The DOI matches its Crossref record; 340 of the 341 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder
Open accessAbstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Concerns are especially pronounced for individuals with both PTSD and substance use disorders (PTSD+SUD) due to greater functional impairment (Kessler et al., 2005; Simpson et al., 2019) and cannabis use (Connor et al., 2021) associated with PTSD+SUD.”
From Cannabis use and trauma-focused treatment for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis of individual patient data (2024) · cites this paper as Connor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These respondents may be at heightened risk for using other substances and/or developing psychiatric comorbidity (Connor et al., 2021, Hasin, 2018, Hasin and Walsh, 2020, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017, Rabiee et al., 2020).”
From Prevalence of and trends in current cannabis use among US youth and adults, 2013–2022 (2024) · cites this paper as Connor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
Isolation and Structure of a Brain Constituent That Binds to the Cannabinoid Receptor
Devane, W. A., Hanuš, L., Breuer, A., Pertwee, R. G., Stevenson, L. A., Griffin, G., Gibson, D., Mandelbaum, A., Etinger, A., & Mechoulam, R. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1470919 · Cited by 5,633
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340
Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids
Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., & Abu-Shaar, M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365061a0 · Cited by 5,092
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1992) · Measuring Alcohol Consumption · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3 · Cited by 4,110
ADOLESCENT RESILIENCE: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk
Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357 · Cited by 3,243
Mechoulam, R., Ben-Shabat, S., Hanus, L., Ligumsky, M., Kaminski, N. E., Schatz, A. R., Gopher, A., Almog, S., Martin, B. R., Compton, D. R., et al. (1995) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(95)00109-d · Cited by 2,913
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Hall, W., Renström, M. & Poznyak, V. The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (World Health Organization, 2016). This is a seminal review of the short-term and long-term effects of cannabis use and CUD on health.
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, & Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (National Academies Press, 2017).
- Compton, W. M. & Han, B. in The Complex Connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia (eds Compton, M. & Manseau, M.) (Academic Press, 2017).
- Connor, J. P., Feeney, G. F. X., Kelly, A. B. & Saunders, J. B. in The SAGE Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Studies. Volume 2, 283–305 (SAGE Publications, 2016).
- Howlett, A. C. in Cannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Psychology, vol 168 (ed. Pertwee, R. G.) 53–79. (Springer, 2005).
- Trick, L. et al. in PET and SPECT in Psychiatry 2nd edn (eds Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Otte, A., de Vries, E. F. J., van Waarde, A. & Sommer, I. E.) 653–712 (Springer, 2020).
- McMurran, M. The Psychology of Addiction (Routledge, 1994).
- American Psychiatric Association. Substance-related and addictive disorders. in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). · DOI · Paper page
- Connor, J. P., Saunders, J. B. & Feeney, G. F. X. in Quality of Life in Mental Disorders (eds Katschnig, H., Freeman, H. L. & Sartorius, N.) 199–208 (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).
- Longabaugh, R., Magill, M., Morgenstern, J. & Huebner, R. in Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook (eds McCrady, B. S. & Epstein, E. E.) 572–596 (Oxford University Press, 2013).
- Marlatt, G. A., & Donovan, D. M. (eds) Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors (Guilford Press, 1985).
- Saunders, J. B. et al. (eds) Addiction Medicine (Oxford University Press, 2016).
