The DOI matches its Crossref record; 274 of the 281 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 163 of the 292 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy
Open accessAbstract
Two important maternal cardiometabolic disorders (CMDs), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) (including pre-eclampsia) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), result in a large disease burden for pregnant individuals worldwide. A global consensus has not been reached about the diagnostic criteria for HDP and GDM, making it challenging to assess differences in their disease burden between countries and areas. However, both diseases show an unevenly distributed disease burden for regions with a low income or middle income, or low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), or regions with lower sociodemographic and human development indexes. In addition to many common clinical, demographic and behavioural risk factors, the development and clinical consequences of maternal CMDs are substantially influenced by the social determinants of health, such as systemic marginalization. Although progress has been occurring in the early screening and management of HDP and GDM, the accuracy and long-term effects of such screening and management programmes are still under investigation. In addition to pharmacological therapies and lifestyle modifications at the individual level, a multilevel approach in conjunction with multisector partnership should be adopted to tackle the public health issues and health inequity resulting from maternal CMDs. The current COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted health service delivery, with women with maternal CMDs being particularly vulnerable to this public health crisis. Two maternal cardiometabolic disorders, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), affect many pregnant individuals worldwide. This Review discusses the global disease burden and risk factors for HDP and GDM and discusses public health interventions that might help reduce the associated mortality and morbidity. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are common cardiometabolic complications of pregnancy. HDP and GDM show an unevenly distributed disease burden (in terms of prevalence, disability-adjusted life years and/or maternal deaths) in low-income and middle-income countries and/or regions with low sociodemographic and human development indexes. In addition to common clinical, demographic and behavioural risk factors, the development and clinical consequences of HDP and GDM are substantially influenced by the socioeconomic determinants of health. Besides prevention and treatment at the individual level, strategies should also be made at different levels and in conjunction with multisector partnerships to improve societal and community conditions to prevent and/or manage HDP and GDM. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are common cardiometabolic complications of pregnancy. HDP and GDM show an unevenly distributed disease burden (in terms of prevalence, disability-adjusted life years and/or maternal deaths) in low-income and middle-income countries and/or regions with low sociodemographic and human development indexes. In addition to common clinical, demographic and behavioural risk factors, the development and clinical consequences of HDP and GDM are substantially influenced by the socioeconomic determinants of health. Besides prevention and treatment at the individual level, strategies should also be made at different levels and in conjunction with multisector partnerships to improve societal and community conditions to prevent and/or manage HDP and GDM.
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Claims the paper makes
43 Partly supported · 26 Supported · 19 No full text of the sources · 15 Own interpretation · 10 Couldn’t confirm · 8 Supported so far · 5 Sources not found · 1 Mixed support · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the Generation R study142,143 (a large population-based California cohort of singleton births)144, Black women had an increased risk of HDP compared with white women.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] Silva, L. M. et al. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the Generation R Study. J. Hypertens. 26, 1200–1208 (2008). source
- Disputedcites [143] Silva, L. et al. Maternal educational level and risk of gestational hypertension: the Generation R Study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 22, 483–492 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) says this analysis was restricted to an ethnically homogeneous population, and Study population (p. 3) specifies that only women of Dutch ethnicity were selected. The paper therefore does not report the Black-versus-white risk comparison attributed to it; it examines educational level and gestational hypertension among Dutch women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [144] Ross, K. M. et al. Socioeconomic status, preeclampsia risk and gestational length in black and white women. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 6, 1182–1191 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Participants section (p. 3) identifies this as a California cohort, not the Generation R study. The Discussion (p. 9) reports increased preeclampsia risk among Black women compared with White women, but does not establish the claim for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The application of these broad definitions of pre-eclampsia means patients once diagnosed with gestational hypertension or chronic hypertension were recategorized as pre-eclampsia or chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia, respectively17–21.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > HDP
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Bouter, A. R. & Duvekot, J. J. Evaluation of the clinical impact of the revised ISSHP and ACOG definitions on preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 19, 206–211 (2020). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Khan, N. et al. Impact of new definitions of pre-eclampsia on incidence and performance of first-trimester screening. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 55, 50–57 (2020). source
- Supportedcites [19] Kallela, J. et al. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia using two revised classifications in the Finnish Pre-eclampsia Consortium (FINNPEC) cohort. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16, 221–221 (2016). source
The Results (page not supplied) report that women previously classified with gestational hypertension and women with chronic hypertension were diagnosed with pre-eclampsia under the revised ACOG 2013 or ISSHP 2014 criteria. Pre-eclampsia diagnosed in women with chronic hypertension supports the claim’s description of superimposed pre-eclampsia; the finding applies to some women in each group, not all. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Reddy, M. et al. The impact of the definition of preeclampsia on disease diagnosis and outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 224, e211–e217 (2021). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Saleh, L., Danser, J. A. H., Van Den Meiracker, A. H. & Visser, W. The prevalence of hypertensive disorders according to the old and new criteria of ISSHP and ACOG: risk factors, prediction of preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 6, 229 (2016). source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Individuals with HDP or impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy experience greater maternal mortality and morbidity rates than people with uncomplicated pregnancies.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Steegers, E. A., von Dadelszen, P., Duvekot, J. J. & Pijnenborg, R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 376, 631–644 (2010). source
- Partly supportedcites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 5) identify hypertensive disorders as a cause of maternal death, and the discussion (p. 10) describes diabetes as a potential indirect contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality. The paper does not establish higher morbidity and mortality rates for either group compared with uncomplicated pregnancies, and its discussion of diabetes does not specifically address impaired glucose metabolism arising during pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, the burden of premature deaths from complications of CMDs in pregnancy and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life falls disproportionately upon LMICs.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Main findings; page unavailable) describes declining cardiovascular burden in high-income countries and greater scope for effective interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. The Results (Global trends; page unavailable) also identify maternal disorders as a leading cause of DALYs among young females. Neither passage establishes that premature deaths from cardiometabolic complications of pregnancy, or associated cardiovascular disease later in life, fall disproportionately on those countries. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, both diseases show an unevenly distributed disease burden for regions with a low income or middle income, or low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), or regions with lower sociodemographic and human development indexes.”
- Also stated in: § HDP · boosted
“Countries with lower SDI and HDI generally had a greater disease burden of HDP than those with higher SDI and HDI, demonstrated by a higher prevalence, DALYs and death attributable to HDP (Figs. 2–4).”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § HDP · boosted
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“HDP and GDM share many common risk factors and similarities in their pathophysiology, including oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular endothelial dysfunction1”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Yang, Y. & Wu, N. Gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia: correlation and influencing factors. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9, 831297 (2022). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction states that gestational diabetes and preeclampsia share risk factors and involve oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, but the paper’s statement is specific to preeclampsia; it does not establish the same similarities for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The prevalence of GDM has increased dramatically over the past two decades by more than 30% in numerous countries5–7.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Ferrara, A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes Care 30, S141–S146 (2007). source
- Partly supportedcites [6] Anna, V., van der Ploeg, H. P., Cheung, N. W., Huxley, R. R. & Bauman, A. E. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 31, 2288–2293 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a 45% increase in age- and ethnicity-adjusted GDM incidence in New South Wales from 1995 to 2005. The Conclusions also cite U.S. studies reporting increases of up to 68% over a similar period. These passages support an increase exceeding 30%, but cover roughly 11 years and do not establish that it occurred over two decades in numerous countries. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [7] Zhu, Y. & Zhang, C. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Curr. Diab. Rep. 16, 7 (2016). source
The Introduction states that GDM prevalence increased by more than 30% within one or two decades in a number of countries, including developing countries. This supports the citing sentence’s magnitude, timeframe, and geographic scope. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several socioenvironmental factors, including poverty, air pollution, educational and sociocultural barriers, and limitations in health-care access and infrastructure12, are responsible for such inequities in disease burden.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] Nagraj, S. et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors in pregnancy and implications for long-term health: identifying the research priorities for low-resource settings. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 7, 40 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) links the disproportionate burden of premature deaths in LMICs to disadvantages faced by rural women, including poverty, educational and sociocultural barriers, and limited health-care access and infrastructure. The cited paper does not identify air pollution as a contributor, so it does not support the full list of factors in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
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In the paper
“In addition to many common clinical, demographic and behavioural risk factors, the development and clinical consequences of maternal CMDs are substantially influenced by the social determinants of health, such as systemic marginalization.”
- Also stated in: § Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors · plain
“The stress of systemic racial disparities, such as poverty, living in racially segregated neighbourhoods, a lack of access to health-care services and experience of discrimination, can all negatively affect the health of women of certain ethnic groups, such as non-Hispanic Black women147.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [147] Boakye, E. et al. Nativity-related disparities in preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease risk among a racially diverse cohort of US women. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2139564 (2021). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says socioeconomic disparities may partly account for differences in cardiovascular risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and that systemic racism may contribute to disparities in preeclampsia. The paper did not examine systemic racism directly, so it does not establish a substantial influence on the development and clinical consequences of maternal cardiometabolic disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Social determinants of health influence health outcomes and therefore have an important influence on health inequities.
