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Cited by 552Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 340 of the 341 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder

Open access
Connor, Jason P., Stjepanović, Daniel, Le Foll, Bernard, Hoch, Eva, Budney, Alan J., Hall, Wayne D.·2021·Nature Reviews Disease Primers
DOI 10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4PMC PMC8655458
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Abstract

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.

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Show all 341 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Hall, W., Renström, M. & Poznyak, V. The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (World Health Organization, 2016). This is a seminal review of the short-term and long-term effects of cannabis use and CUD on health.
  2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, & Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (National Academies Press, 2017).
  3. Compton, W. M. & Han, B. in The Complex Connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia (eds Compton, M. & Manseau, M.) (Academic Press, 2017).
  4. Connor, J. P., Feeney, G. F. X., Kelly, A. B. & Saunders, J. B. in The SAGE Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Studies. Volume 2, 283–305 (SAGE Publications, 2016).
  5. Howlett, A. C. in Cannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Psychology, vol 168 (ed. Pertwee, R. G.) 53–79. (Springer, 2005).
  6. Trick, L. et al. in PET and SPECT in Psychiatry 2nd edn (eds Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Otte, A., de Vries, E. F. J., van Waarde, A. & Sommer, I. E.) 653–712 (Springer, 2020).
  7. McMurran, M. The Psychology of Addiction (Routledge, 1994).
  8. American Psychiatric Association. Substance-related and addictive disorders. in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). · DOI · Paper page
  9. Connor, J. P., Saunders, J. B. & Feeney, G. F. X. in Quality of Life in Mental Disorders (eds Katschnig, H., Freeman, H. L. & Sartorius, N.) 199–208 (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).
  10. Longabaugh, R., Magill, M., Morgenstern, J. & Huebner, R. in Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook (eds McCrady, B. S. & Epstein, E. E.) 572–596 (Oxford University Press, 2013).
  11. Marlatt, G. A., & Donovan, D. M. (eds) Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors (Guilford Press, 1985).
  12. Saunders, J. B. et al. (eds) Addiction Medicine (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  13. Ries, N. M. Prescribe with caution: the response of canada’s medical regulatory authorities to the therapeutic use of cannabis. McGill J. Law Health 9, 215–254 (2016).

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Metadata

Authors
Connor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D.
Affiliations
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • LMU Klinikum (DE)
  • Dartmouth College (US)
Corresponding author
Connor, Jason P.
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-02-25
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
16-16
ISSN
2056-676X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4
PMC
PMC8655458
OpenAlex
W3131397527
Cited by
552
References
341
Citations by year
2026: 106 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 21
FWCI
9.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Disease Primers (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA050032, T32DA037202, P30DA029926)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords
cannabis use disorder, cannabis use, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, abstinence, cannabinoid receptor agonists, pharmacotherapy, psychiatric comorbidity, substance use disorders, cannabis legalization, medical cannabis, non-medical cannabis, public health burden
MeSH terms
Analgesics, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prevalence

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