Data Storage Based on DNA
Open accessAbstract
Recent years have witnessed the exponential growth of information, calling for the development of new storage media. DNA provides an attractive alternative for data storage due to its high physical density, reproducibility, and excellent durability that have been tested by nature. Rapid progress has been made during the past decade by exploiting artificially designed DNA materials for data storage. Herein, recent advances of DNA‐based encoding, writing, storage, retrieving, reading, and decoding for data storage are summarized. In addition to encoding with nucleic acid sequences, different forms of data storage strategies using DNA nanostructures are also highlighted. Also, in vivo DNA data storage, especially with the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–Cas systems, is discussed. The challenges and opportunities for the development and application of DNA‐based data storage are presented.
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DNA has a theoretical data density of 6 bits for every 1 nm of polymer, or ∼4.5 × 10^7 GB/g, which is orders of magnitude higher than the densities achievable using traditional devices.
“On the basis of its physical dimensions, DNA has a theoretical data density of 6 bits for every 1 nm of polymer, or ∼4.5 × 107 GB/g,6 which is orders of magnitude higher than the densities achievable using traditional devices.7,8”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The current writing speed for DNA archives is in the order of kilobytes/second, thus a reading/writing cycle has a significant cost in terms of time.
“The current writing speed for DNA archives is in the order of kilobytes/second, thus a reading/writing cycle has a significant cost in terms of time.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
The current record for DNA digital data storage is still around 200 MB, with single synthesis runs lasting about 24 h.
“While stored data size has been markedly increased, the current record for DNA digital data storage is still around 200 MB, with single synthesis runs lasting about 24 h.8,12”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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Genomic Encryption of Digital Data Stored in Synthetic DNA
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Programming DNA origami assembly for shape-resolved nanomechanical imaging labels
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Self-citationDendrimeric DNA-Based Nanoscaffolded BRET-FRET Optical Encryption Keys
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Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects
Doricchi, A., Platnich, C. M., Gimpel, A., Horn, F., Earle, M., Lanzavecchia, G., Cortajarena, A. L., Liz-Marzán, L. M., Liu, N., Heckel, R., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06748 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
DNA‐Based Concatenated Encoding System for High‐Reliability and High‐Density Data Storage
Ren, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Su, J., Wang, F., Chen, D., Fan, C., Liu, K., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202101335 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPreservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage
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Self-citationBuko, T., Tuczko, N., & Ishikawa, T. (2023) · BioTech · doi:10.3390/biotech12020044 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This can be achieved using DNA-modifying enzymes such as nucleases, integrases, or recombinases, although recently, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has gained much popularity [73].”
BackgroundRebimbas, R., Glória, I., Chegão, J., Al-Rawi, M., Mousakhani Ganjeh, A., & Saraiva, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2026.03.003
- Authors
- Hao, Y., Li, Q., Fan, C., & Wang, F.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Chunhai
- Wang, Fei
- Venue
- Small Structures
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-11-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2688-4062 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3088792257
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Small Structures (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (91953106, 21904060)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- DNA data storage, DNA nanostructures, nucleic acid sequences, CRISPR-Cas, storage media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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