DNA origami cryptography for secure communication
Open accessAbstract
Biomolecular cryptography exploiting specific biomolecular interactions for data encryption represents a unique approach for information security. However, constructing protocols based on biomolecular reactions to guarantee confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) of information remains a challenge. Here we develop DNA origami cryptography (DOC) that exploits folding of a M13 viral scaffold into nanometer-scale self-assembled braille-like patterns for secure communication, which can create a key with a size of over 700 bits. The intrinsic nanoscale addressability of DNA origami additionally allows for protein binding-based steganography, which further protects message confidentiality in DOC. The integrity of a transmitted message can be ensured by establishing specific linkages between several DNA origamis carrying parts of the message. The versatility of DOC is further demonstrated by transmitting various data formats including text, musical notes and images, supporting its great potential for meeting the rapidly increasing CIA demands of next-generation cryptography.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The decryption time for the DNA braille method is 1-2 h, including sample processing, imaging, and readout.
“The decryption time for this method is 1–2 h, including sample processing, imaging, and readout—this time could be reduced by using high-speed AFM methods and fully automated image analysis algorithms.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [127]
Zhang et al. demonstrated in 2019 a "DNA braille" system prepared by patterning biotinylated overhangs onto DNA origami.
“In the context of DNA data storage, Zhang et al. demonstrated in 2019127 a “DNA braille” system, which was prepared by patterning biotinylated overhangs onto DNA origami.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [127]
Fan et al. used AFM to decode information stored in DNA domino arrays.
“Similarly, Fan et al. used AFM to decode information stored in DNA domino arrays.127”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [127]
In the DNA braille system, the data are encrypted; only when streptavidin is added and binds to biotin does the pattern become readable by AFM.
“The data in this system are encrypted; only when streptavidin is added and binds to biotin does the pattern become readable by AFM.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [127]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359340.359342 · Cited by 13,462 · see citing works
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/357980.358017 · Cited by 13,012 · see citing works
Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem
Ekert, A. K. (1991) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.661 · Cited by 10,777 · see citing works
Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns
Rothemund, P. W. K. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04586 · Cited by 7,320 · see citing works
A silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer
Kane, B. E. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30156 · Cited by 3,779 · see citing works
Self-assembly of DNA into nanoscale three-dimensional shapes
Douglas, S. M., Dietz, H., Liedl, T., Högberg, B., Graf, F., & Shih, W. M. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08016 · Cited by 2,579 · see citing works
Introduction to Modern Cryptography
Katz, J. I., & Lindell, Y. (2014) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17668 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
Introduction to Modern Cryptography
Katz, J., & Lindell, Y. (2007) · doi:10.1201/9781420010756 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
The Economics of Information Security
Anderson, R., & Moore, T. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1130992 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
THE ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD
Stallings, W. (2002) · Cryptologia · doi:10.1080/0161-110291890876 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Synthetic Lipid Membrane Channels Formed by Designed DNA Nanostructures
Langecker, M., Arnaut, V., Martin, T. G., List, J., Renner, S., Mayer, M., Dietz, H., & Simmel, F. C. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225624 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA rendering of polyhedral meshes at the nanoscale
Benson, E., Mohammed, A., Gardell, J., Masich, S., Czeizler, E., Orponen, P., & Högberg, B. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14586 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Hiding messages in DNA microdots
Clelland, C. T., Risca, V. I., & Bancroft, C. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/21092 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Designer nanoscale DNA assemblies programmed from the top down