- Also stated in: § Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, a majority of health authorities, such as the WHO and the American Diabetes Association, have come to support the broad criteria, such as the criteria of the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG)26,39.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > GDM
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Mayo, K., Melamed, N., Vandenberghe, H. & Berger, H. The impact of adoption of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria or the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 212, e221–e229 (2015). source
- Partly supportedcites [39] Behboudi-Gandevani, S., Amiri, M., Bidhendi Yarandi, R. & Ramezani Tehrani, F. The impact of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes on its prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 11, 11 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) explicitly says the WHO endorses the IADPSG criteria, and the Discussion says those criteria are widely used. But the paper does not say that a majority of health authorities endorse them or establish that the American Diabetes Association does; the Discussion notes continuing disagreement over diagnostic criteria. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Despite decreasing prevalence after years of interventions, HDP remain a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity globally, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs)2–4.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Steegers, E. A., von Dadelszen, P., Duvekot, J. J. & Pijnenborg, R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 376, 631–644 (2010). source
- Partly supportedcites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 5) identify hypertensive disorders as the second most common direct cause of maternal death worldwide, and the Introduction (p. 1) describes them as a leading cause of maternal mortality in developing regions. The paper does not establish that they are a leading cause of maternal morbidity or that their prevalence has decreased after interventions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Pre-eclampsia is not a single disorder but a variety of pathophysiological pathways that converge on a common syndromic end point, of high blood pressure occurring with proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy13.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > HDP
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Roberts, J. M. & Bell, M. J. If we know so much about preeclampsia, why haven’t we cured the disease? J. Reprod. Immunol. 99, 1–9 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5 (‘Subtypes of preeclampsia?’, page unavailable) argues that preeclampsia may comprise different subtypes with different pathophysiological pathways, but presents this as a hypothesis to test rather than an established fact. Section 2.2 identifies hypertension and proteinuria as diagnostic criteria. Our copy does not establish the claim’s ‘after 20 weeks’ threshold. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, pregnant people with HDP or impaired glucose metabolism have an increased risk of future CMDs and premature death later in life8–10.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Rich-Edwards, J. W., Fraser, A., Lawlor, D. A. & Catov, J. M. Pregnancy characteristics and women’s future cardiovascular health: an underused opportunity to improve women’s health? Epidemiol. Rev. 36, 57–70 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods section reports increased later diabetes and cardiovascular disease after antepartum hyperglycemia, and increased cardiovascular disease after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It also reports higher cardiovascular mortality after preeclampsia, but does not establish increased premature death after impaired glucose metabolism or increased all-cause premature death for either group (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Hauspurg, A., Ying, W., Hubel, C. A., Michos, E. D. & Ouyang, P. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and future maternal cardiovascular disease. Clin. Cardiol. 41, 239–246 (2018). source
- Partly supportedcites [10] Heida, K. Y. et al. Cardiovascular risk management after reproductive and pregnancy-related disorders: a Dutch multidisciplinary evidence-based guideline. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 23, 1863–1879 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy section (p. 4) reports increased risks of later cardiovascular disease or death from cardiovascular disease after preeclampsia or gestational hypertension, as well as increased risks of some cardiometabolic conditions. The Introduction (p. 3) says gestational diabetes was excluded from this guideline; the Polycystic ovary syndrome section (p. 12) notes a later type 2 diabetes risk after gestational diabetes, but does not establish the broader cardiovascular or premature-death claim for impaired glucose metabolism. The paper reports cardiovascular mortality after HDP, not premature death generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Negative influences of HDP and hyperglycaemia during pregnancy on fetuses and neonates include, but are not limited to, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and macrosomia, preterm birth, low birthweight and adverse outcomes later in life11.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [11] Morken, N. H., Halland, F., DeRoo, L. A., Wilcox, A. J. & Skjaerven, R. Offspring birthweight by gestational age and parental cardiovascular mortality: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 125, 336–341 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Discussion (page unavailable) examine offspring birth size and gestational age in relation to parental cardiovascular mortality and maternal diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy. Searches for hypertensive disorders, pregnancy hyperglycaemia, fetal growth restriction, macrosomia, and later offspring outcomes found no passage addressing the claimed effects of those conditions on fetuses or neonates. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the past 10 years, the definition of pre-eclampsia has been extended to include individuals without proteinuria but with evidence of maternal end-organ or uteroplacental dysfunction14.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > HDP
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Roberts, J. M., Rich-Edwards, J. W., McElrath, T. F., Garmire, L. & Myatt, L. Subtypes of preeclampsia: recognition and determining clinical usefulness. Hypertension 77, 1430–1441 (2021). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s ‘Evidence for subtypes of preeclampsia’ section describes preeclampsia as new-onset gestational hypertension with proteinuria or other systemic findings, supporting inclusion without proteinuria. The copy does not establish that uteroplacental dysfunction is an alternative diagnostic criterion or date the extension of the definition to the past 10 years. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A global consensus has not been reached about the diagnostic criteria for HDP and GDM, making it challenging to assess differences in their disease burden between countries and areas.”
- Also stated in: § GDM · plain
“Currently, the screening and diagnostic approaches for GDM are under debate24–32 given differences in the focus of different guidelines.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] O’Sullivan, E. P. et al. Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologia 54, 1670–1675 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that worldwide GDM prevalence estimates depend on the diagnostic criteria used; the study found 12.4% using IADPSG criteria versus 9.4% using WHO criteria. This supports the difficulty of comparing GDM burden, but the paper does not establish a lack of global consensus on diagnostic criteria for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or a resulting difficulty comparing their burden. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Bodmer-Roy, S., Morin, L., Cousineau, J. & Rey, E. Pregnancy outcomes in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus according to the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Obstet. Gynecol. 120, 746–752 (2012). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Mayo, K., Melamed, N., Vandenberghe, H. & Berger, H. The impact of adoption of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria or the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 212, e221–e229 (2015). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Trujillo, J. et al. Impact of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria for gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 108, 288–295 (2015). source
- Partly supportedcites [28] Ramezani Tehrani, F., Naz, M. S. G., Yarandi, R. B. & Behboudi-Gandevani, S. The impact of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus on adverse maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. 10, 666 (2021). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that the lack of an evidence-based international definition of GDM may affect accurate estimation of adverse maternal-outcome risk, and the Discussion describes continuing controversy over GDM diagnostic criteria. The paper does not make the corresponding claim about diagnostic criteria for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or specifically say that differences in disease burden between countries are difficult to assess. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Hartling, L. et al. Diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes and their impact on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Diabet. Med. 31, 319–331 (2014). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Feldman, R. K., Tieu, R. S. & Yasumura, L. Gestational diabetes screening: the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups compared with Carpenter–Coustan screening. Obstet. Gynecol. 127, 10–17 (2016). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Saccone, G., Khalifeh, A., Al-Kouatly, H. B., Sendek, K. & Berghella, V. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: one step versus two step approach. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 33, 1616–1624 (2020). source
- Partly supportedcites [32] Brown, F. M. & Wyckoff, J. Application of one-step IADPSG versus two-step diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in the real world: impact on health services, clinical care, and outcomes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 17, 85 (2017). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports a global lack of consensus on GDM diagnostic criteria. The section “Prevalence of GDM With the Application of IADPSG Criteria” says differing criteria confound comparisons between countries. The supplied passages do not address diagnostic criteria for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), so the source supports only the GDM part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § GDM · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, in LMICs, 10–15% of direct maternal deaths are associated with HDP3,4.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 5) identify hypertensive disorders as a major direct cause and estimate that they account for 14.0% of maternal deaths worldwide. That percentage uses all maternal deaths as its denominator, not direct maternal deaths, and the paper does not give a 10–15% estimate specifically for LMICs. The Results (p. 6) also note substantial regional variation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The WHO’s estimate of the incidence of HDP in developing countries is 2.8% of live births, compared to an incidence of 0.4% of live births in developed countries3.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary (p. 1) and Results (pp. 5–6) report the proportion of maternal deaths attributed to hypertensive disorders, not their incidence per live birth. Searches for the claimed 2.8% and 0.4% incidence estimates found no passage supporting either figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“HDP and GDM share several risk factors, including advanced maternal age55–64, overweight or obesity56,63,65–70, nutrition (such as reduced calcium and vitamin D3 intake71–77) and dietary patterns before and/or during pregnancy.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [55] Ananth, C. V., Keyes, K. M. & Wapner, R. J. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ 347, f6564 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports greater pre-eclampsia risk at the extremes of maternal age, and the Introduction and Discussion identify obesity as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia. The paper does not establish that age or obesity are also risk factors for gestational diabetes, so it does not fully support the claim that these risks are shared. The nutrition examples have separate citations in the printed sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [56] Ye, C. et al. The 2011 survey on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in China: prevalence, risk factors, complications, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. PLoS ONE 9, e100180 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘The Possible Risk Factors for HDP’; page unavailable) identifies advanced maternal age and pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity as risk factors for HDP. It does not establish that these are also risk factors for GDM, or address reduced calcium or vitamin D3 intake or dietary patterns as shared risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [57] Ma, R. et al. Study on the descriptive epidemiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension from 1995–2000 in Jiaxing of Zhejiang province, China [Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 26, 960–963 (2005).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Abalos, E. et al. Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization multicountry survey on maternal and newborn health. BJOG 121, s14–s24 (2014). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] de Vienne, C. M., Creveuil, C. & Dreyfus, M. Does young maternal age increase the risk of adverse obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcomes: a cohort study. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 147, 151–156 (2009). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Li, Y. et al. Maternal age and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 120 million participants. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 162, 108044 (2020). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Laine, M. K. et al. Gestational diabetes in primiparous women–impact of age and adiposity: a register-based cohort study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 97, 187–194 (2018). source
- Supportedcites [62] Schummers, L. et al. Absolute risks of obstetric outcomes risks by maternal age at first birth: a population-based cohort. Epidemiology 29, 379–387 (2018). source
This source is cited for the advanced-maternal-age part of the sentence. The Results and Discussion report that risks of both hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes increase with maternal age; the citation is not attached to the claims about nutrition or dietary patterns. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [63] Lee, K. W. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 494 (2018). source
The Results (Risk factors of GDM) identify age ≥25 and BMI ≥25 as risk factors for gestational diabetes in the Asian populations studied. Those are the factors relevant to this source in the multi-citation sentence; the nutrition and dietary-pattern claims are attached to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [64] Eades, C. E., Cameron, D. M. & Evans, J. M. M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 129, 173–181 (2017). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A 2021 study investigating the epidemiological trends of HDP by using the GBD data showed that the death and incidence rates of HDP are decreasing in most countries and all regions except for those with low SDI and HDI49.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [49] Wang, W. et al. Epidemiological trends of maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at the global, regional, and national levels: a population‐based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21, 364 (2021). source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“According to a global observational study, the prevalence of GDM ranged between 9% and 26% in 15 centres51.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > GDM
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [51] Sacks, D. A. et al. Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. Diabetes Care 35, 526–528 (2012). source