- Ries, N. M. Prescribe with caution: the response of canada’s medical regulatory authorities to the therapeutic use of cannabis. McGill J. Law Health 9, 215–254 (2016).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–552 of 552
Pickering, C. R., Lorenzetti, V., Jones, A., Guest, M., Christiansen, P., & Roberts, C. A. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07099-4
Legale Drogen: Koffein, Lachgas, Cannabis und Alkohol
Eichhorn, D., Otto, R., Kauerz, H.-M., Bernhard, M., & Steindl, D. (2026) · Notfall + Rettungsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s10049-026-01770-1
Who is at risk? Core mental health symptoms and problematic cannabis use in Germany
Krowartz, E., Schwarzkopf, L., Olderbak, S. G., Klug, S. J., Koller, G., Neumeier, E., de Matos, E. G., & Hoch, E. (2026) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-026-00430-y
Secular Trends and Predictors of Frequent Cannabis Use From 2002-2019 in the United States
Xie, K., Greenlund, I. M., IYYAPPAN, B. S., & Somers, V. K. (2026) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2026.01.024
Basedow, L. A., Wandinger, E., Brindle, A., Kölch, M. G., & Reis, O. (2026) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-026-01491-1
Gliksberg, O., Feingold, D., Lev‐Ran, S., Mannes, Z. L., Gonçalves, P. D., Hasin, D. S., Martins, S. S., & Livne, O. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01684-6
Bolling, C., Cardoni, M. E., Conroy, D. A., Price, A., Goldstick, J. E., Bourgoise, M., Bonar, E. E., Krystal, A. D., Ilgen, M. A., & Arnedt, J. T. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-116524
Koob, G. F., Arends, M. A., McCracken, M. L., & Moal, M. L. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816791-5.00001-7
Decoding the Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids: From Receptor Activation to Multiorgan Dysfunction
Fan, W., Che, Z., Xiao, L., Shi, K., Meng, Q., Yang, L., Yao, L., Ye, Y., Wei, Y., & Liao, L. (2026) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.70073
Sandonis, M., Brik, M., Ramirez, C., Castellote, L., Creus‐Costa, A., Parramón, G., Suy, A., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Palma-Álvarez, R. F., & Daigre, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1816611
Ebling, T., de Silva, G. S., & Azagba, S. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108790
Riemerschmid, C., Schwarzkopf, L., & Hoch, E. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70539
Treating addiction with an addictive drug: the ketamine paradox revisited
Hakami, A. Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1866092
Prefrontal connectivity alterations and oscillatory dynamics in cannabis use disorder
Bunrodchu, N., Kumarnsit, E., Khairunizam, W., & Samerphob, N. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109344
Kroll, S. L., Hodges, J. S., DeAngelis, B. N., Gao, W., Nystrom, P., Hatsukami, D. K., ALLEN, S. S., & Al’Absi, M. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113277
Peters, B., Siherya, B. S., & Valencia, M. L. C. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2026.2707595
Clouse, G., Penman, S. L., Powell, A., Sadar, F., Ehan, N., Taylor, I. T., Varma, A., Hadjiargyrou, M., Komatsu, D. E., & Thanos, P. K. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14081687
Uhlhaas, P. J. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03734-w
Genetic pleiotropy differentially linking brain variation to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder
Chen, Q., He, J., Qiu, D., Xu, Z., Mao, Z., Liu, H., Cabrera‐Mendoza, B., & Polimanti, R. A. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02506-y
Consequences of Fetal Substance Exposure
Castro, R., Shaw, G. M., & Cohen, R. S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009418034.013
Reilly, J., Lam, M., Sara, G. E., & Heffernan, E. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261470582
Solberg, M. A., Veliz, P. T., Jardine, J., Pang, Y. C., McCabe, S. E., Evans‐Polce, R. J., & Patrick, M. E. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100732
Trends in cannabis use disorder among adults in the United States, 2021-2024
Mattingly, D. T., Yockey, A., Mantey, D. S., & Hoopsick, R. A. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108835
How Are We Exposed to Chemicals When Drugs Are Smoked Indoors?
