The DOI matches its Crossref record; 148 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The pro-remyelination properties of microglia in the central nervous system
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the CNS that are involved in its development, homeostasis and response to infection and damage. Microglial activation is a common feature of neurological disorders, and although in some instances this activation can be damaging, protective and regenerative functions of microglia have been revealed. The most prominent example of the regenerative functions is a role for microglia in supporting regeneration of myelin after injury, a process that is critical for axonal health and relevant to numerous disorders in which loss of myelin integrity is a prevalent feature, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and motor neuron disease. Although drugs that are intended to promote remyelination are entering clinical trials, the mechanisms by which remyelination is controlled and how microglia are involved are not completely understood. In this Review, we discuss work that has identified novel regulators of microglial activation - including molecular drivers, population heterogeneity and turnover - that might influence their pro-remyelination capacity. We also discuss therapeutic targeting of microglia as a potential approach to promoting remyelination.
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In the citing paper
“Efficient clearance of myelin debris after demyelination can favorably impact OPC recruitment and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes [29].”
From TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Microglia activation and myelin debris clearance are critical steps for successful remyelination [29].”
From TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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In the citing paper
“Microglia drive a critical response to demyelination by clearing myelin debris and enabling newly formed oligodendrocytes to remyelinate denuded axons (8).”
From Peroxisomal integrity in demyelination-associated microglia enables cellular debris clearance and myelin renewal in mice (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
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In the citing paper
“Long-term demyelination occurs post-SCI, with lipid-containing myelin debris being absorbed and processed by inflammatory cells, including microglia—a process crucial for paving the way for regenerative reactions and inflammation resolution [9–11].”
From miR-223 accelerates lipid droplets clearance in microglia following spinal cord injury by upregulating ABCA1 (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
Murray, P. J., Allen, J. E., Biswas, S. K., Fisher, E. A., Gilroy, D. W., Goerdt, S., Gordon, S., Hamilton, J. A., Ivashkiv, L. B., Lawrence, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008 · Cited by 6,337
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089
Krasemann, S., Madore, C., Cialic, R., Baufeld, C., Calcagno, N., El Fatimy, R., Beckers, L., O’Loughlin, E., Xu, Y., Fanek, Z., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.008 · Cited by 2,979
Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Parkhurst, C. N., Yang, G., Ninan, I., Savas, J. N., Yates, J. R., Lafaille, J. J., Hempstead, B. L., Littman, D. R., & Gan, W.-B. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030 · Cited by 2,599
Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia
Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Moore, C. S., Cialic, R., Lanser, A. J., Gabriely, G., Koeglsperger, T., Dake, B., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3599 · Cited by 2,543
Hammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225
Transcriptome-Based Network Analysis Reveals a Spectrum Model of Human Macrophage Activation
Xue, J., Schmidt, S. V., Sander, J., Draffehn, A., Krebs, W., Quester, I., De Nardo, D., Gohel, T. D., Emde, M., Schmidleithner, L., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.006 · Cited by 2,210
Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045
Elmore, M. R. P., Najafi, A. R., Koike, M. A., Dagher, N. N., Spangenberg, E. E., Rice, R. A., Kitazawa, M., Matusow, B., Nguyen, H., West, B. L., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040 · Cited by 1,968
Cited by
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Microglia: Immune and non-immune functions
Borst, K., Dumas, A. A., & Prinz, M. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.014 · Cited by 804
Cignarella, F., Filipello, F., Bollman, B., Cantoni, C., Locca, A., Mikesell, R., Manis, M., Ibrahim, A., Deng, L., Benitez, B. A., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02193-z · Cited by 392
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: From basic science to clinical translation
Lubetzki, C., Zalc, B., Williams, A., Stadelmann, C., & Stankoff, B. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30140-x · Cited by 350
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the transcriptional landscape in ischemic stroke
Zheng, K., Lin, L., Jiang, W., Chen, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Ren, Y., & Hao, J. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211026770 · Cited by 308
Microglia and the aging brain: are senescent microglia the key to neurodegeneration?
Angelova, D. M., & Brown, D. R. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14860 · Cited by 262
Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd, A. F., & Miron, V. E.
- Affiliations
- Multiple Sclerosis Society (GB)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2019-06-29
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 447-458
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W2954946400
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Action Medical Research
- Medical Research Council (MR/M020827/1, MR/N022556/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- microglia, remyelination, microglial activation, demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, microglial heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Remyelination, Aging, Animals, Central Nervous System, Demyelinating Diseases, Homeostasis, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Microglia
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