The Results (p. 1) report GDM frequencies across 15 HAPO centers ranging from 9.3% to 25.5%, which rounds to 9%–26%. The study description (p. 1) identifies these as center-by-center frequencies calculated using IADPSG criteria. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“HDP are among the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide3, responsible for an estimated 14% of maternal deaths globally.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 5) identify hypertensive disorders as the second most common direct cause of maternal death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 14.0% of maternal deaths. The cited passages do not establish the claim about fetal mortality or maternal and fetal morbidity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depending on the diagnostic criteria used, 9–25% of pregnancies are affected by GDM50.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > GDM
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [50] Alejandro, E. U. et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: a harbinger of the vicious cycle of diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 5003 (2020). source
Section 2, “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus,” states that GDM affects about 9–25% of pregnancies worldwide and that rates fluctuate with diagnostic criteria. This supports the citing sentence’s estimate and qualification. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Conversely, the Western Pacific region had the lowest prevalence of HDP at 16.4 per 100,000 women of childbearing age (Fig. 1).”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section describes prevalence estimates across countries and regions, but the passages from our copy do not report a Western Pacific prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy or rank that region lowest. Searches for the disorder, Western Pacific, and 16.4 found no passage verifying the figure or comparison; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, many researchers consider GDM treatment highly cost-effective when the benefits of future maternal T2DM and childhood obesity risk reduction are taken into account32,42–45.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > GDM
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [32] Brown, F. M. & Wyckoff, J. Application of one-step IADPSG versus two-step diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in the real world: impact on health services, clinical care, and outcomes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 17, 85 (2017). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Financial Implications of IADPSG section (page unavailable) reports cost-effective screening and management approaches when future maternal diabetes prevention is considered. It does not link GDM treatment’s cost-effectiveness to reduced childhood obesity risk, and its cost-effectiveness findings concern particular diagnostic approaches rather than GDM treatment generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [42] Moss, J. R., Crowther, C. A., Hiller, J. E., Willson, K. J. & Robinson, J. S. Costs and consequences of treatment for mild gestational diabetes mellitus–evaluation from the ACHOIS randomised trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 7, 27 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (page not provided) calls the incremental cost per life-year gained highly favourable, based on reductions in perinatal mortality and serious perinatal complications. The Discussion says the evaluation was confined to in-trial costs and consequences, with no modelling beyond the trial. It does not support the claim that the favourable assessment accounts for reduced future maternal type 2 diabetes or childhood obesity risk. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [43] Ohno, M. S., Sparks, T. N., Cheng, Y. W. & Caughey, A. B. Treating mild gestational diabetes mellitus: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 205, e281–e287 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that treating mild GDM was cost-effective at $20,412 per QALY. But the Comment says the model could not include long-term effects on offspring, including possible obesity, and it does not report a reduction in future maternal type 2 diabetes. Its cost-effectiveness finding therefore was not based on taking those future benefits into account. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Could not verifycites [44] Lowe, W. L. et al. Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity. JAMA 320, 1005–1016 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Secondary Outcomes and Gestational Diabetes Status and Outcomes for Children sections report associations between gestational diabetes and later maternal type 2 diabetes and childhood adiposity (page numbers unavailable). Searches for cost-effectiveness, treatment, and prevention found no passage saying that GDM treatment reduces those risks or is considered highly cost-effective. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Lauring, J. R., Kunselman, A. R., Pauli, J. M., Repke, J. T. & Ural, S. H. Comparison of healthcare utilization and outcomes by gestational diabetes diagnostic criteria. J. Perinat. Med. 46, 401–409 (2018). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Despite a much lower maternal mortality in HICs than in LMICs, HDP remains one of the most common causes of maternal death worldwide2–4.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Steegers, E. A., von Dadelszen, P., Duvekot, J. J. & Pijnenborg, R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 376, 631–644 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [3] Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323–e333 (2014). source
The Results (p. 5) identify hypertensive disorders as the second most common direct cause of maternal death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 14.0% of maternal deaths in 2003–09. The Discussion (p. 6) likewise places them after haemorrhage among direct causes. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“At the regional level, Africa had the highest prevalence of HDP, with a mean prevalence of 334.9 per 100,000 women of childbearing age, followed by Southeast Asia and the Middle East, with mean prevalences of 136.8 and 121.4 per 100,000 women of childbearing age, respectively.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section (Geographical units, age groups, time periods, and cause levels; page not provided) says the study estimated prevalence across regions, but it does not give regional prevalence for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Searches for the disorder and the figures 334.9, 136.8, and 121.4 found no passage in our copy supporting the ranking or rates. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Globally, the prevalence of HDP is 116.4 per 100,000 women of childbearing age.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [47] Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods > Data section says the study uses prevalence data, and Results > Global trends mentions maternal disorders, but neither gives a prevalence rate for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Searches for “116.4,” “hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,” and “maternal hypertensive disorders” found no passage substantiating the claimed rate per 100,000 women of childbearing age. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, a low intake of fruit, green leafy vegetables, poultry and fish, and high consumption of the Western dietary pattern (characterized by a high intake of red meat, processed meat, refined grain products, high-fat and/or high-sugar processed food) might be associated with an elevated risk of HDP and GDM78–87 (Fig. 7).”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Bao, W. et al. Prepregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary pattern and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99, 1378–1384 (2014). source
- Partly supportedcites [79] Looman, M. et al. Pre-pregnancy dietary carbohydrate quantity and quality, and risk of developing gestational diabetes: the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Br. J. Nutr. 120, 435–444 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Carbohydrate-rich food groups section (page not provided) reports that higher fruit intake was associated with lower GDM risk. The Discussion (page not provided) also links healthier dietary patterns, including fruit and limited refined grains, with lower GDM risk. Our copy does not establish the claimed associations for green leafy vegetables, poultry, fish, or the specified Western dietary pattern, and it does not examine dietary risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [80] Mijatovic-Vukas, J. et al. Associations of diet and physical activity with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 10, 698 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.3.7; page unavailable) report that one study associated a Western diet with higher GDM risk, while another found no such relationship. The Results (§3.3.1) also report a protective association for fruit fiber, and the Discussion (§4.1) links higher red or processed meat intake to GDM risk. This review does not establish the claimed associations for low green leafy vegetable, poultry, or fish intake, or address hypertensive disorders in pregnancy as an outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] O’Malley, E. G. et al. Maternal obesity and dyslipidemia associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 246, 67–71 (2020). source
- Partly supportedcites [82] Shin, D., Lee, K. W. & Song, W. O. Dietary patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutrients 7, 9369–9382 (2015). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Conclusions report that patterns low in fruits, vegetables and seafood and high in refined grains, fats or added sugars were associated with increased GDM risk. The Discussion also describes an association between a Western dietary pattern and GDM. The paper does not establish the claimed association with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, nor does it identify low poultry intake specifically as a risk factor. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [83] Schoenaker, D. A., Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Callaway, L. K. & Mishra, G. D. Prepregnancy dietary patterns and risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102, 94–101 (2015). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page unavailable) reports lower HDP risk with a Mediterranean-style pattern that includes vegetables and fish. But the Discussion (page unavailable) reports no HDP association for the meat, high-fat, and sugar pattern or the fruit and low-fat dairy pattern. The paper treats GDM as an adjustment factor, not an outcome, and does not establish the claimed risks for low poultry intake or the specified Western pattern. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [84] Sahariah, S. A. et al. A daily snack containing leafy green vegetables, fruit, and milk before and during pregnancy prevents gestational diabetes in a randomized, controlled trial in Mumbai, India. J. Nutr. 146, 1453s–1460s (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not available) reports observational associations between lower GDM prevalence and higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, poultry, and fish, alongside lower intakes of foods characteristic of the described Western pattern. The Discussion (page not available) also reports lower GDM risk with a diet rich in fruit, green leafy vegetables, poultry, and fish. Our copy does not link these dietary patterns to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Schoenaker, D. A., Mishra, G. D., Callaway, L. K. & Soedamah-Muthu, S. S. The role of energy, nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies. Diabetes Care 39, 16–23 (2016). source
- Partly supportedcites [86] Kinshella, M. W. et al. Maternal dietary patterns and pregnancy hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv. Nutr. 12, 2387–2400 (2021). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that low fruit and vegetable intake was associated with higher odds of pre-eclampsia, and says limited evidence suggests a possible association with Western-style diets. The Other dietary patterns section reports no association for poultry or fish in the study it discusses. The paper addresses pregnancy hypertension, not gestational diabetes mellitus, so it does not support the GDM portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [87] Dolatkhah, N., Hajifaraji, M. & Shakouri, S. K. Nutrition therapy in managing pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a literature review. J. Fam. Reprod. Health 12, 57–72 (2018).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Currently, the screening and diagnostic approaches for GDM are under debate24–32 given differences in the focus of different guidelines.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > GDM
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] O’Sullivan, E. P. et al. Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologia 54, 1670–1675 (2011). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says screening practices vary across Irish centres, and the Diagnostic criteria section compares WHO, IADPSG and ADA criteria. These passages support differences in screening and diagnosis, but do not say the approaches are under debate because guidelines differ in focus. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Bodmer-Roy, S., Morin, L., Cousineau, J. & Rey, E. Pregnancy outcomes in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus according to the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Obstet. Gynecol. 120, 746–752 (2012). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Mayo, K., Melamed, N., Vandenberghe, H. & Berger, H. The impact of adoption of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria or the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 212, e221–e229 (2015). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Trujillo, J. et al. Impact of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria for gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 108, 288–295 (2015). source
- Supportedcites [28] Ramezani Tehrani, F., Naz, M. S. G., Yarandi, R. B. & Behboudi-Gandevani, S. The impact of diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus on adverse maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. 10, 666 (2021). source
The Discussion explicitly describes strong controversy over GDM screening and diagnostic approaches despite numerous guidelines. The Introduction also describes differing bases for defining GDM, including postpartum diabetes risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Hartling, L. et al. Diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes and their impact on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Diabet. Med. 31, 319–331 (2014). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Feldman, R. K., Tieu, R. S. & Yasumura, L. Gestational diabetes screening: the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups compared with Carpenter–Coustan screening. Obstet. Gynecol. 127, 10–17 (2016). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Saccone, G., Khalifeh, A., Al-Kouatly, H. B., Sendek, K. & Berghella, V. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: one step versus two step approach. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 33, 1616–1624 (2020). source
- Supportedcites [32] Brown, F. M. & Wyckoff, J. Application of one-step IADPSG versus two-step diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes in the real world: impact on health services, clinical care, and outcomes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 17, 85 (2017). source
The Introduction explicitly describes an ongoing global debate about when and how to screen and diagnose GDM. The Conclusions describe differing recommendations from ACOG, ADA, WHO, and FIGO, supporting the claim that guideline differences contribute to the debate. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, social stress, malnutrition during pregnancy and environmental toxins have been proposed as three SDOH factors that might affect placental health141.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [141] Thornburg, K. L., Boone-Heinonen, J. & Valent, A. M. Social determinants of placental health and future disease risks for babies. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 47, 1–15 (2020). source
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease section asks how social factors could affect the placenta and identifies toxic social stress, materno-fetal malnutrition, and exposure to chemical toxins as compelling possibilities. This directly supports the citing sentence’s tentative claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“For example, many population studies found more genetic variations within racial groups than among them137,138.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [137] Mohsen, H. Race and genetics: somber history, troubled present. Yale J. Biol. Med. 93, 215–219 (2020).
