The neurobiological basis of narcolepsy

Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior

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The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity

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Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems

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Narcolepsy in orexin Knockout Mice

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Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms

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The Sleep Disorder Canine Narcolepsy Is Caused by a Mutation in the Hypocretin (Orexin) Receptor 2 Gene

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A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains

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Reduced Number of Hypocretin Neurons in Human Narcolepsy

Thannickal, T. C., Moore, R. Y., Nienhuis, R., Ramanathan, L., Gulyani, S., Aldrich, M., Cornford, M., & Siegel, J. M. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00058-1 · Cited by 2,089

Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy

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Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy, Hypophagia, and Obesity

Hara, J., Beuckmann, C. T., Nambu, T., Willie, J. T., Chemelli, R. M., Sinton, C. M., Sugiyama, F., Yagami, K.-I., Goto, K., Yanagisawa, M., et al. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00293-8 · Cited by 1,401

Clinical significance of ADHD traits in central disorders of hypersomnolence

Takagi, S., Sugihara, G., Shimizu, M., Takahashi, H., & Inoue, Y. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-025-00028-w · Cited by 1

Disordered descent into sleep: microstructural divergence across arousal-linked conditions

Biabani, N., Birdseye, A., Gnoni, V., Tauman, R., Ilić, K., Drakatos, P., Nesbitt, A. D., Puligheddu, M., O'Regan, D., Leech, R., et al. (2026) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-026-00070-8 · Cited by 1

Narcolepsy as an immune-associated hypothalamic encephalopathy: orexin dysfunction and implications for precision sleep medicine

Arias-Carrión, Ó., Ortega‐Robles, E., Romano, P., & Pineda, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1799520 · Cited by 1

The hidden burden of narcolepsy type 1: Discordance in psychobehavioral symptoms between patient self-reports and reports from close family members and friends

Mazza, S., Fort, E., Martel, N., Ricordeau, F., Bastuji, H., Arnulf, I., Barateau, L., Bourgin, P., Dauvilliers, Y. A., Debs, R., et al. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108969 · Cited by 1

Anxiety, for better or for worse

Herrera-Solís, A., Hernández-Lira, A., Ruiz‐Contreras, A. E., Ostos‐Valverde, A., Sánchez‐Zavaleta, R., Arellano-García, L., & Prospero-Garcia, O. E. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111748 · Cited by 1

The Italian registry for narcolepsy and central disorders of hypersomnolence (ReN&IS): Baseline clinical and diagnostic findings

Torreri, P., Buoncuore, G., Rocchetti, A., Facciaroni, L., Carta, C., Pizza, F., Vignatelli, L., Strambi, L. F., Biscarini, F., Zenti, M., et al. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109021 · Cited by 1

What respiratory physicians should know about narcolepsy and other hypersomnias

Klaus, S. P., Carolan, A., O’Rourke, D., & Kennedy, B. (2022) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.0157-2022 · Cited by 1

Hypothalamic lesion in a neuropsychiatric lupus patient with narcolepsy

Moriya, H., Fujieda, Y., Amengual, O., Kanbayashi, T., & Atsumi, T. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/03009742.2023.2177432 · Cited by 1

A preliminary study investigating the clinical potential of measuring cerebrospinal-fluid lactate levels in patients with narcolepsy type 1 and 2

Fernandes, M., Spanetta, M., Placidi, F., Izzi, F., Negri, F., Nuccetelli, M., Bernardini, S., Mercuri, N. B., & Liguori, C. (2023) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114371 · Cited by 1

Exploring the correlation between paediatric narcolepsy and serum neurofilament light chain levels: An exploratory study

Li, W., Sun, M., & Chen, C. (2024) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.08.005 · Cited by 1

Central hypersomnias in children

Lebedev, V. V., Kozhevnikova, O. V., & Gazaryan, A. A. (2024) · Russian Pediatric Journal · doi:10.46563/1560-9561-2024-27-6-441-445 · Cited by 1

Chemistry of Neurochemicals: Psychopharmaceuticals and Neuropeptides

Shetgaonkar, G. G., & Kumar, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-5167-3_3 · Cited by 1

CEREBRAL INFORMATION PROCESSING DURING SLEEP: EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL APPROACHES

Kovalzon, V. M. (2023) · Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии · doi:10.31857/s0044452923020031 · Cited by 1

Narcolepsy and the Dissociation of REM Sleep and Cataplexy through Ambient Temperature ManipulationPreprint

Viberti, B., Branca, L., Bellini, S., Bassetti, C. L., Adamantidis, A., & Schmidt, M. H. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.29.474449 · Cited by 1

Academic and socio-professional trajectories in narcolepsy type 1: the NARCOSCOL-NARCOVITAE multicentric studyPreprint