Veneziano, R., Ratanalert, S., Zhang, K., Zhang, F., Yan, H., Chiu, W., & Bathe, M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf4388 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Special Feature Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard
Diffie, W., & Hellman, M. E. (1977) · Computer · doi:10.1109/c-m.1977.217750 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Single-molecule chemical reactions on DNA origami
Voigt, N. V., Tørring, T., Rotaru, A., Jacobsen, M. F., Ravnsbæk, J. B., Subramani, R., Mamdouh, W., Kjems, J., Mokhir, A. A., Besenbacher, F., et al. (2010) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.5 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Tunable solid-state fluorescent materials for supramolecular encryption
Hou, X. L., Ke, C., Bruns, C. J., McGonigal, P. R., Pettman, R. B., & Stoddart, J. F. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7884 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Crystalline Two‐Dimensional DNA‐Origami Arrays
Liu, W., Zhong, H., Wang, R., & Seeman, N. C. (2010) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201005911 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
A Molecular Keypad Lock: A Photochemical Device Capable of Authorizing Password Entries
Margulies, D. H., Felder, C. E., Melman, G. I., & Shanzer, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja065317z · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Computing prime factors with a Josephson phase qubit quantum processor
Lucero, E., Barends, R., Chen, Y., Kelly, J., Mariantoni, M., Megrant, A., O’Malley, P., Sank, D., Vainsencher, A., Wenner, J., et al. (2012) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2385 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Gehani, A., LaBean, T. H., & Reif, J. H. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24635-0_12 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Cryptography with DNA binary strands
Leier, A., Richter, C., Banzhaf, W., & Rauhe, H. (2000) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/s0303-2647(00)00083-6 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Strack, G., Ornatska, M., Pita, M., & Katz, E. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja7114713 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Data Encryption Standard: past and future
Smid, M. E., & Branstad, D. K. (1988) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.4441 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Rijndael, the advanced encryption standard
Daemen, J., & Rijmen, V. (2001) · Cited by 221 · see citing works
A Survey of Methods for Analyzing and Improving GPU Energy Efficiency
Mittal, S., & Vetter, J. S. (2014) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/2636342 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Routing of individual polymers in designed patterns
Knudsen, J. B., Liu, L., Kodal, A. L. B., Madsen, M., Li, Q., Song, J., Woehrstein, J. B., Wickham, S. F. J., Strauss, M. T., Schueder, F., et al. (2015) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.190 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationJin, Z., Sun, W., Ke, Y., Shih, C., Paulus, G. L. C., Wang, Q. H., Mu, B., Yin, P., & Strano, M. S. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2690 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ke, G., Liu, M., Jiang, S., Qi, X., Yang, Y. R., Wootten, S., Zhang, F., Zhu, Z., Liu, Y., Yang, C. J., et al. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201603183 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Analogic China map constructed by DNA
Qian, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Pan, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., Fan, C., Hu, J., & He, L. (2006) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2223-9 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationA DNA Walker as a Fluorescence Signal Amplifier
Wang, D., Vietz, C., Schröder, T., Acuna, G. P., Lalkens, B., & Tinnefeld, P. (2017) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01829 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Synthetic Lipid Membrane Channels formed by Designed DNA Nanostructures
Langecker, M., Arnaut, V., Martin, T. G., List, J., Renner, S., Mayer, M., Dietz, H., & Simmel, F. C. (2013) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.3022 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthorizing Multiple Chemical Passwords by a Combinatorial Molecular Keypad Lock
Rout, B., Milko, P., Iron, M. A., Motiei, L., & Margulies, D. H. (2013) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja4081748 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chao, J., Liu, H., Wang, F., Su, S., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Shi, J., Wang, L., Huang, W., et al. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201512022 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA-based logic gates operating as a biomolecular security device