- Supportedcites [138] Maglo, K. N., Mersha, T. B. & Martin, L. J. Population genomics and the statistical values of race: an interdisciplinary perspective on the biological classification of human populations and implications for clinical genetic epidemiological research. Front. Genet. 7, 22 (2016). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports tremendous genetic diversity within groups when larger numbers of markers are examined. The section ‘F st Does Not Support the Existence of Distinct Clusters’ (page unavailable) reports little differentiation between continental clusters, consistent with the cited sentence’s broad within-versus-between comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Higher socioeconomic status (SES), whether indicated by education or insurance status, further reduced the risk of HDP in white pregnant individuals, which in turn indirectly predicted longer gestation length.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] Silva, L. M. et al. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the Generation R Study. J. Hypertens. 26, 1200–1208 (2008). source
- Partly supportedcites [143] Silva, L. et al. Maternal educational level and risk of gestational hypertension: the Generation R Study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 22, 483–492 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 2) associate lower maternal education with higher gestational-hypertension risk, supporting the education-based SES comparison. The Study population (p. 3) is defined by Dutch parental birthplace, not by white racial identity, and excludes other hypertensive disorders. The paper does not examine insurance status or test whether reduced hypertension indirectly predicts longer gestation; the Results (p. 5) report gestational age only descriptively. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other potential risk factors include carrying a male fetus103–106, parity7 and polycystic ovarian syndrome107, although some evidence is not very consistent108.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Retnakaran, R. et al. Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the impact of having a boy. Diabetes Care 38, 844–851 (2015). source
- Supportedcites [104] Yamashita, H. et al. Fetal sex and maternal insulin resistance during mid-pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20, 560 (2020). source
This citation is attached to carrying a male fetus, not parity or polycystic ovarian syndrome. The Discussion reports a meta-analysis finding a 4% higher relative risk of GDM when carrying a boy, while noting that this study found no association and that findings across studies were inconsistent. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Retnakaran, R. & Shah, B. R. Fetal sex and the natural history of maternal risk of diabetes during and after pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 2574–2580 (2015). source
- Supportedcites [106] Jaskolka, D., Retnakaran, R., Zinman, B. & Kramer, C. K. Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 58, 2469–2475 (2015). source
The citation to this paper is attached to the male-fetus risk factor, not the separately cited claims about parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or inconsistent evidence. The Results report a modest but increased risk of gestational diabetes for women carrying a male fetus compared with a female fetus (RR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.06). (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [7] Zhu, Y. & Zhang, C. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Curr. Diab. Rep. 16, 7 (2016). source
The cited paper lists parity among GDM risk factors in “Underlying Population Characteristics” (page not provided). Citation 7 is attached to parity in the citing sentence; the male-fetus, polycystic-ovarian-syndrome, and inconsistent-evidence clauses have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [107] Lo, J. C. et al. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 29, 1915–1917 (2006). source
The introduction says some, but not all, studies suggest higher GDM risk among women with PCOS. The study’s conclusions report more than twofold increased odds of GDM among pregnant women with diagnosed PCOS. This citation is attached to the PCOS risk factor, not to male fetal sex or parity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“whereas the risk of HDP in Pacific Islander populations is still controversial118,119.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [118] Ghosh, G. et al. Racial/ethnic differences in pregnancy-related hypertensive disease in nulliparous women. Ethn. Dis. 24, 283–289 (2014).
- Partly supportedcites [119] Chang, A. L., Hurwitz, E., Miyamura, J., Kaneshiro, B. & Sentell, T. Maternal risk factors and perinatal outcomes among Pacific Islander groups in Hawaii: a retrospective cohort study using statewide hospital data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15, 239 (2015). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) says evidence on preeclampsia in Pacific Islander groups is extremely limited, and the Discussion calls for further study of differing hypertension rates. The Results (page unavailable) report higher adjusted odds of hypertension than in White women for all studied Pacific Islander subgroups except Micronesians. These passages support uncertainty and subgroup differences, but do not establish that the risk is controversial. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, circulating levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) in Black women and South and East Asian women are higher than in white women130.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [130] Yang, J. et al. Racial-ethnic differences in midtrimester maternal serum levels of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 215, 359.e1–359.e9 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report higher midtrimester PlGF levels in Black women than in White women, in both cases and controls. The study compares Black, White, and Hispanic women; it does not support the claim about South or East Asian women. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In terms of GDM, a previous history of GDM and a family history of diabetes mellitus might increase the risk of developing GDM in a current pregnancy63.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] Lee, K. W. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 18, 494 (2018). source
The Results (Risk factors of GDM) report increased odds of GDM with both a history of previous GDM (OR 8.42) and a family history of diabetes (OR 2.77) in the pooled analysis of Asian populations. The Conclusions also identify both as risk factors for GDM in pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other risk factors for HDP include a previous history of HDP93,98,99, a family history of HDP93 and pre-existing diseases, such as chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes mellitus, thrombophilia, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, kidney disease and obstructive sleep apnoea16,93,94,97.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [93] Duckitt, K. & Harrington, D. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 330, 565 (2005). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Zhang, J., Troendle, J. F. & Levine, R. J. Risks of hypertensive disorders in the second pregnancy. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 15, 226–231 (2001). source
- Partly supportedcites [99] Boghossian, N. S., Albert, P. S., Mendola, P., Grantz, K. L. & Yeung, E. Delivery blood pressure and other first pregnancy risk factors in relation to hypertensive disorders in second pregnancies. Am. J. Hypertens. 28, 1172–1179 (2015). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) document recurrence of hypertensive disorders in second pregnancies and report that women with preexisting diabetes mellitus were more likely to develop one. The Discussion (page unavailable) says the study lacked family-history data. The cited paper does not establish the remaining listed diseases as risk factors; it treats chronic hypertension chiefly as an outcome and excludes women with a history of it from further analyses. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG practice bulletin, number 222. Obstet. Gynecol. 135, e237–e260 (2020). source
- Partly supportedcites [94] Bartsch, E., Medcalf, K. E., Park, A. L. & Ray, J. G. Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ 353, i1753 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Selection of studies; page unavailable) list prior pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as risk factors assessed; the Results report elevated pre-eclampsia risk for the assessed factors. The paper explicitly says it did not assess family history, and these passages do not support thrombophilia or obstructive sleep apnoea. Its findings concern pre-eclampsia specifically, rather than hypertensive disorders of pregnancy as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [97] Leon, L. J. et al. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease in a large UK pregnancy cohort of linked electronic health records. Circulation 140, 1050–1060 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion identifies high blood pressure, including pre-pregnancy hypertension, as a risk factor for HDP and preeclampsia. Our copy does not identify the other listed pre-existing diseases as HDP risk factors. The study primarily examines cardiovascular outcomes after HDP, rather than the full set of proposed antecedent risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Some obstetric complications and situations, including primiparity56,58,88–91, multifetal pregnancy56–58,88,91 and history of GDM56,91,92, are related to the development of HDP16,56,65,66,88,90,91,93–97.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Common risk factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [56] Ye, C. et al. The 2011 survey on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in China: prevalence, risk factors, complications, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. PLoS ONE 9, e100180 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract identifies primiparity and twin pregnancy as HDP risk factors, and the Discussion reports higher HDP prevalence in twin than singleton pregnancies. The Discussion also identifies GDM as a risk factor, but the paper’s Methods and Results address GDM during the studied pregnancy, not a history of GDM in a previous pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Abalos, E. et al. Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization multicountry survey on maternal and newborn health. BJOG 121, s14–s24 (2014). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Lee, C. J. et al. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in an Asian population. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 70, 327–333 (2000). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Coonrod, D. V., Hickok, D. E., Zhu, K., Easterling, T. R. & Daling, J. R. Risk factors for preeclampsia in twin pregnancies: a population-based cohort study. Obstet. Gynecol. 85, 645–650 (1995). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Eskenazi, B., Fenster, L. & Sidney, S. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for preeclampsia. JAMA 266, 237–241 (1991). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Conde-Agudelo, A. & Belizán, J. M. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia in a large cohort of Latin American and Caribbean women. BJOG 107, 75–83 (2000). source
- Not matchedcites [57] Ma, R. et al. Study on the descriptive epidemiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension from 1995–2000 in Jiaxing of Zhejiang province, China [Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 26, 960–963 (2005).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] Ros, H. S., Cnattingius, S. & Lipworth, L. Comparison of risk factors for preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in a population-based cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147, 1062–1070 (1998). source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Of note, race can be considered as a social construct rather than a biological construct114,134, as race is a socially derived label that can either be self-reported or assigned and might not justify any biological or genetic differences between populations135,136.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Johnson, J. D. & Louis, J. M. Does race or ethnicity play a role in the origin, pathophysiology, and outcomes of preeclampsia? An expert review of the literature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 226, S876–S885 (2022). source
- Supportedcites [134] Ford, M. E. & Kelly, P. A. Conceptualizing and categorizing race and ethnicity in health services research. Health Serv. Res. 40, 1658–1675 (2005). source
The “Race as a Social Construct” section describes race as a social rather than biological construct and questions its validity as an indicator of genetically distinct populations. The “Census 2000” section also describes race being self-identified or assigned. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [135] White, K., Lawrence, J. A., Tchangalova, N., Huang, S. J. & Cummings, J. L. Socially-assigned race and health: a scoping review with global implications for population health equity. Int. J. Equity Health 19, 25 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes race as socially constructed and explains that it may be self-identified or assigned by others. The cited paper does not address whether racial labels justify biological or genetic differences between populations, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [136] Mersha, T. B. & Abebe, T. Self-reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Hum. Genomics 9, 1 (2015). source
The Human ancestry section says race is used primarily as a social category. The Conclusion says race and ethnicity are poor predictors of genetic ancestry, while the Limitations section describes self-identified categories and the imposition of racial categories on populations. Together, these support the claim that a racial label need not establish biological or genetic differences. (LLM, conf=0.89)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5 and traffic exposure were suggested to be associated with pre-eclampsia.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [169] Rosen, E. M., Muñoz, M. I., McElrath, T., Cantonwine, D. E. & Ferguson, K. K. Environmental contaminants and preeclampsia: a systematic literature review. J. Toxicol. Env. Health B Crit. Rev. 21, 291–319 (2018). source
