Lithium Production Processes
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both Li concentration and the presence of other ions (e.g., Mg, B, Fe, and Si) influence the applied technology.
“Both Li concentration and the presence of other ions (e.g., Mg, B, Fe, and Si), which can complicate processing, influence the applied technology.16”
From Current and Future Impacts of Lithium Carbonate from Brines: A Global Regionalized Life Cycle Assessment Model (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Global lithium resources: relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits
Kesler, S. E., Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2012) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.05.006 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?
Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Kesler, S. E., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00359.x · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Recovery of lithium from Uyuni salar brine
An, J. W., Kang, D. J., Tran, K. T., Kim, M. J., Lim, T., & Tran, T. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.02.008 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphological study of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles precipitated in dilute aqueous solution
Henrist, C., Mathieu, J.-P., Vogels, C. M., Rulmont, A., & Cloots, R. (2003) · Journal of Crystal Growth · doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(02)02068-7 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Lithium recovery from salt lake brine by H <sub>2</sub> TiO <sub>3</sub>
Chitrakar, R., Makita, Y., Ooi, K., & Sonoda, A. (2014) · Dalton Trans. · doi:10.1039/c4dt00467a · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Fire retardant action of mineral fillers
Hull, T. R., Witkowski, A., & Hollingbery, L. (2011) · Polymer Degradation and Stability · doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.006 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Chitrakar, R., Kanoh, H., Miyai, Y., & Ooi, K. (2001) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie000911h · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Li extraction from high Mg/Li ratio brine with LiFePO4/FePO4 as electrode materials
Zhao, Z., Xiu-fen, S. I., Liu, X., He, L., & Liang, X. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.013 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Chitrakar, R., Kanoh, H., Miyai, Y., & Ooi, K. (2000) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm0000191 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Recyclable composite nanofiber adsorbent for Li+ recovery from seawater desalination retentate
Park, M. J., Nisola, G. M., Beltran, A. B., Torrejos, R. E. C., Seo, J. G., Lee, S., Kim, H., & Chung, W. (2014) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.095 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Highly selective lithium recovery from brine using a λ-MnO2–Ag battery
Lee, J., Yu, S.-H., Kim, C., Sung, Y.-E., & Yoon, J. (2013) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp50919b · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Preparation of lithium carbonate from spodumene by a sodium carbonate autoclave process
Chen, Y., Tian, Q., Chen, B., Shi, X., & Liao, T. (2011) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.05.006 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Extraction of lithium from lepidolite by sulfation roasting and water leaching
Yan, Q., Li, X., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Wang, J., Guo, H., Hu, Q., & Peng, W. (2012) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2012.03.005 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Extraction of lithium from lepidolite using chlorination roasting-water leaching process
YAN, Q.-X., LI, X.-H., WANG, Z.-X., WANG, J.-X., GUO, H.-J., HU, Q.-Y., PENG, W.-J., & WU, X.-F. (2012) · Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China · doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61383-6 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Lithium extraction from β-spodumene through chlorination with chlorine gas
Barbosa, L., Valente, G., Orosco, R. P., & González, J. A. (2013) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2013.10.026 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride
(2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-276152-2.x5035-x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Preparation and Adsorptive Properties of Membrane-Type Adsorbents for Lithium Recovery from Seawater
Umeno, A., Miyai, Y., Takagi, N., Chitrakar, R., Sakane, K., & Ooi, K. (2002) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie010847j · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Han, Y., Kim, H., & Park, J. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Adsorption of lithium ions on novel nanocrystal MnO2
Zhang, Q.-H., Sun, S.-Y., Li, S.-K., Jiang, H., & Yu, J.-G. (2007) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.016 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Factors affecting the extraction of lithium from lepidolite
Luong, V. T., Kang, D. J., An, J. W., Kim, M. J., & Tran, T. (2013) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.01.015 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationExtraction of valuable metals from lepidolite