Illa, S. E., Sanchez, C. E., Wagner, K. D., Klepeis, N. E., & Li, L. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c02953
Varenicline for the management of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review
Craig, C., Waldmann, J., Daglish, M. R. C., Connor, J. P., & Parker, S. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2026.210090
Cannabis Use and Age-Related Acceleration of Psychosis Onset: A Meta-Analysis
Stevens, C. J., Pincham, H. L., & Large, M. M. B. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.06.025
Upreti, N., Chilappa, R., Tummala, S., & Nagarkar, P. A. (2026) · JPRAS Open · doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2026.08.016
Olivera, M. P. (2026) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2026.2717202
Mendes, T. C., Lima, M. R. S., Viana, E. T. R., Petinari, R. B., & Endlich, P. W. (2026) · Psicologia e Saúde em Debate · doi:10.22289/2446-922x.v12a2a12
Recreational cannabis access via pharmacies: A 1-year Swiss study on cannabis use and mental health
Pichler, E. M., Mosandl, C. F., Kronschnabel, J., Meyer, M., Guessoum, A., Herrmann, O., Curiger, J., Vogel, M., Walter, M., & Baltes‐Flueckiger, L. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113337
Farsalinos, K. E. (2026) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-026-01517-8
Waddell, J. T., Okey, S. A., Metrik, J., & Corbin, W. R. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70593
Xu, M. A., Rosenbaum, J., Xu, S., & DiClemente, R. J. (2026) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2026.2716221
Padon, A. A., Cortez, C. A., Alexeeff, S., Slama, N. E., Pacula, R. L., Silver, L. D., Sterling, S., Campbell, C. I., Satre, D. D., Does, M. B., et al. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70597
Azagba, S., Ebling, T., & Roy, B. (2026) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2026.106500
Matheson, J., Boak, A., Jiang, H., Nigatu, Y. T., Elton‐Marshall, T., Rueda, S., Ali, F., Rubin-Kahana, D. S., Galea, L. A. M., Hamilton, H. A., et al. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70607
Simultaneous Cannabis and Alcohol Use From Nationally Representative Data
Han, B., Hobin, J. A., & Compton, W. M. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.35815
Castellanos, A., & Sun, M. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14100850
Pepe, M., Traccis, F., Mandracchia, G., Massetti, M., Platia, M., Panaccione, I., Franza, R., Sani, G., & Nicola, M. D. (2026) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16100152
Cannabis Use Disorder and Mortality Risk: A Matched Cohort Study from a Colorado Health System
Nguyen, A. P., Narwaney, K. J., Lyons, J. A., Ford, M. A., & Steiner, C. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10845-1
Berryhill, J., Colman, I., Imtiaz, S., Chaiton, M., Wells, S., Rueda, S., Tadrous, M., Hamilton, H., Schwartz, R., & Elton‐Marshall, T. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342261488975
Sayyah, M., & Namazi, H. (2026) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2026.100185
Hall, E., Ratnayake, N., Waldmann, J., Daglish, M. R. C., Scott, J. G., Connor, J. P., & Parker, S. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674261490027
Yara, B. N., Joachim, R., Kheirallah, L., Farrell, F., Alix, G., Carolina, C., Benyamina, A., Isabelle, V., & Hassan, R. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100758
Wilson, J., O’Dean, S., Marel, C., Dobson, O., Sunderland, M., Kershaw, S., Gückel, T., Devine, E. K., Slade, T. N., Teesson, M., et al. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70608
The Role of Habit and Past Behavior in Cannabis Use: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model
Parrado‐González, A., Carmona, J., Vera, B. D. V., & Fernández‐Calderón, F. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01746-9
de Camillo, I. N. W., Barbosa, B. H. V., Monteiro, A. T., de Oliveira, T. M., Aguera, R. G., & Coimbra, C. C. B. E. (2026) · Aracê. · doi:10.56238/arev8n10-057
Lombardi, G., Blest‐Hopley, G., Tarantini, M. M., O’Neill, A., Wilson, R. P., O’Daly, O., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07183-9
Scherbaum, N., Heilmann, M., Bonnet, U., & Specka, M. (2026) · Rechtsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s00194-026-00873-w
Fradette, M.-J., Azrak, J., Nguyen, M. T., Veillette, F., Lanouette, M.-È., Boudreau, X. W., Thompson-Leclerc, R., Senhaji, M., Giguère, S., & Dumais, A. (2026) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1129186ar
Spinazzola, E., Austin-Zimmerman, I., Trotta, G., Li, Z., Leung, P. B. M., Chesney, E., Li, Q., Alameda, L., Arango, C., O’Donovan, M. C., et al. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70628
Hendrick, T. L., Hawawasam, H., Berley, N., Hopfer, C. J., Wall, T. L., & Stallings, M. C. (2026) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105535
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J., & Hall, W. D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, Jason P.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers
- Published
- 2021-02-25
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 2056-676X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8655458
- OpenAlex
- W3131397527
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 341
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 21
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Disease Primers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA050032, T32DA037202, P30DA029926)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- cannabis use disorder, cannabis use, cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, abstinence, cannabinoid receptor agonists, pharmacotherapy, psychiatric comorbidity, substance use disorders, cannabis legalization, medical cannabis, non-medical cannabis, public health burden
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
