Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment
Open accessAbstract
The majority of transport electrification studies, examining the demand and sustainability of critical metals, have focused on light-duty vehicles. Heavy-duty vehicles have often been excluded from the research scope due to their smaller vehicle stock and slower pace of electrification. This study fills this research gap by evaluating the lithium resource impacts from electrification of the heavy-duty segment at the global level. Our results show that a mass electrification of the heavy-duty segment on top of the light-duty segment would substantially increase the lithium demand and impose further strain on the global lithium supply. The significant impact is attributed to the large single-vehicle battery capacity required by heavy-duty vehicles and the expected battery replacement needed within the lifetime of heavy-duty vehicles. We suggest that the ambition of mass electrification in the heavy-duty segment should be treated with cautions for both policy makers and entrepreneurs.
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Batteries at 70-80% state-of-health may still be used by consumers who prefer a shorter range over the expense of a battery replacement.
“batteries in a state-ofhealth that would typically be considered to mark their EoL (i.e., 70-80%) may still be used by consumers who prefer to accept a shorter range over the expense of a battery replacement”
From Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Hao, H., Geng, Y., Tate, J. E., Liu, F., Chen, K., Sun, X., Liu, Z., & Zhao, F.
- Affiliations
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Geng, Yong
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2019-11-27
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5398-5398
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6881386
- OpenAlex
- W2990082851
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 7.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (71774100, 71690241, 71403142, 71810107001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- electric mobility, heavy vehicles, critical metals, lithium demand, lithium supply, battery replacement, battery capacity, resource sustainability
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