Yan, Q., Li, X., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Guo, H., Hu, Q., Peng, W., & Wang, J. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.02.004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Novel process for the extraction of lithium from β-spodumene by leaching with HF
Rosales, G. D., Ruiz, M. D. C., & Rodriguez, M. H. (2014) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.04.009 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A novel process for extracting lithium from lepidolite
Yan, Q., Li, X.-H., Yin, Z., Wang, Z., Guo, H., Peng, W., & Hu, Q. (2012) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.04.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
CHUNG, K., LEE, J., KIM, W., KIM, S., & CHO, K. (2008) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.041 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Processing of zinnwaldite waste to obtain Li2CO3
Jandová, J., Dvořák, P., & Vu, H. (2010) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.02.010 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Iron sulphate roasting for extraction of lithium from lepidolite
Luong, V. T., Kang, D. J., An, J. W., Dao, D. A., Kim, M. J., & Tran, T. (2013) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.09.016 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationUm, N., & Hirato, T. (2014) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.04.006 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Precipitation of Magnesium Hydroxide from Brine
Turek, M., & Gnot, W. (1995) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie00040a025 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Kinetics of magnesium hydroxide precipitation from sea bittern
Alamdari, A., Rahimpour, M. R., Esfandiari, N., & Nourafkan, E. (2008) · Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2007.02.012 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater by Manganese Oxide Adsorbent
Ooi, K., Miyai, Y., & Katoh, S. (1986) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496398608056148 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Extraction of lithium from micaceous waste from china clay production
Siame, E., & Pascoe, R. D. (2011) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2011.08.013 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effect of Na+ on Li extraction from brine using LiFePO4/FePO4 electrodes
Liu, X., Chen, X., Zhao, Z., & Liang, X. (2014) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.03.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Processing of a Zimbabwean petalite to obtain lithium carbonate
Sitando, O., & Crouse, P. L. (2011) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2011.09.014 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Recovery of magnesium from Uyuni salar brine as high purity magnesium oxalate
Tran, K. T., Van Luong, T., An, J.-W., Kang, D.-J., Kim, M.-J., & Tran, T. (2013) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.05.013 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovery of Lithium from Seawater Using a New Type of Ion-Sieve Adsorbent Based on MgMn2O4
Miyai, Y., Ooi, K., & Katoh, S. (1988) · Separation Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01496398808057641 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chitrakar, R., Kanoh, H., Makita, Y., Miyai, Y., & Ooi, K. (2000) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b002465l · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Toward new technologies for the production of lithium
Sadoway, D. R. (1998) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-998-0027-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Chitrakar, R., Makita, Y., Ooi, K., & Sonoda, T. (2013) · Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan · doi:10.1246/bcsj.20130019 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Vu, H., Bernardi, J., Jandová, J., Vaculíková, L., & Goliáš, V. (2013) · International Journal of Mineral Processing · doi:10.1016/j.minpro.2013.04.014 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The hydrometallurgical extraction of lithium from egyptian montmorillonite-type clay
Amer, A. M. (2008) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-008-0137-5 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Le lithium dans les minéraux argileux des sédiments et des sols
Tardy, Y., Krempp, G., & Trauth, N. (1972) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(72)90031-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Electrostatically Controlled Enrichment of Lepidolite via Flotation
Choi, J., Kim, W., Chae, W., et al. (2012) · MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS · doi:10.2320/matertrans.m2012235 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Synergistic Solvent Impregnated Resin for Adsorptive Separation of Lithium Ion
Onishi, K., Nakamura, T., Nishihama, S., et al. (2010) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie100145d · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Abe, M., & Chitrakar, R. (1987) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(87)90045-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
New concepts for lithium minerals processing
