Room Temperature Exciton–Polariton Bose–Einstein Condensation in Organic Single-Crystal Microribbon Cavities
Open accessAbstract
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation (EP BEC) is of crucial importance for the development of coherent light sources and optical logic elements, as it creates a new state of matter with coherent nature and nonlinear behaviors. The demand for room temperature EP BEC has driven the development of organic polaritons because of the large binding energies of Frenkel excitons in organic materials. However, the reliance on external high-finesse microcavities for organic EP BEC results in poor compactness and integrability of devices, which restricts their practical applications in on-chip integration. Here, we demonstrate room temperature EP BEC in organic single-crystal microribbon natural cavities. The regularly shaped microribbons serve as waveguide Fabry-Pérot microcavities, in which efficient strong coupling between Frenkel excitons and photons leads to the generation of EPs at room temperature. The large exciton-photon coupling strength due to high exciton densities facilitates the achievement of EP BEC. Taking advantages of interactions in EP condensates and dimension confinement effects, we demonstrate the realization of controllable output of coherent light from the microribbons. We hope that the results will provide a useful enlightenment for using organic single crystals to construct miniaturized polaritonic devices.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bose-Einstein condensation and polariton lasing are possible in microcavities, even at room temperature.
“The possibilities of achieving Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) [264-267] and polariton lasing [137,268-270], even at room temperature, are some of the current topics in the field of microcavity research.”
From Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications (2026) · cites this paper as [265]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons
Kasprzak, J., Richard, M., Kundermann, S., Baas, A., Jeambrun, P., Keeling, J., Marchetti, F., Szymańska, M., André, R., Staehli, J., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05131 · Cited by 2,704 · see citing works
J‐Aggregates: From Serendipitous Discovery to Supramolecular Engineering of Functional Dye Materials
Würthner, F., Kaiser, T. E., & Saha‐Möller, C. R. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201002307 · Cited by 2,597 · see citing works
Room-Temperature Polariton Lasing in an Organic Single-Crystal Microcavity
Kéna-Cohen, S., & Forrest, S. R. (2010) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.86 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Strong exciton–photon coupling in an organic semiconductor microcavity
Lidzey, D. G., Bradley, D. D. C., Skolnick, M. S., Virgili, T., Walker, S., & Whittaker, D. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25692 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Condensation of Semiconductor Microcavity Exciton Polaritons
Deng, H., Weihs, G., Santori, C., Bloch, J., & Yamamoto, Y. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1074464 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Room-Temperature Bose–Einstein Condensation of Cavity Exciton–Polaritons in a Polymer
Plumhof, J. D., Stöferle, T., Mai, L., Scherf, U., & Mahrt, R. F. (2014) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3825 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Byrnes, T., Kim, N. Y., & Yamamoto, Y. (2014) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys3143 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
The road towards polaritonic devices
Sanvitto, D., & Kéna‐Cohen, S. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4668 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
All-optical polariton transistor
Ballarini, D., Giorgi, M. D., Cancellieri, E., Houdré, R., Giacobino, E., Cingolani, R., Bramati, A., Gigli, G., & Sanvitto, D. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2734 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
An electrically pumped polariton laser
Schneider, C., Rahimi‐Iman, A., Kim, N. Y., Fischer, J., Savenko, I. G., Amthor, M., Lermer, M., Wolf, A., Worschech, L., Kulakovskii, V. D., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12036 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Spontaneous formation and optical manipulation of extended polariton condensates
Wertz, E., Ferrier, L., Solnyshkov, D. D., Johne, R., Sanvitto, D., Lemaître, A., Sagnes, I., Grousson, R., Kavokin, A. V., Senellart, P., et al. (2010) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys1750 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Nonlinear Interactions in an Organic Polariton Condensate
Daskalakis, K. S., Maier, S. A., Murray, R., & Kéna-Cohen, S. (2014) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3874 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Polariton lasing vs. photon lasing in a semiconductor microcavity
Deng, H., Weihs, G., Snoke, D. W., Bloch, J., & Yamamoto, Y. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2634328100 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Room-Temperature Polariton Lasing in All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanoplatelets
Su, R., Diederichs, C., Wang, J., Liew, T. C. H., Zhao, J., Liu, S., Xu, W., Chen, Z., & Xiong, Q. (2017) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01956 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Exciton–polariton spin switches
Amo, A., Liew, T. C. H., Adrados, C., Houdré, R., Giacobino, E., Kavokin, A. V., & Bramati, A. (2010) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.79 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Strong light–matter interactions: a new direction within chemistry