The Conclusions explicitly describe a suggestive association between preeclampsia and each of NO2, PM2.5, and traffic exposure. This matches the citing sentence's cautious wording. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, they can have negative perinatal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus or neonate, such as maternal end-organ injuries, maternal death, IUGR, large for gestational age, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycaemia, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome33,171,172, congenital malformations in neonates173,174, stillbirth and neonatal death.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Clinical consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Metzger, B. E. et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1991–2002 (2008). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [171] Wong, T., Ross, G. P., Jalaludin, B. B. & Flack, J. R. The clinical significance of overt diabetes in pregnancy. Diabet. Med. 30, 468–474 (2013). source
- Partly supportedcites [172] Szmuilowicz, E. D., Josefson, J. L. & Metzger, B. E. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am. 48, 479–493 (2019). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Offspring Outcomes > Neonatal Complications section (page unavailable) describes large-for-gestational-age birth, shoulder dystocia, neonatal hypoglycemia, birth asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and possible stillbirth in pregnancies affected by diabetes. It does not support the attributed maternal end-organ injury, maternal death, IUGR, or neonatal death outcomes, and its discussion is chiefly about gestational diabetes rather than maternal CMDs broadly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [173] Bellizzi, S. et al. Are hypertensive disorders in pregnancy associated with congenital malformations in offspring? Evidence from the WHO multicountry cross sectional survey on maternal and newborn health. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16, 198 (2016). source
The citation is attached to “congenital malformations in neonates,” not the full list of outcomes. The Results section reports higher odds of several congenital malformations among newborns of women with chronic hypertension or chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [174] Wu, Y. et al. Association of maternal prepregnancy diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus with congenital anomalies of the newborn. Diabetes Care 43, 2983–2990 (2020). source
The citation is attached to “congenital malformations in neonates,” not the other outcomes in the sentence. The Results section reports that newborns of mothers with prepregnancy diabetes or gestational diabetes had a greater likelihood of congenital anomalies. Page numbers were not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“High SES is not as health-protective for Black individuals, which might be explained by structural and cultural forms of racism they experience despite their SES144.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [144] Ross, K. M. et al. Socioeconomic status, preeclampsia risk and gestational length in black and white women. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 6, 1182–1191 (2019). source
The Introduction (p. 3) says higher socioeconomic status does not necessarily confer the same health gains for Black individuals as for White individuals. The Discussion (p. 7) explicitly proposes structural and cultural forms of racism as a possible explanation for why higher status may be less health-protective. The claim preserves that uncertainty by saying “might.” (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“SES factors, such as education, occupation and household income, have been reported to be associated with GDM152, but study findings are inconsistent6,143,153–157.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [152] Dode, M. A. & dos Santos, I. S. Non classical risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the literature. Cad. Saude Publica 25, S341–S359 (2009). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Socioeconomic level/education section reports associations of GDM with maternal education and occupational categories, and the Conclusions describe the socioeconomic findings as controversial. But the review reports no association with average household income in the study it discusses, so it does not support household income as an associated factor. In the printed sentence, the inconsistency clause has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Anna, V., van der Ploeg, H. P., Cheung, N. W., Huxley, R. R. & Bauman, A. E. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 31, 2288–2293 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report an inverse association between socioeconomic status and GDM and describe conflicting findings in earlier studies. They mention education and current employment as associated factors, but do not establish an association for occupation; they list income among factors in a study reporting no association. This paper measured socioeconomic status by postcode rather than those individual factors. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Could not verifycites [143] Silva, L. et al. Maternal educational level and risk of gestational hypertension: the Generation R Study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 22, 483–492 (2008). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) and Comparison with other studies (p. 8) discuss inconsistent findings about socioeconomic status and gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia, not gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A search for gestational diabetes found no passage in our copy addressing whether education, occupation or household income is associated with GDM. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not matchedcites [153] Bo, S. et al. Low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for gestational diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 28, 139–140 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [154] Bouthoorn, S. H. et al. Low-educated women have an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Generation R Study. Acta Diabetol. 52, 445–452 (2015). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [155] Song, L. et al. Socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese women. Diabet. Med. 34, 1421–1427 (2017). source
- Supportedcites [156] Carroll, X. et al. Socioeconomic, environmental and lifestyle factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a matched case-control study in Beijing, China. Sci. Rep. 8, 8103 (2018). source
The Methods (Socioeconomic factors) identify education, occupation and household income as SES measures. The Discussion reports that previous studies found differing relationships between SES and GDM, including no association in some studies, supporting the statement that findings are inconsistent. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [157] Liu, J. et al. Indicators of socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women in urban Tianjin, China. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 144, 192–199 (2018). source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, women with a history of HDP are at a higher risk of developing hypertension, CVD and CVD-related morbidity and mortality than women with uncomplicated pregnancies97,177–188”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Clinical consequences
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [97] Leon, L. J. et al. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease in a large UK pregnancy cohort of linked electronic health records. Circulation 140, 1050–1060 (2019). source
The Outcome data section reports higher hazards of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and chronic hypertension after preeclampsia than in women without a preeclamptic pregnancy. It reports a very similar pattern for HDP and an elevated hazard of chronic hypertension across all categories of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [177] Wu, R. et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and risk of cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiology 145, 633–647 (2020). source
- Supportedcites [178] Melchiorre, K. et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and future cardiovascular health. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 7, 59 (2020). source
The Abstract states that women with HDP have higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than women with normotensive pregnancies. It also reports increased essential hypertension after delivery and a greater likelihood of later cardiovascular events. The Discussion’s “Essential Hypertension” section confirms increased risk of high blood pressure later in life. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Partly supportedcites [179] Bellamy, L., Casas, J. P., Hingorani, A. D. & Williams, D. J. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 335, 974 (2007). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report higher later hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and fatal cardiovascular-event risks after pre-eclampsia; the Discussion also reports higher future hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk after pregnancy-induced hypertension. The claim extends these findings to all hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), whereas the Methods specify pre-eclampsia and a separate analysis of pregnancy-induced hypertension, with comparison groups defined by absence of pre-eclampsia rather than uncomplicated pregnancy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [180] Wilson, B. J. et al. Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. BMJ 326, 845 (2003). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Questionnaire assessed outcomes and Hospital admissions sections report more later hypertension and some circulatory-disease admissions among women with gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia/eclampsia than among controls. The Discussion reports increased stroke admissions and stroke mortality, but explicitly says there was no significant increase in coronary heart disease morbidity or mortality. The claim overgeneralizes those findings to CVD-related morbidity and mortality as a whole. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [181] Stuart, J. J. et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 10-year cardiovascular risk prediction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 72, 1252–1263 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that women with HDP have a two-fold increased risk of CVD, and the Results compare CVD rates after HDP with rates after normotensive pregnancies. The Methods include fatal and nonfatal events in the CVD outcome. The paper does not establish a separate higher risk of developing hypertension or a separate increase in CVD-related mortality; the Discussion mentions chronic hypertension as a mediator of CVD risk. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] Veerbeek, J. H. et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors after early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Hypertension 65, 600–606 (2015). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [183] McDonald, S. D., Malinowski, A., Zhou, Q., Yusuf, S. & Devereaux, P. J. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am. Heart J. 156, 918–930 (2008). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [184] Brown, M. C. et al. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 28, 1–19 (2013). source
- Partly supportedcites [185] Wu, P. et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 10, e003497 (2017). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that women with a history of preeclampsia had higher risks of future cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease death than women without that history; it also identifies preeclampsia as a risk factor for future hypertension. The claim extends those findings to all hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), whereas this review focuses on preeclampsia and notes that pregnancy-induced hypertension may have distinct cardiovascular consequences. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A prospective study demonstrated a modest association between depressive symptoms early in pregnancy and an increased risk of incident GDM, particularly in women without obesity and women with persistent depressive symptoms throughout the first two trimesters of pregnancy160.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [160] Hinkle, S. N. et al. A longitudinal study of depression and gestational diabetes in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Diabetologia 59, 2594–2602 (2016). source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Obesity56,65–67 and certain dietary patterns such as the Western dietary pattern85 are risk factors for hypertension and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [56] Ye, C. et al. The 2011 survey on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in China: prevalence, risk factors, complications, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. PLoS ONE 9, e100180 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says obese women had the highest risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, supporting the obesity–hypertension portion of the claim. It does not establish obesity as a risk factor for hyperglycaemia; it instead discusses gestational diabetes as a risk factor for hypertensive disorders. The Western dietary pattern has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [65] Meazaw, M. W., Chojenta, C., Muluneh, M. D. & Loxton, D. Systematic and meta-analysis of factors associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE 15, e0237600 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (Risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia; page unavailable) reports that higher BMI was associated with greater risk of preeclampsia/eclampsia, supporting the obesity part for that hypertensive pregnancy condition. It does not show that obesity raises the risk of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. The Western dietary pattern has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [66] Bilano, V. L., Ota, E., Ganchimeg, T., Mori, R. & Souza, J. P. Risk factors of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and its adverse outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a WHO secondary analysis. PLoS ONE 9, e91198 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that high maternal BMI was associated with higher odds of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, a pregnancy-related hypertensive condition. The paper does not establish obesity as a risk factor for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy; it instead examines gestational diabetes as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The Western dietary pattern has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Wang, Z. et al. Maternal adiposity as an independent risk factor for pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes. Rev. 14, 508–521 (2013). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Schoenaker, D. A., Mishra, G. D., Callaway, L. K. & Soedamah-Muthu, S. S. The role of energy, nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies. Diabetes Care 39, 16–23 (2016). source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A package of care (a combination of treatments starting with dietary modifications and/or exercise and/or pharmacological treatments) is effective in reducing the risk of most adverse perinatal outcomes of GDM, but the evidence is of low quality245.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Treatment of maternal CMDs in the clinical setting