Pu, F., Liu, Z., Yang, X., Ren, J., & Qu, X. (2011) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c1cc11280e · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Asymmetric DNA Origami for Spatially Addressable and Index‐Free Solution‐Phase DNA Chips
Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Fan, C., Li, C., Li, Y., Qian, L., Fu, Y., Shi, Y., Hu, J., & He, L. (2010) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201000151 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationDocking of Antibodies into the Cavities of DNA Origami Structures
Ouyang, X., Stefano, M. D., Krissanaprasit, A., Kodal, A. L. B., Rosen, C. B., Liu, T., Helmig, S., Fan, C., & Gothelf, K. V. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201706765 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, N. Y., Xing, H., Tan, L. H., & Lu, Y. (2013) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja3122284 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
An aptamer-based keypad lock system
Liu, Y., Ren, J., Qin, Y., Li, J., Liu, J., & Wang, E. (2011) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c1cc15979h · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Molecular Cryptosystem for Images by DNA Computing
Shoshani, S., Piran, R., Arava, Y., & Keinan, E. (2012) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201107156 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
InfoBiology by printed arrays of microorganism colonies for timed and on-demand release of messages
Palacios, M. A., Benito‐Peña, E., Manesse, M., Mazzeo, A. D., LaFratta, C. N., Whitesides, G. M., & Walt, D. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1109554108 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Secure data communication and cryptography based on DNA based message encoding
Majumder, A., Majumdar, A., Podder, T., Kar, N., & Sharma, M. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communications, Control and Computing Technologies · doi:10.1109/icaccct.2014.7019464 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Steganography and encrypting based on immunochemical systems
Kim, K., Bocharova, V., Halámek, J., Oh, M., & Katz, E. (2010) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.23017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nucleic Acid Tests for Clinical Translation
Li, M., Yin, F., Song, L., Mao, X., Li, F., Fan, C., Zuo, X., & Xia, Q. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00241 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects
Doricchi, A., Platnich, C. M., Gimpel, A., Horn, F., Earle, M., Lanzavecchia, G., Cortajarena, A. L., Liz-Marzán, L. M., Liu, N., Heckel, R., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06748 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Engineered microbial consortia: strategies and applications
Duncker, K. E., Holmes, Z. A., & You, L. (2021) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-021-01699-9 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Zuo, X., Li, Q., Chen, F., Chen, Y.-R., Deng, J., Han, D., Hao, C., Huang, F., Huang, Y., et al. (2020) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-020-9864-7 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA as a universal chemical substrate for computing and data storage
Yang, S., Bögels, B. W. A., Wang, F., Xu, C., Dou, H., Mann, S., Fan, C., & de Greef, T. F. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-024-00576-4 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthetic DNA applications in information technology
Meiser, L. C., Nguyen, B. H., Chen, Y.-J., Nivala, J., Strauß, K., Ceze, L., & Grass, R. N. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27846-9 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Information Coding in a Reconfigurable DNA Origami Domino Array
Fan, S., Wang, D., Cheng, J. Q., Liu, Y., Luo, T., Cui, D., Ke, Y., & Song, J. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202003823 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A Novel Chaos-Based Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning Model for Cancer Diagnosis
Rehman, M. U., Shafique, A., Ghadi, Y. Y., Boulila, W., Jan, S. U., Gadekallu, T. R., Driss, M., & Ahmad, J. E. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2022.3199235 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hao, Y., Li, Q., Fan, C., & Wang, F. (2021) · Small Structures · doi:10.1002/sstr.202000046 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationParallel molecular data storage by printing epigenetic bits on DNA
Zhang, C., Wu, R., Sun, F., Lin, Y., Liang, Y., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Teng, J., Song, Z., Liu, N., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08040-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Wang, S., Mao, X., Wang, F., Zuo, X., & Fan, C. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202307499 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationAn alternative approach to nucleic acid memory
