Control of locomotor speed, arousal, and hippocampal theta rhythms by the nucleus incertus
Open accessAbstract
Navigation requires not only the execution of locomotor programs but also high arousal and real-time retrieval of spatial memory that is often associated with hippocampal theta oscillations. However, the neural circuits for coordinately controlling these important processes remain to be fully dissected. Here we show that the activity of the neuromedin B (NMB) neurons in the nucleus incertus (NI) is tightly correlated with mouse locomotor speed, arousal level, and hippocampal theta power. These processes are reversibly suppressed by optogenetic inhibition and rapidly promoted by optogenetic stimulation of NI NMB neurons. These neurons form reciprocal connections with several subcortical areas associated with arousal, theta oscillation, and premotor processing. Their projections to multiple downstream stations regulate locomotion and hippocampal theta, with the projection to the medial septum being particularly important for promoting arousal. Therefore, NI NMB neurons functionally impact the neural circuit for navigation control according to particular brains states.
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Locomotion is a homogeneous behavioral state tightly coupled to arousal.
“This is because locomotion—where place cell activity has been classically characterized—is a homogeneous behavioral state, tightly coupled to arousal32–35.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
The Introduction says locomotion and arousal are often linked, supporting an association. But it also says they can be separately controlled, and the Results report increased arousal without locomotion. The paper does not characterize locomotion as a homogeneous behavioral state, and 'tightly coupled' omits the paper's qualification. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe onset of locomotion, as well as vestibular activation, are correlated with pupil dilations and brain state transitions.
“Indeed, the onset of locomotion, as well as vestibular activation, are correlated with pupil dilations and brain state transitions32,34,36.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
The Results section ('NI NMB neurons encode locomotion, arousal, and theta rhythms'; page unavailable) links locomotion with pupil-measured arousal and hippocampal theta activity, supporting the locomotion portion of the claim. The copy does not address vestibular activation or show that it correlates with pupil dilation and brain-state transitions (searched: 'vestibular'). (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Lu, L., Ren, Y., Yu, T., Liu, Z., Wang, S., Tan, L., Zeng, J., Feng, Q., Lin, R., Liu, Y., Guo, Q., & Luo, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Luo, Minmin
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2020-01-14
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 262-262
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6959274
- OpenAlex
- W3000107610
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 6.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2015BAI08B02)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (91632302)
- The Beijing Municipal Government
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- nucleus incertus, locomotion speed, arousal, hippocampal theta oscillations, navigation, medial septum, optogenetic manipulation, spatial memory retrieval, brain states
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arousal, Female, Hippocampus, Locomotion, Male, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Raphe Nuclei, Theta Rhythm, Neurokinin B, Septum of Brain, Mice, Optogenetics, Spatial Navigation
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