Peter‐Derex, L., Fort, E., Putois, B., Martel, N., Ricordeau, F., Bastuji, H., Arnulf, I., Barateau, L., Bourgin, P., Dauvilliers, Y. A., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.13.24301265 · Cited by 1

Causal association of lifestyle factors, clinical features in the risk of sleep disorders: Based on mendelian randomization analysisPreprint

Xu, J., Wang, B., Zhu, W., & Ao, H. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5092259/v1 · Cited by 1

Arousal State Control of Physiological Human Brain PulsationsPreprint

Järvelä, M., Kananen, J., Helakari, H., Korhonen, V. O., Huotari, N., Raitamaa, L., Tuunanen, J., Kallio, M., Piispala, J., Ansakorpi, H., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635032 · Cited by 1

Orexin- and MCH-Neurons Double-Ablated Mice Display Severe Sleep Attacks and CataplexyPreprint

Hung, C. J., Ono, D., & Yamanaka, A. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3363761

In Vitro Treg Immunosuppression Assay of GITR Proteins Could Elucidate the Autoimmune-mediated Mechanism Underlying Type 1 Narcolepsy

Cheng, Y.-H., & Gadziola, M. A. (2021) · UTSC s Journal of Natural Sciences · doi:10.33137/jns.v2i1.34611

Neuroscience: Glutamate neurons in the medial septum control wakefulness

Taksokhan, A., Fraigne, J. J., & Peever, J. H. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.006

Narcolepsy: A Chronic Neurological Disorder - A Review

Jain, A. A. (2021) · Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications · doi:10.21786/bbrc/14.6.61

Sleep and Autoimmunity

Dalmau, J. O., & Graus, F. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108696722.023

Other Sleep Disorders of Importance

Bailey, F. D. R., & Attanasio, M. R. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119080336.ch10

Editorial: Behaviors and Neural Circuits in Sleep and Sedation

Harding, E. C., Zhang, Z., Dong, H., & Yu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.930591

A case study of Kleine-Levin syndrome with decreased intracranial pressure in adolescent female

Sumei, Z. (2022) · Journal of Multiscale Neuroscience · doi:10.56280/1532964696

Schlaf hat’s ganz schön in sich

Dick, S. (2022) · DO - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Osteopathie · doi:10.1055/a-1787-1820

Douleurs et troubles du sommeil

Vayssière, P. C., & Perogamvros, L. (2022) · Douleur et Analgésie · doi:10.3166/dea-2022-0219

Treating Narcolepsy With Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chin, Y. L., Seng, K. B., Ye, H., En, P. R., Aslam, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Linchao, Q., Peryen, T., Qi, K. Y., Jun, L. Y., et al. (2023) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-9463-9.ch006

Neuropeptidergic regulation of locomotion inhibition in C. elegans

der Auwera, P. V. (2023) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.73497

Parálisis de sueño durante la siesta como síntoma inicial de narcolepsia

López, P. V., & Contreras, A. M. (2023) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.77s01.2023197

Narcolepsia: un síndrome de somnolencia diurna con impacto en la calidad de vida

Porras, F. Q., & Gutiérrez, J. A. C. (2023) · Revista Medica Sinergia · doi:10.31434/rms.v8i8.1091

Harriet Tubman’s Hypersomnia: Insights from Historical and Medical Perspectives

Balmuth, E. A., & Scammell, T. E. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08414-x

Aspectos neurobiológicos, genéticos e imunológicos da narcolepsia: revisão integrativa da literatura / Neurobiological, genetic and immunological aspects of narcolepsy: integrative literature review

Machado, A. A. V., Souza, J. C., & Silva, B. M. B. D. M. (2023) · Arquivos Médicos dos Hospitais e da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo · doi:10.26432/1809-3019.2023.68.014

Neuropsychopharmacology: Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Tardive Dyskinesia, Narcolepsy, Migraine, Tourette’s and Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis of Epilepsy

Belmaker, R. H., & Lichtenberg, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40371-2_19

Prevalence Of Sleep Disorders Among Medical Students Of Lahore and Their Correlation with Obesity

Akram, A., Qasim, M., Shahid, N. U. A., Kazmi, T. H., & Farhat, S. (2023) · Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore · doi:10.47489/szmc.v37i4.437

Metabolomics in sleep disorders

Jha, P. K., & Bouâouda, H. (2024) · Comprehensive analytical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2023.09.013

Overview of Narcolepsy: How Can a Sleep Disorder Be Life-Threatening?