Dickinson, G. D., Mortuza, G. M., Clay, W., Piantanida, L., Green, C. M., Watson, C., Hayden, E. J., Andersen, T., Kuang, W., Graugnard, E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22277-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Wu, Y. H., Xu, J., Qin, X., Xu, J., & Liu, X. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22387-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPrescribing Silver Chirality with DNA Origami
Zhang, Y., Qu, Z., Chu, J., Liu, Y., Narayanan, R. P., Williams, D., Zuo, X., Wang, L., Yan, H., Liu, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c00363 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationHe, Z., Shi, K., Li, J., & Chao, J. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106638 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationA Novel Image Encryption Scheme for DNA Storage Systems Based on DNA Hybridization and Gene Mutation
Yao, X., Xie, R., Zan, X., Su, Y., Xu, P., & Liu, W. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12539-023-00565-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kulachenkov, N. K., Barsukova, M. O., Alekseevskiy, P. V., Sapianik, A. A., Sergeev, M. M., Yankin, A. N., Krasilin, A. A., Bachinin, S. V., Shipilovskikh, S. A., Poturaev, P., et al. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01770 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A new image encryption algorithm based on the OF-LSTMS and chaotic sequences
He, Y., Zhang, Y., He, X. J., & Wang, X. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85377-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationManipulating energy migration in nanoparticles toward tunable photochromic upconversion
Huang, J., Tu, L., Huang, H., Wei, H., Zhang, Q., & Zhou, B. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55258-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zheng, L. L., Li, J. Z., Wen, M., Xi, D., Zhu, Y., Wei, Q. L., Zhang, X., Ke, G., Xia, F., & Gao, Z. F. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf5868 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recent Advances of DNA Nanostructure‐Based Cell Membrane Engineering
Feng, L., Li, J., Sun, J., Wang, L., Fan, C., & Shen, J. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202001718 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationToehold-Mediated Cascade Catalytic Assembly for Mycotoxin Detection and Its Logic Applications
Pan, J., Deng, F., Liu, Z., Shi, G., & Chen, J. (2022) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05485 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Deniable Encryption Method for Modulation-Based DNA Storage
Chu, L., Su, Y., Zan, X., Lin, W., Yao, X., Xu, P., & Liu, W. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12539-024-00648-5 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Makino, K., Susaki, E. A., Endo, M., Asanuma, H., & Kashida, H. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c09844 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Recent Progress of Magnetically Actuated DNA Micro/Nanorobots
Liu, F., Liu, X., Huang, Q., & Arai, T. (2022) · Cyborg and Bionic Systems · doi:10.34133/2022/9758460 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine Learning in Chaos-Based Encryption: Theory, Implementations, and Applications
Hwang, J., Kale, G., Patel, P. P., Vishwakarma, R., Aliasgari, M., Hedayatipour, A., Rezaei, A., & Sayadi, H. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3331320 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A primordial DNA store and compute engine
Lin, K. N., Volkel, K., Cao, C., Hook, P. W., Polak, R. E., Clark, A. S., San‐Miguel, A., Timp, W., Tuck, J. M., Velev, O. D., et al. (2024) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-024-01771-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Using Quantum Computing in the Future of Healthcare
Davids, J., Lidströmer, N., & Ashrafian, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_338 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical applications of framework nucleic acids
Chen, L., Zhang, J., Lin, Z., Zhang, Z., Mao, M., Wu, J., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., & Fan, C. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, J., Guo, Z., Huang, W. T., Bao, M., He, B., Li, G., Lei, J., & Lei, J. (2023) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125261 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Peptide-Based Sensing, Logic Computing, and Information Security on the Antimonene Platform
Bu, Z. Q., Yao, Q. F., Liu, Q. Y., Quan, M. X., Lu, J., & Huang, W. T. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c23814 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
How close are we to storing data in DNA?