Hertzog, M., Wang, M., Mony, J., & Börjesson, K. (2019) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00193f · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Energy Transfer between Spatially Separated Entangled Molecules
Zhong, X., Chervy, T., Zhang, L., Thomas, A., George, J., Genet, C., Hutchison, J. A., & Ebbesen, T. W. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201703539 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate
Lerario, G., Fieramosca, A., Barachati, F., Ballarini, D., Daskalakis, K. S., Dominici, L., Giorgi, M. D., Maier, S. A., Gigli, G., Kéna‐Cohen, S., et al. (2017) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys4147 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
A room-temperature organic polariton transistor
Zasedatelev, A. V., Baranikov, A. V., Urbonas, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0392-8 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
All-optical active switching in individual semiconductor nanowires
Piccione, B., Cho, C., van Vugt, L. K., et al. (2012) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.144 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Polariton condensate transistor switch
Gao, T., Eldridge, P. S., Liew, T. C. H., Tsintzos, S. I., Stavrinidis, G., Deligeorgis, G., Hatzopoulos, Z., & Savvidis, P. G. (2012) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.235102 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
An exciton-polariton laser based on biologically produced fluorescent protein
Dietrich, C. P., Steude, A., Tropf, L., Schubert, M., Kronenberg, N. M., Ostermann, K., Höfling, S., & Gather, M. C. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600666 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Continuous‐Wave Lasing in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanowires
Evans, T. J. S., Schlaus, A. P., Fu, Y., Zhong, X., Atallah, T. L., Spencer, M. S., Brus, L. E., Jin, S., & Zhu, X. (2017) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201700982 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Spatial and spectral shape of inhomogeneous nonequilibrium exciton-polariton condensates
Wouters, M., Carusotto, I., & Ciuti, C. (2008) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.115340 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Interactions in Confined Polariton Condensates
Ferrier, L., Wertz, E., Johne, R., Solnyshkov, D. D., Senellart, P., Sagnes, I., Lemaître, A., Malpuech, G., & Bloch, J. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.126401 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Room temperature long-range coherent exciton polariton condensate flow in lead halide perovskites
Su, R., Wang, J., Zhao, J., Xing, J., Zhao, W., Diederichs, C., Liew, T. C. H., & Xiong, Q. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau0244 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Strong Exciton-Photon Coupling in an Organic Single Crystal Microcavity
Kéna‐Cohen, S., Davanço, M., & Forrest, S. R. (2008) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.116401 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Phase-Correlated Nondirectional Laser Emission from the End Facets of a ZnO Nanowire
van Vugt, L. K., Rühle, S., & Vanmaekelbergh, D. A. M. (2006) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0616227 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Dual-color single-mode lasing in axially coupled organic nanowire resonators
Zhang, C., Zou, C., Dong, H., Yan, Y., Yao, J., & Zhao, Y. S. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700225 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial Coherence of a Polariton Condensate
Deng, H., Solomon, G. S., Hey, R., et al. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.126403 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Spano, F. C. (2015) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4919348 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Energy relaxation in one-dimensional polariton condensates
Wouters, M., Liew, T. C. H., & Savona, V. (2010) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.82.245315 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
An electrically pumped polariton laser
Schneider, C., Rahimi‐Iman, A., Kim, N. Y., et al. (2013) · doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2013.cth5c.1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Physics and applications of exciton–polariton lasers
Fraser, M. D., Höfling, S., & Yamamoto, Y. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4762 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-Assembled Microdisk Lasers of Perylenediimides
Yu, Z., Wu, Y., Liao, Q., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5b10353 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Takazawa, K., Inoue, J., Mitsuishi, K., et al. (2011) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201100827 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A Yellow Polariton Condensate in a Dye Filled Microcavity
Cookson, T., Georgiou, K., Zasedatelev, A. V., et al. (2017) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201700203 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Weak lasing in one-dimensional polariton superlattices
Zhang, L., Xie, W., Wang, J., Poddubny, A. N., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Gu, J., Liu, W., Xu, D., Shen, X., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1502666112 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes
Yuen-Zhou, J., Saikin, S., Zhu, T., Onbaşlı, M., Ross, C., Bulović, V., & Baldo, M. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11783 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Microscopic theory of polariton lasing via vibronically assisted scattering