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [245] Farrar, D. et al. Treatments for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 7, e015557 (2017). source
The Abstract conclusions state that packages of care reduce the risk of most adverse perinatal outcomes and describe the trials as poorly reported, small, and at unclear or high risk of bias. The Results section defines these packages as combinations that may include dietary modification, exercise, monitoring, and pharmacological treatment. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Calcium insufficiency71, and extremely young maternal age55,56,58 are also recognized risk factors for HDP.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [71] Hofmeyr, G. J., Lawrie, T. A., Atallah, Á. N. & Torloni, M. R. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD001059 (2018).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [55] Ananth, C. V., Keyes, K. M. & Wapner, R. J. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ 347, f6564 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Age-period-cohort effects on pre-eclampsia; page unavailable) report the highest pre-eclampsia risk at the extremes of maternal age, supporting the young-age portion attributed to this paper. The study addresses pre-eclampsia, not hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) as a whole. Calcium insufficiency has a separate citation in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.80)
- Partly supportedcites [56] Ye, C. et al. The 2011 survey on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in China: prevalence, risk factors, complications, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. PLoS ONE 9, e100180 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this paper is attached to extremely young maternal age, not calcium insufficiency. Table 1 in the Results shows a slightly higher HDP prevalence among women under 20 (5.10%) than among those aged 25–29 (4.33%), but the paper does not identify extremely young age as a risk factor; its risk-factor analysis and Discussion emphasize increased risk at older ages. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Abalos, E. et al. Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the World Health Organization multicountry survey on maternal and newborn health. BJOG 121, s14–s24 (2014). source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A 2021 systematic review found an increased risk of developing ASD but not ADHD in offspring when exposed to GDM221.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Clinical consequences
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [221] Rowland, J. & Wilson, C. A. The association between gestational diabetes and ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 11, 5136 (2021). source
The Discussion (Main findings) reports a pooled odds ratio of 1.42 (95% CI 1.22–1.65) for ASD after GDM exposure, versus 1.01 (95% CI 0.79–1.28) for ADHD. It describes this as evidence of a slightly increased ASD risk not seen to the same extent for ADHD, matching the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The researchers found effects only for combined diet and exercise interventions during pregnancy and supplementation with myo-inositol, vitamin D and treatment with metformin, but the evidence was of low to moderate quality.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Prevention and long-term management of maternal CMDs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [247] Griffith, R. J. et al. Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6, CD012394 (2020). source
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies combined diet and exercise, myo-inositol, vitamin D, and metformin as the four interventions with a possible benefit for preventing GDM. The Results (page unavailable) rate the evidence for these interventions as low or moderate quality. The paper cautions that none was shown to be of clear benefit. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The findings from the CLIP trials suggest that community-level interventions for women with HDP can be successfully completed by community health workers, but their numbers must be adequate to provide at least eight antenatal care contacts to reduce adverse outcomes259.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [259] von Dadelszen, P. et al. The Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) cluster randomised trials in Mozambique, Pakistan, and India: an individual participant-level meta-analysis. Lancet 396, 553–563 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The study found that institutional childbirth was reduced by more than half during lockdowns, along with an increase in the institutional stillbirth rate and neonatal mortality and decreased quality of care.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [263] Kc, A. et al. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on intrapartum care, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality outcomes in Nepal: a prospective observational study. Lancet Glob. Health 8, e1273–e1281 (2020). source
The Results report a 52.4% decrease in institutional births by the end of lockdown. The Discussion reports increased institutional stillbirth and neonatal mortality, alongside declines in fetal heart rate monitoring and early breastfeeding, although some care practices improved. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“With a median prevalence of 14.0%, the Western Pacific had the lowest prevalence of GDM.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > GDM
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edn (IDF, 2021).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Southeast Asia had the highest prevalence of GDM, with a median estimate of 25.9%, followed by the North American and Caribbean regions (median prevalence 20.7%).”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > GDM
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [53] International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edn (IDF, 2021).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with potentially increased health-care costs40”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Diagnostic criteria > GDM
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] Gillespie, P., O’Neill, C., Avalos, G. & Dunne, F. P. New estimates of the costs of universal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in Ireland. Ir. Med. J. 105, s15–s18 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The proportion of maternal deaths attributable to HDP is 7.4% in the USA, accounting for an estimated one-fifth of antenatal admissions and two-thirds of referrals to daytime assessment units4.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The proportion of maternal deaths from HDP was 2.8% in the UK and Ireland (2011–2013), whereas maternal mortality related to HDP ranged between 0.08 and 0.42 per 100,000 pregnancies between 2009 and 2015 (ref.46).”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Knight, M. et al. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care: lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2013–15. National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/assets/downloads/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK%20Maternal%20Report%202017%20-%20Web.pdf (2017).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In France, HDP account for one-quarter of obstetric admissions to intensive care units4.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Disease burden > HDP
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin. Perinatol. 33, 130–137 (2009). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with epigenetic drivers and genetic predisposition, maternal social adversities result in insidious placental changes and/or malfunction and could lead to adverse outcomes during pregnancy and beyond.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The association between maternal social adversities and unfavourable pregnancy outcomes with offspring health is established.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, African American women and Filipino women have an increased risk of developing HDP112–114.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Risk factors > Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic and environmental factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] Caughey, A. B., Stotland, N. E., Washington, A. E. & Escobar, G. J. Maternal ethnicity, paternal ethnicity, and parental ethnic discordance: predictors of preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 156–161 (2005). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] Rao, A. K., Cheng, Y. W. & Caughey, A. B. Perinatal complications among different Asian-American subgroups. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 194, e39–e41 (2006). source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Johnson, J. D. & Louis, J. M. Does race or ethnicity play a role in the origin, pathophysiology, and outcomes of preeclampsia? An expert review of the literature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 226, S876–S885 (2022). source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The theory of developmental origins of health and disease underlines the role of both prenatal and postnatal environments in shaping developmental trajectories on long-term health204.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Clinical consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A. & Buklijas, T. A conceptual framework for the developmental origins of health and disease. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis. 1, 6–18 (2010). source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The long-term impact of lifestyle interventions on neonates, such as diabetes mellitus and adiposity in adulthood and neurosensory disability in later childhood, is rarely reported.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Prevention and long-term management of maternal CMDs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HDP and GDM have resulted in a large disease burden globally, especially among LMICs.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Conclusions
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Evidence also exists of a link between HDP and later-life CVD and cerebrovascular disease in pregnant individuals, although it is unclear whether HDP impair the maternal CVD system and result in future CVD in these pregnant individuals, or whether they share common risk factors209.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Clinical consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [209] Pittara, T., Vyrides, A., Lamnisos, D. & Giannakou, K. Pre-eclampsia and long-term health outcomes for mother and infant: an umbrella review. BJOG 128, 1421–1430 (2021). source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it can be challenging for pregnant women to receive an oral glucose tolerance test and for those with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy to receive relevant health service visits for diabetes education, glucose monitoring review, fetal ultrasonography and eye testing269.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [269] Murphy, H. R. Managing diabetes in pregnancy before, during, and after COVID-19. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 22, 454–461 (2020). source
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are only a limited number of studies in women with GDM who are also infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these factors might lead to a decreased quality of care and worsen outcomes for patients with pre-existing diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and GDM.”
§ A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy > Prevention and treatment > Interventions for maternal CMDs from the public health perspective
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Women with CMDs in pregnancy require more intensive antenatal care than women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
The paper relies on this without support.
The association between maternal social adversities and unfavourable pregnancy outcomes with offspring health is established.
“The association of maternal social adversities and unfavourable pregnancy outcomes with offspring health has been widely studied and established.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social determinants of health influence health outcomes and therefore have an important influence on health inequities.