Gervásio, J. H. D. B., Oliveira, H. D. C., Costa-Martins, A. G., Pesquero, J. B., Verona, B. M., & Cerize, N. N. P. (2023) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A molecular device: A DNA molecular lock driven by the nicking enzymes
Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Wang, B., & Zhou, S. (2020) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.08.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Preservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage
Zhang, Y., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, H., & Liu, K. (2022) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.202200183 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationGold‐Nanoparticle‐Mediated Assembly of High‐Order DNA Nano‐Architectures
Yin, J., Xie, M., Wang, J., Cui, M.-R., Zhu, D., Su, S., Fan, C., Chao, J., Li, Q., & Wang, L. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202200824 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Q. Y., Bu, Z. Q., Quan, M. X., Wu, Y., Ding, X., Xia, L. Q., Lu, J., & Huang, W. T. (2022) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114260 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Efficient data reconstruction: The bottleneck of large-scale application of DNA storage
Cao, B., Zheng, Y., Shao, Q., Liu, Z., Xie, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113699 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Islam, Y. M., Li, C., Sun, K., & He, S. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-18107-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Circular single-stranded DNA as switchable vector for gene expression in mammalian cells
Tang, L., Tian, Z., Cheng, J. Q., Zhang, Y., Song, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, P., Ke, Y., Simmel, F. C., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42437-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationRana, A., Gautam, D., Kumar, P., & Das, A. K. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3423477 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Empowering DNA-Based Information Processing: Computation and Data Storage
Li, K., Chen, H., Li, D., Yang, C. J., Zhang, H., & Zhu, Z. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c13948 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chu, L., Su, Y., Yao, X., Xu, P., & Liu, W. (2024) · Intelligent Computing · doi:10.34133/icomputing.0106 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Information Coding in a Reconfigurable DNA Origami Domino Array
Fan, S., Wang, D., Cheng, J. Q., Liu, Y., Luo, T., Cui, D., Ke, Y., & Song, J. (2020) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202003823 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Biomolecule-Driven Two-Factor Authentication Strategy for Access Control of Molecular Devices
Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Wang, B., Zhou, S., Shi, P., Cao, B., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Q., & Kasabov, N. K. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c05070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
DNA storage: The future direction for medical cold data storage
Shen, P., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Li, S., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Cai, Z. (2025) · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.synbio.2025.03.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sequential DNA Coding for Programmable Information Encryption
Fu, W., Zhao, Y., Cao, J., Zhao, X., Chen, F., Fan, C., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202418688 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J. Z., Dong, L. M., Zheng, L. L., Fu, W. L., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Hu, Q., Chen, P., Gao, Z. F., & Xia, F. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c11532 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Double-Layer Image Encryption Scheme Based on Chaotic Maps and DNA Strand Displacement
Tang, Z., Yin, Z., Wang, R., Wang, X., Yang, J., & Cui, J. (2022) · Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2022/3906392 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
RetractedLiu, Q. Y., Wu, Y., Bu, Z. Q., Quan, M. X., Lu, J., & Huang, W. T. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202207436 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
40Gb/s Secure Optical Communication Based on Symbol-by-Symbol Optical Phase Encryption
Gao, Z., An, Y., Wang, A., Li, P., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, X. (2020) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2020.3000215 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Han, Y., You, Y., Xu, X., Li, X., Liu, G.-Z., & Lai, G.-S. (2024) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.3c02594 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Prescribing DNA Origami Patterns via Scaffold Decoration
Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Liu, X., Fan, C., Liu, H., & Wang, L. (2020) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202000793 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationResearch Progress in Construction and Application of Enzyme-Based DNA Logic Gates
Liu, J., Liu, S., Zou, C., Xu, S., & Zhou, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience · doi:10.1109/tnb.2022.3181615 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mechanical DNA Origami to Investigate Biological Systems
Mills, A. T., Aissaoui, N., Finkel, J., Elezgaray, J., & Bellot, G. (2022) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202200224 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Towards next-generation DNA encryption via an expanded genetic system