Brandt, F., & Haus, R. (2010) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2010.03.021 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bukowsky, H., Uhlemann, E., & Steinborn, D. (1991) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(91)90056-r · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Garrett, D. E. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012276152-2/50037-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Water by Combined Adsorption Methods
Park, J., Sato, H., Nishihama, S., & Yoshizuka, K. (2012) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299.2012.687165 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ryu, T., Shin, J., Ryu, J., et al. (2013) · MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS · doi:10.2320/matertrans.m2013028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Karidakis, T., Agatzini-Leonardou, S., & Neou-Syngouna, P. (2004) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.09.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
An alternative method for the recovery of lithium from spodumene
Medina, L. F., & El-Naggar, M. M. A. A. (1984) · Metallurgical Transactions B · doi:10.1007/bf02657295 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Strelow, F. W. E., Weinert, C. H. S. W., & van der Walt, T. N. (1974) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(01)82877-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The role of clays in fixing lithium
Starkey, H. C. (1982) · doi:10.3133/b1278f · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Recovery of Lithium from Seawater Using Nano-Manganese Oxide Adsorbents Prepared by Gel Process
Chung, K., Lee, J., Kim, E., Lee, K. C., Kim, Y. S., & Ooi, K. (2004) · Materials science forum · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.277 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The electrowinning of lithium from chloride-carbonate melts
Kruesi, W. H., & Fray, D. J. (1993) · Metallurgical Transactions B · doi:10.1007/bf02673176 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Operating conditions for lithium recovery from natural brines
Hamzaoui, A. H., Hammi, H., & M’nif, A. (2007) · Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s0036023607120091 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kitajou, A., Suzuki, T., Nishihama, S., et al. (2003) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Magnesium hydroxide precipitation as studied by gel growth methods
Baird, T., Braterman, P. S., Cochrane, H. D., & Spoors, G. (1988) · Journal of Crystal Growth · doi:10.1016/0022-0248(88)90129-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Abe, M., & Hayashi, K. (1984) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(84)90049-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adsorption Behavior of Lithium from Seawater using Manganese Oxide Adsorbent
Wajima, T., Munakata, K., & Uda, T. (2012) · Plasma and Fusion Research · doi:10.1585/pfr.7.2405021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kinetics of magnesium hydroxide precipitation from seawater using slaked dolomite
Carson, R., & Simandl, J. (1994) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/0892-6875(94)90164-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The acid extraction of lithium from the granites of South West England
Distin, P. A., & Phillips, C. V. (1982) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/0304-386x(82)90049-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lithium and its recovery from low-grade Nevada clays
Crocker, L., & Lien, R. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Preparation of lithium ion-sieve and utilizing in recovery of lithium from seawater
Wang, L., Meng, C., & Ma, W. (2009) · Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11705-009-0105-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
5th International Symposium on High‐Temperature Metallurgical Processing
(2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118887998 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Recovery of Lithium from Complex Silicates
COLTON, J. W. (1957) · Advances in chemistry series · doi:10.1021/ba-1957-0019.ch001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Application of Combined Collectors in Flotation of Lepidolite
He, G. C., Feng, J. N., Mao, M. X., et al. (2013) · Advanced materials research · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.921 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
An Attempt to Minimize the Cost of Extracting Lithium from Boron Clays Through Robust Process Design
Büyükburç, A., & Köksal, G. (2005) · Clays and Clay Minerals · doi:10.1346/ccmn.2005.0530310 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lithium Chloride from Lepidolite
Löf, G. O. G., & Lewis, W. K. (1942) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ie50386a014 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Methodology for Selective Adsorption of Lithium Ions onto Polymeric Aluminium (III) Hydroxide
Hawash, S. I., Kader, E. A. E., & Diwani, G. E. (2010) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The lithium content of sea water
(1965) · Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts · doi:10.1016/0011-7471(65)91040-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
HANDLING AND USES OF THE ALKALI METALS
(1957) · Advances in chemistry series · doi:10.1021/ba-1957-0019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Extraction of zinnwaldite from mining and processing wastes
