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Cited by 31Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsAstrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaGalaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena

Thermal and chemical properties of the eROSITA bubbles from Suzaku observations

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Gupta, Anjali, Mathur, Smita, Kingsbury, Joshua, Das, Sanskriti, Krongold, Yair·2023·Nature Astronomy
DOI 10.1038/s41550-023-01963-5

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  • Gupta et al. found a super solar abundance of Ne/O and Mg/O in a few sight lines inside the bubbles (but not outside).

    “Gupta et al. (2023) also find a super solar abundance of Ne / O and Mg / O in a few sight lines inside the bubbles (but not outside) indicating a possible presence of SNe ejected material in the bubble which further implicates a wind driven by SNe.”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Gupta et al. 2023

  • The super solar abundance of Ne/O and Mg/O inside the bubbles indicates a possible presence of SNe ejected material in the bubble, implicating a wind driven by SNe.

    “Gupta et al. (2023) also find a super solar abundance of Ne / O and Mg / O in a few sight lines inside the bubbles (but not outside) indicating a possible presence of SNe ejected material in the bubble which further implicates a wind driven by SNe.”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Gupta et al. 2023

  • Gupta et al. found that the bubble spectra can be explained by two temperatures, one ≃0.2 keV consistent with the CGM temperature, and a second ∼0.7 keV.

    “More recently, the eROSITA bubbles temperature estimate has been challenged by Gupta et al. (2023) who analyzed Suzaku spectrum based on a multi-temperature fit and found that the bubble spectra can be explained by two temperatures, one, ≃ 0 . 2 keV, consistent with the CGM temperature, and the second, ∼ 0 . 7 keV.”

    From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Gupta et al. 2023

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [7][7] Williams, R. J., Mathur, S., Nicastro, F. and Elvis, M. Chandra and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of z ∼ 0 Warm-Hot Gas toward PKS 2155-304. Astrophys. J. 665, 247 (2007) -
  2. [9][9] Mathur, S. Probing the Circumgalactic Medium with X-Ray Absorption Lines. Handbook of X-ray and Gamma Ray Astrophysics, Santangelo, A. and Bambi, C. (eds.), Springer . (2023) -
  3. [28][28] Sekiya, N., Yamasaki, N. Y., Mitsuda, K. & Takei, Y. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 66, L3 (2014) -
  4. [29][29] Arnaud, K. A. in ASP Conf. 101, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V (San Francisco, CA: ASP), 17 (1996). -
  5. [36][36] Lodders, K., Palme, H. &amp; Gail, H. P. Solar System, Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology: Solar System. Springer-Verlag (2009) Table 1: Supplementary Table 1: Distribution of Thermal Parameters of the Warm-Hot and Hot Components. 1 σ errors are quoted for the temperature. For the EM, we provide the range of the distribution and the mean. | Region | kT Mean (keV) | EM Range (10 - 3 cm - 6 pc) | EM Mean (10 - 3 cm - 6 pc) | |--------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------| | Warm-Hot Component | Warm-Hot Component | Warm-Hot Component | Warm-Hot Component | | Galactic Bubbles | 0 . 205 ± 0 . 004 | 2 . 2 - 46 . 9 | 13 . 9 | | Extended Halo | 0 . 201 ± 0 . 005 | 0 . 8 - 14 . 2 | 4 . 4 | | Hot Component | Hot Component | Hot Component | Hot Component | | Galactic Bubbles | 0 . 741 ± 0 . 018 | 0 . 4 - 13 . 9 | 2 . 3 | | Extended Halo | 0 . 837 ± 0 . 028 | 0 . 2 - 1 . 5 | 0 . 6 | Table 2: Supplementary Table 2: List of Acronyms. | Acronyms | Definition | |------------|--------------------------------------------| | MW | Milky-way | | GC | Galactic Center | | CGM | Circum-galactic medium | | SDXB | Soft diffuse X-ray background | | LB | Local Bubble | | SWCX | Solar wind charge exchange | | CXB | Cosmic X-ray background | | EM | Emission measure | | AGN | Active Galactic Nuclei | | BI | Back illuminated | | XIS | X-ray imaging spectrometer | | FI | Front illuminated | | COR | cut-of-rigidity | | ELV | Limb of the Earth | | DYE ELV | Elevation angle from the bright Earth limb | | XRT | X-ray telescope | | RMF | Redistribution matrix file | | ARF | Ancillary response file | | CIE | Collisional ionization equilibrium | | R-H | Rankine-Hugoniot | | ISM | Interstellar medium | Supplementary Fig. 1 : Model fits to Suzaku XIS 1 spectra. Top: One observation investigated in this work with the standard SDXB three component best fit model (∆ χ 2 / ∆d . o . f . = 374 . 19 / 375). Excess emissions near low (0.4-0.5 keV) and high (0.8-1.0 keV) energy bands can be clearly seen in the residual plot. Bottom: The best-fit two temperature model with overabundance of nitrogen in the warm-hot phase (∆ χ 2 / ∆d . o . f . = 349 . 16 / 372). The dotted, dashed and dash-dotted lines indicate the foreground (LHB+SWCX), warm-hot and hot components, respectively. The power-law model of the CXB is shown with the dash-dash-dotted line. <!-- image --> Supplementary Fig. 2 : Distribution of the emission measures and the temperatures of the warm-hot (top panels) and the hot (bottom panels) in the northern (b &gt; 15 ◦ ; 300 ◦ &lt; l &lt; 60 ◦ ) and southern bubbles (b &lt; -15 ◦ ; 300 ◦ &lt; l &lt; 60 ◦ ). The reported errors are of 1 σ significance. The red vertical bars include errors as well as the dispersion of the data over 10 ◦ bins. <!-- image -->

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Authors
Gupta, A., Mathur, S., Kingsbury, J., Das, S., & Krongold, Y.
Affiliations
  • Columbus State Community College (US)
  • The Ohio State University (US)
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
Corresponding author
Gupta, Anjali
ORCID
Venue
Nature Astronomy
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-05-01
Volume
7
Issue
7
Pages
799-804
ISSN
2397-3366 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41550-023-01963-5
OpenAlex
W4367609813
Cited by
31
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Astronomy (publishedVersion)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K0419, NNX16AF49G)
  • Ohio State University
  • Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
  • Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Keywords
X-ray bubbles, virial temperature, shock-heated gas, stellar feedback, adiabatic shocks, emission measure, Suzaku X-ray observations

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