Mazza, L., Kéna‐Cohen, S., Michetti, P., et al. (2013) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.88.075321 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Temperature independent performance of organic semiconductor lasers
Kozlov, V. G., Bulović, V., & Forrest, S. R. (1997) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.120186 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cui, Q. H., Peng, Q., Luo, Y., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9861 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Organic-based microcavities with vibronic progressions: Photoluminescence
Mazza, L., Fontanesi, L., & Rocca, G. C. L. (2009) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.80.235314 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Rajendran, S. K., Wei, M., Ohadi, H., et al. (2019) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201801791 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
All-optical flow control of a polariton condensate using nonresonant excitation
Schmutzler, J., Lewandowski, P., Aßmann, M., et al. (2015) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.91.195308 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Room temperature polariton lasing in quantum heterostructure nanocavities
Kang, J., Song, B., Liu, W., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9338 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Incorporating polaritonic effects in semiconductor nanowire waveguide dispersion
van Vugt, L. K., Piccione, B., & Agarwal, R. (2010) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3479896 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Exciton Migration by Ultrafast Förster Transfer in Highly Doped Matrixes
Schlosser, M., & Lochbrunner, S. (2006) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp0557565 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sun, L., Ren, M.-L., Liu, W., & Agarwal, R. (2014) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl503176w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationRoom Temperature Broadband Polariton Lasing from a Dye‐Filled Microcavity
Sannikov, D., Yagafarov, T., Georgiou, K., et al. (2019) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.201900163 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Anisotropy and Controllable Band Structure in Suprawavelength Polaritonic Metasurfaces
Chévrier, K., Benoit, J., Symonds, C., et al. (2019) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.173902 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Regar, R., Mishra, R., Mondal, P. K., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.8b01303 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Quantum dot spontaneous emission control in a ridge waveguide
Stepanov, P., Delga, A., Zang, X., Bleuse, J., Dupuy, E., Peinke, E., Lalanne, P., Gérard, J., & Claudon, J. (2015) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4906921 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rörich, I., Schönbein, A.-K., Mangalore, D. K., Ribeiro, A. H., Kasparek, C., Bauer, C., Crăciun, N. I., Blom, P. W. M., & Ramanan, C. (2018) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c8tc01998c · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sabatini, R. P., Zhang, B., Gupta, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c9tc00093c · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Signoretto, M., Zink-Lorre, N., Suárez, I., Font-Sanchis, E., Sastre-Santos, Á., Chirvony, V. S., Fernández-Lázaro, F., & Martínez-Pastor, J. P. (2017) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00666 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Orientation-Dependent Exciton–Plasmon Coupling in Embedded Organic/Metal Nanowire Heterostructures
Li, Y. J., Hong, Y., Peng, Q., et al. (2017) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.7b04584 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Strong exciton-photon coupling in organic single crystal microcavity with high molecular orientation
Goto, K., Yamashita, K., Yanagi, H., et al. (2016) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4960659 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Meskers, S. C. J., & Lakhwani, G. (2016) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4967404 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Thermodynamics of exciton/polaritons in one and two dimensional organic single-crystal microcavities
Bittner, E. R., Zaster, S., & Silva, C. (2012) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c2cp23204a · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Meskers, S. C. J., & Lakhwani, G. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1601.04014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Continuous-Wave Perovskite Polariton Lasers
Zou, C., Cao, X., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Lian, Y., Zhao, B., & Di, D. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr8826 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications
Stîngescu, M.-L., Șopronyi, M.-A., Antohe, Ș., & Scărișoreanu, N.-D. (2026) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst16030164 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tang, J., Zhang, J., Lv, Y., Wang, H., Xu, F. F., Zhang, C., Sun, L., Yao, J., & Zhao, Y. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Yong Sheng
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2021-06-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3265-3265
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8169864
- OpenAlex
- W3176979672
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2017YFA0204502)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Strong Light-Matter Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research
- Keywords
- natural cavities, Fabry-Perot microcavity, Frenkel excitons, coherent emission, organic photonics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