Vahora, S., Koneru, S., & Shumway, K. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5846

The impact of narcolepsy symptoms and treatment on sex life - current evidence and reports

Kasprzak, K., Dyzma-Kasprzak, A., Wingralek, Z. J., & Pukaluk-Lewinska, A. (2024) · Current Problems of Psychiatry · doi:10.12923/2353-8627/2024-0012

Clinical and psychological aspects of hypersomnia and narcolepsy

Goltsman, K. E., Викторович, Б. М., Amelina, V. V., Gubareva, I. D., & Sviryaev, Y. V. (2024) · Russian Journal for Personalized Medicine · doi:10.18705/2782-3806-2024-4-3-246-254

Narcolepsy

Kotagal, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75566-5.00017-4

Troubles du cycle veille-sommeil

Cambier, J., Masson, M., Masson-Boivin, C., & Dehen, H. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78318-0.00009-4

Bidirectional Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationships between schizophrenia and narcolepsy

Geng, C., & Chen, C. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.10.007

Bibliometric and visual study of narcolepsy from 2000 to 2023

Yang, C., Sun, L.-L., Wang, S., Li, H., & Zhang, K. (2024) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v14.i12.1971

Impaired Vigilance in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1: A Psychomotor Vigilance Task Study

Yu, J., Zhou, Y., Han, X., Li, Z., Chen, F., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s491893

Activation of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) receptors in the Raphe Pallidus at different ambient temperatures in the rat: effects on thermoregulation, cardiovascular control, sleep, and feeding behavior

Hitrec, T. (2024) · doi:10.52843/cassyni.4lss93

Pathophysiologie der Narkolepsie

Kallweit, U., & Dittmar, T. (2025) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-025-00494-7

Determinants of substance use patterns in patients with narcolepsy type 1: A multi-center comparative cross-sectional study

Peter‐Derex, L., Fort, E., Putois, B., Martel, N., Ricordeau, F., Bastuji, H., Arnulf, I., Barateau, L., Bourgin, P., Dauvilliers, Y. A., et al. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.02.037

Symptomatic narcolepsy type 2 in a patient with AQP4–positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Yoshimura, T., Wakai, M., Kanbayashi, T., & Katsuno, M. (2025) · Rinsho Shinkeigaku · doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-002048

Narcolepsy and Orexin Receptor 2

Kimura, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_136-1

Rapid eye movement sleep muscle activity in routine polysomnography as a marker for narcolepsy

Paudel, D., Xu, Y., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Sleep research. · doi:10.1002/slp2.70007

Pharmacological mechanisms of Nelumbinis plumula for insomnia: validation of key active ingredients and target pathwaysPreprint

Wang, Y., Fang, J., He, J., Xiao, N., Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., & Liu, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019991/v1

Neurotransmitters, genetics, and animal models in narcolepsy: a comprehensive overview

Alahmady, N. F., & Alkhulaifi, F. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00003-1

Narcolepsy and metabolic rate: what do we know?

Dhafar, H. O., & BaHammam, A. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00016-x

Understanding sleep in narcolepsy: sleep physiology, neurobiology, and cognitive impairment mechanisms

Habib, S. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00001-8

The natural history of narcolepsy: lessons from longitudinal studies

Bahammam, S. A., & BaHammam, A. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00018-3

Narcolepsy 2025 (with an Australasian perspective)

Lin, A., Yee, B. J., Tai, J. E., & Sivam, S. (2025) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.70186

Quantification of electromyographic activity during REM sleep in Chinese narcolepsy patients and healthy controls: a comparative study

Paudel, D., Liang, S., Du, S., Xin, Q., Xu, Y., Zhou, D. N., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-025-03450-9

Mutant mouse models implicate a role for mGluR1/5, prolyl isomerase (Pin1) and Homer1a interactions in wakefulness

Keenan, B. T., Strus, E., Lin, R., Chan, M. T., Lian, J., Galante, R. J., Worley, P. F., Pack, A. I., & Naidoo, N. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1572258

Impact of neuromodulation on excessive daytime sleepiness: a narrative review

Li, M., Feng, L., Pan, W. H., Zhang, X., Du, X., & Li, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1545206

Psychiatry at the turn of the century and a vision for future developments

Oquendo, M. A., Barrigón, M. L., & Baca‐García, E. (2025) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2025.2591200 · Cited by 1

Additional file 1 of Whole-genome analysis of monozygotic Brazilian twins discordant for type 1 narcolepsy: a case report

Campos, J. H. C., Aguilar, A. C. R., Antoneli, F. M., Truzzi, G., Briones, M. R. S., Ferreira, R. C., & Coelho, F. M. S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21593976

Additional file 18 of Whole-genome analysis of monozygotic Brazilian twins discordant for type 1 narcolepsy: a case report

Campos, J. H. C., Aguilar, A. C. R., Antoneli, F. M., Truzzi, G., Briones, M. R. S., Ferreira, R. C., & Coelho, F. M. S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21593973

Sleep Disorders and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and Mendelian Randomization

Wang, H., Huang, L., Yu, M., Qu, S., Wang, Y., Cao, X., Meng, Y., Gao, Y., Ding, B., Bai, W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-025-00890-7

