The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disruption of TET2 promotes the therapeutic efficacy of CD19-targeted T cells
Open accessAbstract
Cancer immunotherapy based on genetically redirecting T cells has been used successfully to treat B cell malignancies 1-3. In this strategy, the T cell genome is modified by integration of viral vectors or transposons encoding chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) that direct tumour cell killing. However, this approach is often limited by the extent of expansion and persistence of CAR T cells 4,5. Here we report mechanistic insights from studies of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with CAR T cells targeting the CD19 protein. Following infusion of CAR T cells, anti-tumour activity was evident in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes and bone marrow; this activity was accompanied by complete remission. Unexpectedly, at the peak of the response, 94% of CAR T cells originated from a single clone in which lentiviral vector-mediated insertion of the CAR transgene disrupted the methylcytosine dioxygenase TET2 gene. Further analysis revealed a hypomorphic mutation in this patient's second TET2 allele. TET2-disrupted CAR T cells exhibited an epigenetic profile consistent with altered T cell differentiation and, at the peak of expansion, displayed a central memory phenotype. Experimental knockdown of TET2 recapitulated the potency-enhancing effect of TET2 dysfunction in this patient's CAR T cells. These findings suggest that the progeny of a single CAR T cell induced leukaemia remission and that TET2 modification may be useful for improving immunotherapies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, the composition of autologous starting material from cancer patients is highly variable, influenced by patient age and defects due to underlying disease or pre-treatment with lymphotoxic agents (35-38).”
From Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“T cells with a lentiviral integration disrupting TET2 showed strong preferential expansion at the peak of a patient’s response and likely contributed to this complete response to CAR T cell therapy.”
From Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function (2018) · cites this paper as Fraietta et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The potential power of human primary T cell loss-of-function screens was recently demonstrated in a patient who received CAR T cell therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (Fraietta et al., 2018).”
From Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function (2018) · cites this paper as Fraietta et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“There is also a report of an exceptional response in a patient with CLL treated by infusion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells in which the CAR construct disrupted one copy of TET2, while the other copy had been previously mutated somatically 96.”
From Clonal hematopoiesis in human aging and disease (2019) · cites this paper as [96]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y., & Greenleaf, W. J. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2688 · Cited by 6,422
Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1
Tahiliani, M., Koh, K. P., Shen, Y., Pastor, W. A., Bandukwala, H., Brudno, Y., Agarwal, S., Iyer, L. M., Liu, D. R., Aravind, L., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170116 · Cited by 5,836
Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
Maude, S. L., Laetsch, T. W., Buechner, J., Rives, S., Boyer, M., Bittencourt, H., Bader, P., Verneris, M. R., Stefanski, H. E., Myers, G. D., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1709866 · Cited by 5,735
Self-citationChimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia
Maude, S. L., Frey, N., Shaw, P. A., Aplenc, R., Barrett, D. M., Bunin, N. J., Chew, A., Gonzalez, V. E., Zheng, Z., Lacey, S. F., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1407222 · Cited by 5,413
Self-citationSummaries of Affymetrix GeneChip probe level data
Irizarry, R. A. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gng015 · Cited by 4,837
Chimeric antigen receptor–modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia
Porter, D. L., Levine, B. L., Kalos, M., Bagg, A., & June, C. H. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1103849 · Cited by 3,565
Self-citationTet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine
Ito, S., Shen, L., Dai, Q., Wu, S. C., Collins, L. B., Swenberg, J. A., He, C., & Zhang, Y. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1210597 · Cited by 3,451
Tet-Mediated Formation of 5-Carboxylcytosine and Its Excision by TDG in Mammalian DNA
He, Y., Li, B.-Z., Li, Z., Liu, P., Wang, Y., Tang, Q., Ding, J., Jia, Y., Chen, Z., Li, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1210944 · Cited by 2,776
Self-citationThe Nuclear DNA Base 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Is Present in Purkinje Neurons and the Brain
Kriaucionis, S., & Heintz, N. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169786 · Cited by 2,700
