Cited by 554Photorefractive and Nonlinear OpticsFerroelectric and Piezoelectric MaterialsPhotonic and Optical Devices

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Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon

Abel, Stefan, Eltes, Felix, Ortmann, J. Elliott, Messner, Andreas, Castera, Pau, Wagner, Tino, Urbonas, Darius, Rosa, Alvaro, Gutierrez, Ana M., Tulli, Domenico, Ma, Ping, Baeuerle, Benedikt, Josten, Arne, Heni, Wolfgang, Caimi, Daniele, Czornomaz, Lukas, Demkov, Alexander A., Leuthold, Juerg, Sanchis, Pablo, Fompeyrine, Jean·2019·Nature Materials

DOI 10.1038/s41563-018-0208-0

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Abstract

The electro-optical Pockels effect is an essential nonlinear effect used in many applications. The ultrafast modulation of the refractive index is, for example, crucial to optical modulators in photonic circuits. Silicon has emerged as a platform for integrating such compact circuits, but a strong Pockels effect is not available on silicon platforms. Here, we demonstrate a large electro-optical response in silicon photonic devices using barium titanate. We verify the Pockels effect to be the physical origin of the response, with r 42 = 923 pm V-1, by confirming key signatures of the Pockels effect in ferroelectrics: the electro-optic response exhibits a crystalline anisotropy, remains strong at high frequencies, and shows hysteresis on changing the electric field. We prove that the Pockels effect remains strong even in nanoscale devices, and show as a practical example data modulation up to 50 Gbit s-1. We foresee that our work will enable novel device concepts with an application area largely extending beyond communication technologies.

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Authors: Abel, S., Eltes, F., Ortmann, J. E., Messner, A., Castera, P., Wagner, T., Urbonas, D., Rosa, A., Gutierrez, A. M., Tulli, D., Ma, P., Baeuerle, B., Josten, A., Heni, W., Caimi, D., Czornomaz, L., Demkov, A. A., Leuthold, J., Sanchis, P., & Fompeyrine, J.
Affiliations: IBM Research - Zurich (CH)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
ETH Zurich (CH)
Universitat Politècnica de València (ES)
Corresponding author: Abel, Stefan
Ma, Ping
Sanchis, Pablo
ORCID: Abel, Stefan
Eltes, Felix
Ortmann, J. Elliott
Messner, Andreas
Castera, Pau
Wagner, Tino
Urbonas, Darius
Gutierrez, Ana M.
Tulli, Domenico
Ma, Ping
Baeuerle, Benedikt
Josten, Arne
Heni, Wolfgang
Caimi, Daniele
Czornomaz, Lukas
Demkov, Alexander A.
Leuthold, Juerg
Sanchis, Pablo
Fompeyrine, Jean
Venue: Nature Materials
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-11-12
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-47
ISSN: 1476-1122 (ISSN-L)
1476-4660
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0208-0
OpenAlex: W2900206957
Cited by: 554
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 19.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Materials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Photonic and Optical Devices
Keywords: Pockels effect, barium titanate, electro-optic modulator, silicon photonics, epitaxial thin films, ferroelectric materials, refractive index modulation, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, hysteresis, nanodevices, integrated photonics

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Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon

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