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The pro-remyelination properties of microglia in the central nervous system
Open accessAbstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the CNS that are involved in its development, homeostasis and response to infection and damage. Microglial activation is a common feature of neurological disorders, and although in some instances this activation can be damaging, protective and regenerative functions of microglia have been revealed. The most prominent example of the regenerative functions is a role for microglia in supporting regeneration of myelin after injury, a process that is critical for axonal health and relevant to numerous disorders in which loss of myelin integrity is a prevalent feature, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and motor neuron disease. Although drugs that are intended to promote remyelination are entering clinical trials, the mechanisms by which remyelination is controlled and how microglia are involved are not completely understood. In this Review, we discuss work that has identified novel regulators of microglial activation - including molecular drivers, population heterogeneity and turnover - that might influence their pro-remyelination capacity. We also discuss therapeutic targeting of microglia as a potential approach to promoting remyelination.
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“Efficient clearance of myelin debris after demyelination can favorably impact OPC recruitment and differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes [29].”
From TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Microglia activation and myelin debris clearance are critical steps for successful remyelination [29].”
From TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Microglia drive a critical response to demyelination by clearing myelin debris and enabling newly formed oligodendrocytes to remyelinate denuded axons (8).”
From Peroxisomal integrity in demyelination-associated microglia enables cellular debris clearance and myelin renewal in mice (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
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In the citing paper
“Long-term demyelination occurs post-SCI, with lipid-containing myelin debris being absorbed and processed by inflammatory cells, including microglia—a process crucial for paving the way for regenerative reactions and inflammation resolution [9–11].”
From miR-223 accelerates lipid droplets clearance in microglia following spinal cord injury by upregulating ABCA1 (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd, A. F., & Miron, V. E.
- Affiliations
- Multiple Sclerosis Society (GB)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2019-06-29
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 447-458
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W2954946400
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Action Medical Research
- Medical Research Council (MR/M020827/1, MR/N022556/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- microglia, remyelination, microglial activation, demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, microglial heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Remyelination, Aging, Animals, Central Nervous System, Demyelinating Diseases, Homeostasis, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Microglia
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