Botula, J., Rucký, P., & Řepka, V. (2005) · DSpace VŠB-TUO (VŠB-TUO) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Recovering lithium chloride from a geothermal brine
Schultze, L. E., & Bauer, D. (1984) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Processing of low grade zinnwaldite (lithium mica) concentrate
Alex, P., & Suri, A. K. (1996) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Recovering lithium mica from the waste after mining Sn-W ores through the use of flotation
Samková, R. (2009) · DSpace VŠB-TUO (VŠB-TUO) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF LITHIUM IN THE REDUCTION OF LITHIUM OXIDE BY SILICON
Morris, W., & Pidgeon, L. M. (1958) · Canadian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1139/v58-131 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sato, H., Nishihama, S., & Yoshizuka, K. (2012) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Маринкина, Г. А., Zanina, A. S., Shergina, S. I., et al. (1992) · Russian Chemical Bulletin · doi:10.1007/bf00866576 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The manufacture of lithia from lepidolite
(1908) · Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry · doi:10.1002/jctb.5000271109 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hale, W. R., & Minerals, M. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Semi-Continuous Electrowinning of LiCl-$Li_2O$ Molten Salt
Jin-Mok, H., Seo, C.-S., Hong, S.-S., et al. (2004) · Journal of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Novel Vacuum Aluminothermic Reduction Lithium Process
Di, Y., Wang, Z., Tao, S., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118663448.ch2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Yun, R., & Xiang, X. (2021) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Tabelin, C. B., Dallas, J., Casanova, S., Pelech, T., Bournival, G., Saydam, S., & Canbulat, I. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Challenges for sustainable lithium supply: A critical review
Alessia, A., Alessandro, B., Maria, V.-G., Carlos, V.-A., & Francesca, B. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126954 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Liu, W., Agusdinata, D. B., & Myint, S. W. (2019) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2019.04.016 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Nikkhah, H., Ipekçi, D., Xiang, W., Stoll, Z., Xu, P., Li, B., McCutcheon, J. R., & Beykal, B. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.155349 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Hao, H., Geng, Y., Tate, J. E., Liu, F., Chen, K., Sun, X., Liu, Z., & Zhao, F. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13400-1 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Jiang, S., Zhang, L., Li, F., Hua, H., Liu, X., Yuan, Z., & Wu, H. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110253 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Mousavinezhad, S., Nili, S., Fahimi, A., & Vahidi, E. (2024) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107583 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Boroumand, Y., & Razmjou, A. (2024) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2024.117406 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cerda, A., Quilaqueo, M., Barros, L., Seriche, G., Gim-Krumm, M., Santoro, S., Avci, A. H., Romero, J., Curcio, E., & Estay, H. (2021) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102063 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Design of a systematic value chain for lithium-ion batteries from the raw material perspective
Weimer, L., Braun, T., & Hemdt, A. V. (2019) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101473 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schenker, V., & Pfister, S. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c12619 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques
Nandihalli, N., Chouhan, R. K., Kuchi, R., & Hlova, I. Z. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16198513 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ruberti, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17010160 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Water footprint of battery-grade lithium production in the Salar de Atacama, Chile
Marinova, S., Roche, L., Link, A., & Finkbeiner, M. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144635 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Environmental and Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium Carbonate Production from Chilean Atacama Brines
He, Z., Korre, A., Kelsall, G., Nie, Z., & Colet Lagrille, M. (2025) · RSC Sustainability · doi:10.1039/d4su00223g · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tran, T., & Luong, V. T.
- Affiliations
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- ORCID
- Tran, Tam
- Venue
- Lithium Process Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2015
- Pages
- 81-124
- OpenAlex
- W1144018032
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
- Keywords
- lithium production, lithium recovery, salt lake brine, spodumene, solar evaporation, water leaching, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, electrodialysis, ion exchange, carbonation, battery-grade lithium, lithium purification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review