. E., Timpson, N. J., Sikora, M., Yee, M., Moreno‐Estrada, A., Eng, C. S., Huntsman, S., Burchard, E. G., Stoneking, M., Bustamante, C. D., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1217849 · Cited by 131
Genome-wide association studies of pigmentation and skin cancer: a review and meta-analysis
Gerstenblith, M. R., Shi, J., & Landi, M. T. (2010) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00730.x · Cited by 128
Zhang, M., Song, F., Liang, L., Nan, H., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Wang, L., Wei, Q., Lee, J. E., Amos, C. I., et al. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt142 · Cited by 112
Self-citationPGC-1 Coactivators Regulate MITF and the Tanning Response
Shoag, J. E., Haq, R., Zhang, M., Liu, L., Rowe, G. C., Jiang, A., Koulisis, N., Farrel, C., Amos, C. I., Wei, Q., et al. (2012) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.027 · Cited by 107
Self-citationHysi, P. G., Valdes, A. M., Liu, F., Furlotte, N. A., Evans, D. M., Bataille, V. A., Visconti, A., Hemani, G., McMahon, G., Ring, S. M., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0100-5 · Cited by 107
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies 14 novel risk alleles associated with basal cell carcinoma
Chahal, H. S., Wu, W., Ransohoff, K. J., Yang, L., Hedlin, H., Desai, M., Lin, Y., Dai, H., Qureshi, A. A., Li, W., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12510 · Cited by 102
Self-citationIdentification of Susceptibility Loci for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Asgari, M. M., Wang, W., Ioannidis, N. M., Itnyre, J., Hoffmann, T. J., Jorgenson, E., & Whittemore, A. S. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.013 · Cited by 96
Control of melanocyte differentiation by a MITF–PDE4D3 homeostatic circuitPreprint
Khaled, M., Levy, C., & Fisher, D. E. (2010) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1937710 · Cited by 92
Describing the genetic architecture of epilepsy through heritability analysis
Speed, D., O'Brien, T. J., Palotie, A. V., Shkura, K., Marson, A. G., Balding, D. J., & Johnson, M. R. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu206 · Cited by 91
Ransohoff, K. J., Wu, W., Cho, H. G., Chahal, H. S., Lin, Y., Dai, H., Amos, C. I., Lee, J. E., Tang, J. Y., Hinds, D. A., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15230 · Cited by 64
Self-citationGenetic Variants in Fanconi Anemia Pathway Genes BRCA2 and FANCA Predict Melanoma Survival
Yin, J., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Wang, L., Chen, W. V., Zhu, D. K., Amos, C. I., Fang, S., Lee, J. E., & Wei, Q. (2014) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2014.416 · Cited by 37
Tr�gou�t, D.-A., Herbeth, B., Juhan-Vague, I., Siest, G., Ducimeti�re, P., & Tiret, L. (1999) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2272(1999)16:1 · Cited by 30
Self-citationEMX homeobox genes regulate microphthalmia and alter melanocyte biology
Bordogna, W., Hudson, J. D., Buddle, J. C., Bennett, D. C., Beach, D., & Carnero, A. (2005) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.08.013 · Cited by 17
Cornell, B., & Toyo‐oka, K. (2016) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1980-z · Cited by 9
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hysi, P. G. et al. A GWAS meta-analysis of more than 300,000 individuals of European ancestry identifies numerous new genetic loci explaining significant portions of hair color variation and heritability. Nat. Genet. In press NG-LE44861R1 (2018).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Objectives, design and main findings until 2020 from the Rotterdam Study
Ikram, M. A., Brusselle, G., Ghanbari, M., Goedegebure, A., Ikram, M. K., Kavousi, M., Kieboom, B. C. T., Klaver, C. C. W., de Knegt, R. J., Luik, A. I., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00640-5 · Cited by 463
Self-citationLandi, M. T., Bishop, D. T., MacGregor, S., Machiela, M. J., Stratigos, A., Ghiorzo, P., Brossard, M., Calista, D., Choi, J., Fargnoli, M. C., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0611-8 · Cited by 239
Self-citationThe journey from melanocytes to melanoma
Centeno, P. P., Pavet, V., & Marais, R. (2023) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-023-00565-7 · Cited by 211
Adhikari, K., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Sohail, A., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Lampert, J. E., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., Granja, V., Acuña-Alonzo, V., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08147-0 · Cited by 193
The Genetics of Human Skin and Hair Pigmentation
Pavan, W. J., & Sturm, R. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015230 · Cited by 165
Metadata
- Authors
- Visconti, A., Duffy, D. L., Liu, F., Zhu, G., Wu, W., Chen, Y., Hysi, P. G., Zeng, C., Sanna, M., Iles, M. M., Kanetsky, P. A., Demenais, F., Hamer, M. A., Uitterlinden, A. G., Ikram, M. A., Nijsten, T., Martin, N. G., Kayser, M., Spector, T. D., Han, J., Bataille, V., & Falchi, M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Falchi, Mario
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2018-05-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1684-1684
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5940788
- OpenAlex
- W2799394553
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 6.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (P01 CA87969, R01 CA49449, 081878/Z/06/Z, UM1 CA186107, 081878, UM1 CA167552)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (P01 CA87969, R01 CA49449, NF-SI-0507-10228, UM1 CA167552, UM1 CA186107, NF-SI-0514-10027)
- British Skin Foundation (5044i)
- King's College London
- European Commission (UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969, UM1 CA167552, R01 CA49449)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (91651507)
- ZonMw
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca049449-19, NIH-R01, R01 CA49449, CA-49449, UM1-CA167552, CA-167552, CA186107, CA 87969)
- Medical Research Council (UM1 CA167552, UM1 CA186107, R01 CA49449, P01 CA87969)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, R01‐CA049449, UM1CA186107, UM1CA167552, U01CA167552)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- tanning, sun exposure, skin pigmentation, genetic loci, skin cancer risk, sunburn, cutaneous melanoma, novel genetic variants, European ancestry
- MeSH terms
- Radiation Exposure, Adult, Aged, Carrier Proteins, Chromosome Mapping, Female, United Kingdom, Hair Color, Humans, Male, Melanoma, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Phenotype, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Skin Neoplasms, Sunburn, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, Genome-Wide Association Study, Suntan, Genetic Loci
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
