Intrinsic network architecture predicts the effects elicited by intracranial electrical stimulation of the human brain

In the citing paper

“And as noted above, a recent study we conducted with a large cohort of iES patients (n = 67) likewise found exclusively null effects in frontopolar cortex (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“We are not aware of any past research that reports iESinduced phenomenal changes in these regions (Selimbeyoglu and Parvizi, 2010), and recent work across dozens of patients, from both our own group (Fox et al., 2020) and others (Trevisi et al., 2018), indicates only null results in these areas.”

In the citing paper

“Indeed, there is no part of the brain wherein iES is less likely to cause a noticeable change in consciousness than the most anterior regions of the PFC (Fox et al., 2020) (Figs. 2 and 3).”

In the citing paper

“This low elicitation rate (17%) is in marked contrast to unimodal brain regions, where positive response rates can reach 67% (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“Sham stimulation is used to control for demand characteristics, especially when meaningful or intense experiences are reported, and has proven to be a very effective control (Fox and Parvizi, 2021;Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“It is also significant that the PFC is not the only region of the brain where iES-elicited effects are rare: other high-level association areas also appear to share this property (e.g., the posterior cingulate cortex) (Foster and Parvizi, 2017), and these trends appear to be driven by the brain's intrinsic network architecture (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“Our prior work has shown that simple neurophysiological attributes, such as myelin concentration or electrical excitability, are unable to explain elicitation rates across the cortical mantle (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“Low rates of iES effects are not unique to prefrontal regions, but appear to be a more general property of brain areas involved in abstract thought and complex cognitive function, although the lowest elicitation rates are nonetheless found in the anterior PFC (Fox et al., 2020;Koch, 2020).”

In the citing paper

“Therefore, PFC neurons are thought to represent information across larger circuits; hence, the localized nature of iES might result in lower rates of effect elicitation compared with unimodal regions where contiguous neuronal populations code for specific perceptual features (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“One major caveat is that iES to the PFC might still be influencing consciousness, but in subtle ways not noticeable or reportable by patients (Fox et al., 2020).”

In the citing paper

“within NREM sleep, the response to TMS differed according to the subjects’ report upon awakening133. Reports of no dreaming were associated with a larger negative evoked response and shorter phase-locking compared with reports of dreaming.”

In the citing paper

“the amplitude of the negative peak, presumably reflecting the degree of neuronal bistability, was inversely correlated with the length of the dream report (word count).”

In the citing paper

“A wide variety of other effects have been reported, including digestive sensations (Mulak et al., 2008), vestibular hallucinations (Kahane et al., 2003), anxiety and physical pain (Kahane et al., 2003;Mulak et al., 2008), and in the pregenual ACC, fear (Fox et al., 2020).”