Huang, X., Hou, Z., Qiang, W., Wang, H., Wang, X., Chen, X., Hu, X., Dai, J., Li, L., & Zhao, G. (2024) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwae469 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emerging preservation materials for long-term DNA-based data storage
Huang, Q., Duan, J., Xi, M., Fei, S., Xie, S., Hu, C., Chen, C. Q., & Deng, Z. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161245 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures induced by enzymatic ligation treatment
Bai, T., Zhang, J., Huang, K., Wang, W., Chen, B., Li, Y., Zhao, M., Zhang, S., Zhu, C., Liu, D., et al. (2022) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac606 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Controllable dynamics of complex DNA nanostructures
Wang, W., Shen, Y., & Wei, B. (2023) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d2nr05872c · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Zhu, J., Tian, Y., & Min, Q. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202313446 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Subtraction‐based DNA Origami Cryptography by using Structural Defects for Information Encryption
Chu, J., Tan, R., Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Liu, H. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202406470 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationTime‐Controlled Authentication Strategies for Molecular Information Transfer
Hu, M., Yang, M., Cheng, X., & Wu, T. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202400261 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Data Readout Techniques for DNA‐Based Information Storage
Liu, B., Wang, F., Fan, C., & Li, Q. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202412926 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe art of molecular computing: Whence and whither
Gangadharan, S., & Raman, K. (2021) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202100051 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lu, J., Jiang, Q., Lei, J. J., He, Y. X., & Huang, W. T. (2022) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.340483 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gu, Z., Xie, R., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Gao, J., YOSIDA, T. H., Chen, S., & Ding, J. (2024) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2024-0314 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationDiverse applications of DNA origami as a cross-disciplinary tool
Xiao, L., Hu, X., Zhou, Z., Xie, X., Huang, S., Ji, M., Xu, A., & Tian, Y. (2025) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d4nr04490h · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A six-plex switchable DNA origami cipher disk for tandem-in-time cryptography
Dong, Y., Jin, Z., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Tian, Y., Zhu, J., & Min, Q. (2022) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d2cc01349e · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, X., Dai, X., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Yang, B., Chen, K., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Dong, Y., Yang, Y. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c08930 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An image cryptography method by highly error-prone DNA storage channel
Zan, X., Chu, L., Xie, R., Su, Y., Yao, X., Xu, P., & Liu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1173763 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Spike Learning Based Privacy Preservation of Internet of Medical Things in Metaverse
Khowaja, S. A., Dahri, K., Jarwar, M. A., & Lee, I. H. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3306704 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Current and emerging opportunities in biological medium‐based computing and digital data storage
Bennet, D., Vo‐Dinh, T., & Zenhausern, F. (2021) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202100275 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Exploring DNA Computers: Advances in Storage, Cryptography and Logic Circuits
Xie, X., Wang, S., Chen, Z., Yu, Y., Hu, X., Ma, N., Ji, M., & Tian, Y. (2024) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202400670 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Instruction-responsive programmable assemblies with DNA origami block pieces
Wang, F., Shi, X., Chen, X., Deng, D., Li, S., Sun, S., Kou, Z., Xu, J. B., & Qiang, X. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1193 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTransmembrane capability of DNA origami sheet enhanced by 3D configurational changes
Liu, F., Liu, X., Gao, W., Zhao, L., Huang, Q., & Arai, T. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106208 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationPreparation of DNA Origami Belt and Effect of pH on Its Stability
Qing, T. A. O., Chen, Q., Bian, X., Liu, G., & Yan, J. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60098-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nawaz, M., Khan, W. U., Ali, Z., Ihsan, A., Waqar, O., & Sidhu, G. A. S. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2021.3078233 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lu, J., Bu, Z. Q., & Huang, W. T. (2022) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.108198 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Dynamic DNA Nanodevice
Fan, Q., Yang, L., & Chao, J. (2023) · Chemistry · doi:10.3390/chemistry5030122 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-speed 3D DNA PAINT and unsupervised clustering for unlocking 3D DNA origami cryptography
Wisna, G. B. M., Sukhareva, D., Zhao, J., Chopade, P., Satyabola, D., Matthies, M., Roy, S., Wang, C., Šulc, P., Yan, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66338-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A DNA origami framework cryptosystem with nanoconfinement control of fluorescence logic permutations