“These factors influence health outcomes and therefore have an important influence on health inequities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Disparities in social determinants of health can lead to different maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus.
“Disparities in SDOH can lead to different maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women with CMDs in pregnancy require more intensive antenatal care than women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
“Women with CMDs, such as HDP and GDM, in pregnancy are at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than those with uncomplicated pregnancies and require more intensive antenatal care.”
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationInternational Diabetes Federation 2017
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Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis
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The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak
Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433 · Cited by 5,840
Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes
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Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pregnancy Outcomes
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Items 201–300 of 305
Airlangga, G. (2024) · Building of Informatics Technology and Science (BITS) · doi:10.47065/bits.v6i3.6419 · Cited by 2
“Diabetes mellitus remains a pressing global health challenge, with its prevalence steadily increasing worldwide [1][3].”
Ismael, L. H. Y., Tarish, B. S. A., Nasir, W. S. K., Kadr, Z. M. S., & Kazim, E. W. J. (2025) · Bright Sky Publications eBooks · doi:10.62906/bs.book.305
Predictive Value of Body Composition Indicators in Early Pregnancy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Hong, Y. S., Ren, M., Li, J., Jiao, J., Cheng, J., & Bo, Q. (2025) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000546025
“Based on statistics, the prevalence of GDM worldwide in 2021 is estimated to be as high as 16.7%, with a yearly increase to 15.0% in Asia [2].”
InfluentialChen, G., Ishikuro, M., Ohseto, H., Noda, A., Shinoda, G., Orui, M., Obara, T., & Kuriyama, S. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.25326870
Circulating Maternal Serum Cell Free Fetal DNA Levels for Prediction of Preeclampsia
Nassar, S. A., El-Din, A. M. B., Ibrahim, M. E.-S., et al. (2025) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2025-2480
Maternal Disorders Associated with Morbidity and Mortality in a Metropolis of Kazakhstan
Turekulova, A., Dzhardemaliyeva, N., Mereke, A., & Kulimbet, M. (2025) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract15060108 · Cited by 2
“For example, advancements in antenatal screening and diagnostic techniques have enabled earlier and more accurate identification of HDP and other maternal disorders, resulting in more cases being captured and reported [31].”
Pregnancy after orthotopic liver transplantation: a comprehensive review
Stelmach, D. A., Dery, K. J., Jabiry‐Zieniewicz, Z., & Kupiec-Weglinski, J. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Transplantation · doi:10.3389/frtra.2025.1581273
“However, the global median is 116.4 per 100,000 women of reproductive age (82).”
InfluentialBerstein, F. M., Soares, A. G., Yang, Q., McBride, N., Bond, T. A., Arab, M. A., Fernández‐Sanlés, A., Magnus, M. C., Sanderson, E. C. M., Hart, E. C., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.19.25329933
Phipps, J. E., D’Souza, I. A., Satish, N. S., Ketchersid, A., Whipps, M. D. M., Noord, M. V., Ebong, I., Taiwo, T. K., Sudhof, L. S., Keeton, V. F., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.18.25331742
Batrak, N. V., & Ivanova, I. V. (2025) · Problems of Social Hygiene Public Health and History of Medicine · doi:10.32687/0869-866x-2025-33-3-373-377
Liu, J., Zhang, J., Qi, X., Li, S., Mao, C., Pan, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04366-w · Cited by 1
“GDM and other pregnancy-related outcomes mostly share risk factors, some of which were used to de fi ne pregnant women at high risk for GDM [23, 24]; thus the one-step approach with diagnosis and management of more GDM cases would potentially help reduce risk of other pregnant-related outcomes such…”
Selemani, J. M., Mvunzi, T. S., Musung, J. M., Isaga, B., Chimana, F. C., Masemo, D. B., Buila, N. B., Nyakio, O., Mbuyamba-Kabangu, J.-R., & Katchunga, P. B. (2025) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101246 · Cited by 2
Rezk, A., DeBolt, C. A., Bréville, G., Li, R., Riis, V. A., Ncube, L., Barry, F., Elovitz, M. A., & Bar‐Or, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.04.668579
Quan, Y., Li, X., Zhong, S., Xiao, L., Shen, R., Lu, X., He, L., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., & Huang, X. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5378143
Self-citationChaudhary, N., Mehrotra, S., Solanki, V., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India · doi:10.1007/s13224-025-02158-w
Wu, C., Sun, M., He, Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1552065
Leveraging Pretrained Language Models for Maternal Health Monitoring in Online Communities
Zhu, Z. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00656-1_6
Geographic Age Cohort Study of Maternal Hypertensive Disorders
Yang, R., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., & Yue, C. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.043796 · Cited by 2
Zhu, J., Chen, J., Zhao, K., Wang, Q., Jin, L., Pei, L., Deng, F., Wang, L., Liu, H., You, Y., et al. (2025) · Environment & Health · doi:10.1021/envhealth.5c00117
Kanenishi, K., AboEllail, M. A. M., Ishibashi, M., et al. (2025) · Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10009-2082
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Qian, X., Xu, Q., Zhang, M., Su, Y. A., Huang, Q., Zhou, N., & Zhou, W. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01215-4
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing [1].”
Wei, S., Zhu, J., Ni, C., Bi, J., Dong, Z., Xu, X., Cai, W., Wang, X., Liu, H., & Wang, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1696754
“Research indicated that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) disproportionately affect women in low-and middle-income countries (25), aligning with the findings of this study.”
Li, J.-Z., Chen, H., Liu, T., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1571632
“For several of our risk outcomes, GDM and hyperglycemia are a de fi nite contributing factor to hypertension (18), and it has been demonstrated that increased blood glucose levels lead to abnormally elevated bile acid levels that may lead to cholestasis (19, 20).”
Belsti, Y., Palmer, K. R., Moran, L., Rolnik, D. L., Goldstein, R. F., Mousa, A., Enticott, J., & Teede, H. J. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101777
Yan, Q., Lu, J., Yu, M., Qian, Y., Lu, W., Lyu, Y. H., & Yang, M. (2025) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.70575
Tidafi, C., Cumyn, A., Malick, M., et al. (2025) · Obstetric Medicine · doi:10.1177/1753495x251386568
Hayes, D. J. L., Schaffer, A. L., Mehrkar, A., Bacon, S., Goldacre, B. M., MacKenna, B., Heazell, A. E. P., van Staa, T. P., & Palin, V. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04436-w
“Given that cardiometabolic conditions like hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes are both common and disproportionately affect minoritised populations [42–44], equitable and timely postnatal assessment is essential to reduce long-term cardiometabolic risk.”
Nobleza, C. O., & Kumar, M. A. (2025) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-025-00855-5
Raju, G. A. R., Sravani, P., Mahapatro, P., Kovvuri, A., Dave, V., Sharma, V., & Bunger, D. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.96633
The Relationship Between Obesity and Pregnancy
Al-hashimi, H. T., & Merie, G. M. S. (2025) · Pharaonic Journal of Science · doi:10.71428/pjs.2025.0210
“In another survey, approximately 15% and 7% of proportionally increased risk of simultaneous small-for-gestational-age infants as well [34-36].”
Kang, L., Luo, D., Xie, W., Luo, X., Mei, J., & He, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1665935
Be-Ikuu, D. D., Mwini-Nyaledzigbor, P. P., Ayawine, A., & Amoah, E. J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25398-x
The Adverse Impact of Pregestational Prediabetes Contributes to HELLP Syndrome Development
Siboto, A., Ludidi, A., Xulu, N. D., et al. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14121707
“Additionally, both pathologies have adverse effects on both the mother and fetus, such as a significantly increased risk of developing hypertension, heart failure, end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [4,5].”
Zhao, T., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Tao, Y., Chen, M., & Jia, R.-Z. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.31083/ceog44610
“The global prevalence of HDP is about 116/100,000, but significant geographical disparities exist, with Africa having the highest prevalence (335/100,000) and the Western Pacific region the lowest (16/100,000) [3].”
Zhang, B., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1719334
Ermayanti, P. D., Mastryagung, G. A. D., & Dewi, N. W. E. P. (2025) · Journal Center of Research Publication in Midwifery and Nursing · doi:10.36474/caring.v9i2.568
Wu, R., Duan, M., Zong, D., & Li, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25678749
Wu, R., Duan, M., Zong, D., & Li, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25678598
Wu, R., Duan, M., Zong, D., & Li, Z. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710742
Zhang, J., Suo, Y., Wang, L., Liu, D., Jia, Y., Fu, Y., Fan, W., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26744576
Gebelerde Hipertansif Bozukluklar ve Beslenme
Özkanalıcı, E., & Çolak, F. E. (2025) · Sağlık Bilimleri ve Klinik Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.63695/jhscr.1595107
Residential Greenness and Subtypes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Metabolomic Investigation
Cao, J., Jiang, W., Zhang, T., Yuan, Z., Yang, D., Liu, L., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119667
Xie, J., Zhang, T., Li, X., et al. (2026) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2611451
Self-citationNigate, G. K., Ferede, Y. A., Yirdaw, B. W., et al. (2026) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100601
Liu, H., Mei, Y., Cheng, J., Zeng, S., & Liang, H. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08685-2
“Moreover, it is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including macrosomia, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal hypoglycemia [3–5].”
Chen, X., Zhu, Q., Wang, L. L., et al. (2026) · Reproduction · doi:10.1093/reprod/xaag016
Zhao, X., Xu, P., Du, P., Cui, X., Xu, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Cui, X., & Tang, J. (2026) · Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications · doi:10.15212/cvia.2025.0037
Liu, B., & Yan, D. (2026) · Hypertension in Pregnancy · doi:10.1080/10641955.2026.2634182
Cai, Z., Li, R., Zhang, X., & Wei, X. (2026) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115062
BPX-Net: biomarker-preserved explainable networks for disease diagnosis and prognosis
Wang, J., Chen, S., Wen, R., Ying, H., Xu, W., Yin, L., Deng, X., Han, C., Zhu, Q., Zhang, B., et al. (2026) · BioData Mining · doi:10.1186/s13040-026-00537-1
“Considering that increased oxidative stress is frequently observed in GDM patients [40], PARP11 may indirectly influence disease progression by modulating cellular responses to this stress.”