Circadian Variations in Cognitive Performance Among Patients With Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Comparative Study

Cheng, Y. N., Fang, R., Fang, L., Paudel, D., Xu, Y. N., Wu, A., Liang, S., Jiang, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, D. N., et al. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap48699

Differential effects of orexin system activation on dizocilpine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice

Burckhardt, A., Rakowsky, A., Kahl, E., Morchhale, S., Mayer, D., Panagiotou, N., Permien, L., Faesel, N., & Fendt, M. (2026) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2026.102587

Patient-reported experiences of cognitive difficulties and their impact on daily life in narcolepsy type 1

Maski, K. P., Pfeiffer, K., Brod, M. I., Latzman, R. D., Bermingham, S. L., Maruff, P. T., & Harel, B. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1760952

Hypothalamic volume reduction in adult patients with narcolepsy type 1

Motta, L., Venturi, G., Biscarini, F., Fiscone, C., Morandi, L., Manners, D. N., Mignot, E. J.-M., Pizza, F., Gnazzo, M., Lodi, R., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag087

InertiaLocoGraphy for routine quantification of gait disorders in multiple sclerosis

Vienne-Jumeau, A. (2019) · doi:10.70675/85dd8dccze79fz40daz9a73z9d108af77bce

Case 11-2026: A 24-Year-Old Man with Depression, Anhedonia, and Fatigue

Kamali, M., Quiggle, A. R., & Chopra, A. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc2517861

Cardiovascular risk in narcolepsy: Comparison of type 1 and type 2 in a real-world cohort

Riaz, M., Kaufmann, C. N., Bhattacharjee, R., Wilson, D. L., Lo‐Ciganic, W., Wickwire, E. M., Malhotra, A., & Park, H. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00069-9

State-dependent neuronal and network dynamics in the lateral hypothalamus across sevoflurane anesthesia–emergence revealed by microelectrode arrays

Li, Q., Jia, Q., Song, Y., Miao, J., wang, Y., Liu, Y., Duan, Y., Sun, B., Luo, J., Yang, Q., et al. (2026) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-026-01283-4

Narcolepsy type 1: an environment-influenced disease

Vinceti, B., Fusco, C., Cordelli, D. M., & Plazzi, G. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109034

Computational approaches to understanding GPCR function

Yokoi, S., & Mitsutake, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30042-4.00010-9

Narcolepsy with co-occurring epilepsy: diagnostic pitfalls and management strategy

Zhang, X., Zha, M., Ren, J., Chen, J., Zhou, D., Sander, J. W. A. S., Li, J., & Zhou, J. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864261453762

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as a neuromodulatory target for refractory epilepsy

Murray, J., Hong, E., Mulloy, S., & Nobis, W. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2026.1800427

Oxytocin in the amygdala links social and reward signals to cataplexy in mice

(2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02349-2

Lemborexant produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects with sleep-wake regulation compared with fluoxetine in male mice with comorbid depression and insomnia

Lai, N., Wang, J., Lou, J., Miao, L., Zhou, R., Fan, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111127

Нічна неврологія: чому розлади сну стали стратегічною мішенню сучасної медицини (частина І)

(2026) · Український медичний часопис · doi:10.32471/umj.1680-3051.280210

A distinct psychotic phenotype in pediatric narcolepsy type 1: a case-control study

Baldini, V., Gnazzo, M., Biscarini, F., Bruni, O., Varallo, G., Lecendreux, M., Mignot, E. J.-M., Ronchi, D. D., Shahbaz, A., Vandi, S., et al. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109246

Sleep as an Immune Biomarker: Disease-specific Phenotypes and the Principle of Time is Brain, Time is Sleep

Panigrahi, B. (2026) · doi:10.5005/cjnan-11053-0009

Dose-response meta-analysis of dual orexin receptor antagonists on sleep parameters and implications for orexin-mediated arousal

Caiazza, C., Palagini, L., Toni, C., Maffucci, A., Sampogna, G., Riemann, D. W., & Fiorillo, A. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109249

Oveporexton approved for narcolepsy: Restoring the brain’s missing wakefulness signal

The Innovation News Team (2026) · The Innovation Neurology · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-tine.2026.100013

Orexin pathway modulation in narcolepsy: from Autoimmune mechanisms to nanotechnology enabled therapeutic delivery

Irfan, M., Shahid, N., Nasar, A., Azmat, M., Khalid, F., & Azam, S. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109253

A New Electrophysiological Approach to Sleep Microstructure: The Gülhane Classification of K-Complex Subtypes in Narcolepsy Type 1 and Type 2

Tekin, V., Koçer, M., Bıçakçı, E. Ü., Şahin, F., Akçay, B. D., & Yetki̇n, S. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16091556

The role of histamine in narcolepsy type 1: a narrative review

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The effectiveness and value of oveporexton for narcolepsy

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