Hou, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Xia, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Li, J., Wang, F., Wang, L., Liu, H., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aea7518 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, Q., Zhao, X., Li, J., Liu, R., Liu, M., Feng, Q., Long, Y., Fu, Y., Zhai, J., Pan, Q., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59357-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, J., Yuan, J., Liu, J., Zou, H., Yang, L., Chen, H., & Qu, X. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202207622 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ji, H., Chen, H.-H., Mao, T., Zhao, L., Zhang, K., Yang, M., Zhou, X., Wang, Q., Wu, L. J., & Qin, Y. (2023) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202300991 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
DNA computing: DNA circuits and data storage
Xu, H., Yu, Y., Li, P.-X., Liu, S., Yan, X., Zhou, Z., & Tian, Y. (2025) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5nh00459d · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rapid Information Retrieval from DNA Storage with Microfluidic Very Large‐Scale Integration Platform
Liu, D., & Cheow, L. F. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202309867 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multifunctional Exo III-assisted scalability strategy for constructing DNA molecular logic circuits
Zeng, C., Liu, X., Wang, B., Qin, R., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d3an00086a · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationToward high-density streptavidin arrays on DNA origami nanostructures
Rabbe, L., Tomm, E., Grundmeier, G., & Keller, A. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra03393d · Cited by 5 · see citing works
DNA Origami‐Based Protein Manipulation Systems: From Function Regulation to Biological Application
Xu, Z., Huang, Y., Yin, H., Zhu, X., Tian, Y., & Min, Q. (2021) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202100597 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A CRISPR-Cas and Argonaute-Driven Two-Factor Authentication Strategy for Information Security
Fu, R., Hou, J., Wang, Z., Zhu, C., & Xianyu, Y. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c17560 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ra03995a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Advances in DNA‐Templated Protein Patterning
Xia, Q., Zhou, M., Jiao, K., Li, B., Guo, L., Wang, L., & Li, J. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202401835 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEncryption technique based on fuzzy neural network hiding module and effective distortion method
Al-Muhammed, M. J., & Al-Daraiseh, A. A. (2022) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-022-06950-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mapping Temporally Ordered Inputs to Binary Message Outputs with a DNA Temporal Logic Circuit
Zhao, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Qin, R., Wang, B., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano13050903 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Toward Smart Information Processing with Synthetic DNA Molecules
Chu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., & Liu, H. (2021) · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · doi:10.1002/marc.202100084 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAlgorithm-empowered DNA molecular machines
Wang, J., Wang, L., & Chao, J. (2026) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103165 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationConcept, development and applications of DNA computation
Zhang, M., & Han, D. (2023) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2023.06.015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The controllable patterning of tannic acid on DNA origami
Luo, Y., Niu, L., Hao, P., Sun, X., Zhao, Y., & Wu, N. (2023) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr04715f · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lu, J., Xie, Z. X., Zhou, J., Wu, M. Y., Tian, Y. Q., Fu, T. T., Wang, D. H., He, B. S., & Huang, W. T. (2025) · Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials · doi:10.1007/s42114-025-01334-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
DNA Origami Nanodevices for Therapeutic Delivery Applications
Halley, P. D., Lucas, C. R., Roki, N., Vantangoli, N. J., Chenoweth, K. P., & Castro, C. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93333-3_8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Distributed information encoding and decoding using self-organized spatial patterns
Lu, J. G., Tsoi, R., Luo, N., Ha, Y., Wang, S., Kwak, M., Baig, Y., Moiseyev, N., Tian, S., Zhang, A., et al. (2022) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100590 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Chao, J., Xie, M., Liu, H., Pan, M., Kopperger, E., Liu, X., Li, Q., Shi, J., Wang, L., Hu, J., Wang, L., Simmel, F. C., & Fan, C.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Huajie
- Fan, Chunhai
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2019-11-29
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5469-5469
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6884444
- OpenAlex
- W2989620465
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 4.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21675167, 21603262)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Keywords
- DNA origami, secure communication, self-assembled nanostructures, message integrity, confidentiality, message transmission, DNA nanotechnology
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Confidentiality, DNA, Humans, Computer Security, Bacteriophage M13, Computers, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