Liu, Y., Zhong, S., Zhong, K., Su, L., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Xu, C., Deng, Y., Ma, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1736779
Behrouzi, T., Yu, J., Yang, R., et al. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/86203
“Conditions such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and postpartum depression impose significant global health burdens [2].”
Das, J. K., Malik, A. A., Papageorghiou, A. T., Piryani, S., Ambareen, M., Zuberi, N. F., Islam, Z. S., Mohammed, N., Hussain, N. F., Samad, Z. Z., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107773 · Cited by 1
“13 14–18 Epidemiological studies link heat stress to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders and cardiovascular complications.”
Self-citationSpiteri, S., Teychenne, M. J., Porter, J., Brown, W. J., & van der Pligt, P. (2026) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2026.2637757
Irshad, H. A., Khan, M. A. A., Yaseen, A., Lodhi, B., Abdullah, F., Mansoor, S., & Lassi, Z. S. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08971-z
“While high-income countries (HICs) have made progress in mitigating the burden of these disorders, women in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are still disproportionately affected [1].”
Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2026) · Environment & Health · doi:10.1021/envhealth.5c00760
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Females
Anwar, K., Hussain, A., Zafar, A., Muzafar, S., Shaukat, R., Yasin, H., Yasin, T., & Yousaf, N. (2026) · Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.54393/pjhs.v7i3.3432
Wegbom, A., Ogbonda, P., & Samuel, N. (2026) · World Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20261102.11
Pharmacological management of gestational diabetes
Almeida, A. L. C., & Estrín, M. A. (2025) · SAP Primary Care · doi:10.62486/pc202514
Kinshella, M. W., Bone, J. N., Elawad, T., Mistry, H. D., Poye, L., Tsigas, E. Z., Devadas, D., Mateljan, V., Volvert, M., Vidler, M., et al. (2026) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.70240 · Cited by 2
“Though social factors may influence the development of pre-eclampsia, these have not been well incorporated into previous reviews of pre-eclampsia risk factors [18–21].”
Self-citationWu, T., Li, T., Wang, X.-P., Meng, Y., Wu, Y.-T., & Huang, H. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124558
Li, Y., Chehab, R. F., WANG, E. Z., Susarla, S. M., Voong, C., Chen, H., Cabatu, M. C., Sorsby-Jones, H., & Zhu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1692590 · Cited by 1
“Although previous efforts based on the GBD Study have sought to characterize the global burden of HDP (4, 5, 7, 8), these studies may not fully capture the true prevalence due to limitations in data sources and methodology, including but not limited to indirect prevalence inference from available…”
Xu, T., Yu, X., Ji, B., Zhang, Y., Tong, R., & Gao, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2026.1796320 · Cited by 1
Samuels, L., Mukape, M., Kuhrt, K., Oliveira, L. G., Shennan, A. H., Chappell, L. C., & Hurrell, A. (2026) · The Lancet Obstetrics Gynaecology & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/s3050-5038(26)00057-9
Programmed frozen embryo transfer under scrutiny: time to rebalance clinical practice?
Yaralı́, H., Erden, M., & Mümüşoğlu, S. (2026) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.002
Li, S.-Y., Hu, M.-M., Xiang, L.-L., Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, Y.-T., Chen, Y., Zeng, Y., & Zhong, T. (2026) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i5.117022
Zhu, Z., Tang, Y., Lv, J., & Wang, X. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-09245-4
“However, the absence of a global consensus on the diagnostic criteria for HDP, coupled with significant variations in disease burden and clinical practice across regions, complicates standardized management [6].”
Cardio-obstetrics care: challenging scenarios in heart failure and future directions
Sliwa, K. S., Verdonschot, J. A. J., Hoevelmann, J., Macera, F., Cowley, B., Schamroth, A., de Marvao, A., Mbakwem, A. C., Farhan, H. A., Sensini, L., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/ejhf/xuag175
Chi, M., Tang, J., Wang, S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000004369
Expert opinion on best practice in programmed frozen embryo transfers: a Delphi consensus
Ata, B., Devine, K., Humaidan, P., Mümüşoğlu, S., García-Velasco, J. A., Wu, I.-H., Schwarze, J.-E., D’Hooghe, T., & Yaralı́, H. (2026) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105820
A dual-microneedle system for integrated continuous glucose monitoring and feedback insulin delivery
Zhao, K., Niu, Y., Cao, X., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127070
Li, Y., Long, X., Zhang, Y., Tu, S., Luo, W., Wang, X., Zeng, L., Ye, F., Deng, X., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s603459
Nanomaterial‐Based Strategies to Modulate Placental Dysfunction in Preeclampsia
Wang, Y., Liu, S., Shen, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Sun, J., Tan, X., Zhang, W., & Yu, G. (2026) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70199
“Preeclampsia is one of the most serious complications of human pregnancy, and it is also one of the main causes of maternal and perinatal incidence worldwide (MacDonald et al. 2022; Jiang, Tang, et al. 2022).”
Li, J., Zheng, W., & Li, G. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113402
Gao, D., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y. N., Li, J., Li, C., Liang, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Ji, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.16.04204
“Previous studies have shown that GDM and HDPs can lead to various obstetric complications, including preterm birth, placental abruption, post-partum haemorrhage, and even maternal death [ 3 ].”
Pineda-Cortel, M. R., Payort, M. D. O., Madriaga, D. K. R., et al. (2026) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2026.100978
Annesi, L., Agnoletti, D., Angilletta, E., Baracchi, A., Buccomino, G., Cromi, D., Montaguti, E., Nassonova, A., Pieri, L., Pilu, G., et al. (2026) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104871
Jiang, Y. (2026) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101051
“4,5 Short-term risks for mothers with GDM include hypertensive disorders, cesarean sections, and fetal macrosomia, while long-term risks are notably significant, with a 70% chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) within a decade postpartum, as well as increased risks of cardiovascular…”
Marvila, K., Lacerda, A. S., da Silva, L. B. G., et al. (2026) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113339
Jiang, R., Shu, L., Yang, F., Huang, S., Li, X. J., Ye, X., & Qp, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1876680
“At the individual level, management approaches for HDP primarily encompass pharmacological therapy, nutritional supplementation, and lifestyle modifications (12, 13).”
Self-citationAbdu, N., Idrisnur, S., Goitom, A., Weldemariam, D. G., Tewelde, T., Tesfamariam, E. H., & Russom, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1806253
Cheng, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Ma, S., Tian, H., Wu, S., Jiang, Y. X., Huang, X., Yang, H., Ding, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1896745
Evangelista, I. D. S., & Rezende, C. L. (2026) · LUMEN ET VIRTUS · doi:10.56238/levv17n62-040
Zhu, W., Wu, X., & Hu, R. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355339
“There has been a consistent rise in global morbidity [3], making GDM one of the most prevalent metabolic issues during pregnancy [4].”
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the United Arab Emirates
Hegazy, A., Alhusami, M. A., Sait, R., Hazari, K., Harab, D., Abdelkareem, W., Tahlak, M., Mirza, F., Jackson, L., Sverrisdóttir, Y. B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2026.1866855
Zavala-Martínez, L. M., Hurtado-Salgado, E. M., Baltazar-Reyes, M. C., Ortíz, E. G., & Cupul‐Uicab, L. A. (2026) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-026-02750-1
“[2, 3], whereas preeclampsia is the most frequent pregnancy complication with a worldwide prevalence ranging from 2% to 8% [4].”
Zhang, X., Zhan, Z., Li, X., Guo, Y., Liu, H., Huang, Y., Mai, X., Li, Y., Han, Y., Zheng, F., et al. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c02375
Self-citationZhuang, S., Yu, M., Ip, H. L., Huang, Y., Fong, D. Y. T., & Lok, K. Y. W. (2026) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2026.105660
А.Ж., К., Р.Н., И., Жунусова, М. К., Mussabekova, Z., Akhmetova, S. S., Абылгазинова, А. Ж., Мукажанова, А. К., & Yeshova, D. A. (2026) · Ġylym men densaulyķ saķtau. · doi:10.34689/sh.2026.28.3.031
Basal plate remodeling in vascular-metabolic pregnancy disorders
Dugalić, S., Jovanović, L., Ivanović, K., Milinčić, M., Pavlović, D., Lazarević, A., & Gojnić-Dugalić, M. (2026) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2026-0297
“These disorders are associated with preterm delivery, operative delivery, abnormal fetal growth, neonatal morbidity, and neonatal intensive care admission [2, 4].”
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Metformin and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Phenotype-Based Focused Narrative Review
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“Many trials are conducted in specialist settings and may not reflect medication access, insulin availability, monitoring capacity, or referral barriers in routine practice [42,43].”
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InfluentialUse of amlodipine to treat postpartum hypertension
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“Pregnant individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or hypertension face a higher risk of complications during pregnancy and later in life, including maternal mortality and morbidity, future cardiometabolic disorders, and negative effects on fetuses and newborns [31, 32].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jiang, L., Tang, K., Magee, L. A., von Dadelszen, P., Ekeroma, A., Li, X., Zhang, E., & Bhutta, Z. A.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- King's College London (GB)
- National University of Samoa (WS)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology
- Published
- 2022-09-15
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 760-775
- ISSN
- 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5037
- PMC
- PMC9483536
- OpenAlex
- W4295932326
- Semantic Scholar
- 5740e57410ed757950c0fa2e6bedf524377fcebb
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 281
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, global burden of disease, low- and middle-income countries, social determinants of health, health disparities, risk factors, intersectoral collaboration, COVID-19 impact on health services
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Female, Humans, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Gestational, Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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