Ito, S., D’Alessio, A. C., Taranova, O., Hong, K., Sowers, L. C., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09303 · Cited by 2,628
CD19 CAR–T cells of defined CD4+:CD8+ composition in adult B cell ALL patients
Turtle, C. J., Hanafi, L.-A., Berger, C., Gooley, T. A., Cherian, S., Hudecek, M., Sommermeyer, D., Melville, K., Pender, B., Budiarto, T. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci85309 · Cited by 2,112
A human memory T cell subset with stem cell–like properties
Gattinoni, L., Lugli, E., Ji, Y., Pos, Z., Paulos, C. M., Quigley, M. F., Almeida, J. R., Gostick, E., Yu, Z., Carpenito, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2446 · Cited by 1,974
Self-citationChimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Refractory B-Cell Lymphomas
Schuster, S. J., Svoboda, J., Chong, E. A., Nasta, S. D., Mato, A. R., Anak, Ö., Brogdon, J. L., Pruteanu-Malinici, I., Bhoj, V. G., Landsburg, D. J., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1708566 · Cited by 1,891
Self-citationMutation in TET2 in Myeloid Cancers
Delhommeau, F., Dupont, S., Valle, V. D., James, C., Trannoy, S., Massé, A., Kosmider, O., Le Couedic, J.-P., Robert, F., Alberdi, A., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0810069 · Cited by 1,776
Porter, D. L., Hwang, W.-T., Frey, N. V., Lacey, S. F., Shaw, P. A., Loren, A. W., Bagg, A., Marcucci, K. T., Shen, A., Gonzalez, V., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5415 · Cited by 1,729
Self-citationA framework for oligonucleotide microarray preprocessing
Carvalho, B. S., & Irizarry, R. A. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq431 · Cited by 1,554
Epigenetic stability of exhausted T cells limits durability of reinvigoration by PD-1 blockade
Pauken, K. E., Sammons, M. A., Odorizzi, P. M., Manne, S., Godec, J., Khan, O., Drake, A. M., Chen, Z., Sen, D. R., Kurachi, M., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2807 · Cited by 1,348
Self-citationSavoldo, B., Ramos, C. A., Liu, E., Mims, M. P., Keating, M. J., Carrum, G., Kamble, R. T., Bollard, C. M., Gee, A. P., Mei, Z., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci46110 · Cited by 1,023
Quivoron, C., Couronné, L., Della Valle, V., Lopez, C. K., Plo, I., Wagner-Ballon, O., Do Cruzeiro, M., Delhommeau, F., Arnulf, B., Stern, M.-H., et al. (2011) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.06.003 · Cited by 924
Recurrent somatic TET2 mutations in normal elderly individuals with clonal hematopoiesis
Busque, L., Patel, J. P., Figueroa, M. E., Vasanthakumar, A., Provost, S., Hamilou, Z., Mollica, L., Li, J., Viale, A., Heguy, A., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2413 · Cited by 830
Decade-Long Safety and Function of Retroviral-Modified Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells
Scholler, J., Brady, T., Binder-Scholl, G. K., Hwang, W., Plesa, G., Hege, K. M., Vogel, A. N., Kalos, M. D., Riley, J. L., Deeks, S. G., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003761 · Cited by 653
Self-citationThe Discovery of 5‐Formylcytosine in Embryonic Stem Cell DNA
Pfaffeneder, T., Hackner, B., Truß, M., Münzel, M., Müller, M., Deiml, C. A., Hagemeier, C., & Carell, T. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201103899 · Cited by 483
Ibrutinib enhances chimeric antigen receptor T-cell engraftment and efficacy in leukemia
Fraietta, J. A., Beckwith, K. A., Patel, P. R., Ruella, M., Zheng, Z., Barrett, D. M., Lacey, S. F., Melenhorst, J. J., McGettigan, S. E., Cook, D. R., et al. (2016) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-679134 · Cited by 474
Self-citationCrystal Structure of TET2-DNA Complex: Insight into TET-Mediated 5mC Oxidation
Hu, L., Li, Z., Cheng, J., Rao, Q., Gong, W., Liu, M., Shi, Y. G., Zhu, J., Wang, P., & Xu, Y. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.020 · Cited by 467
Tefferi, A., Lim, K.-H., Abdel-Wahab, O. I., Lasho, T. L., Patel, J. L., Patnaik, M. M., Hanson, C., Pardanani, A. D., Gilliland, D. G., & Levine, R. L. (2009) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2009.59 · Cited by 268
Epigenomics of human CD8 T cell differentiation and aging
Moskowitz, D. M., Zhang, D. W., Hu, B., Le Saux, S., Yanes, R. E., Ye, Z., Buenrostro, J. D., Weyand, C. M., Greenleaf, W. J., & Goronzy, J. J. (2017) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0192 · Cited by 252
Treatment of Advanced Leukemia in Mice with mRNA Engineered T Cells
Barrett, D. M., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., Jiang, S., Carpenito, C., Kalos, M. D., Carroll, R. G., June, C. H., & Grupp, S. A. (2011) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2011.070 · Cited by 224
Self-citationGlobal DNA Methylation Remodeling Accompanies CD8 T Cell Effector Function
Scharer, C. D., Barwick, B. G., Youngblood, B., Ahmed, R., & Boss, J. M. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301395 · Cited by 212
HIV Integration Targeting: A Pathway Involving Transportin-3 and the Nuclear Pore Protein RanBP2
Ocwieja, K. E., Brady, T. L., Ronen, K., Huegel, A., Roth, S. L., Schaller, T., James, L. C., Towers, G. J., Young, J. A. T., Chanda, S. K., et al. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001313 · Cited by 212
Self-citationSelection of Target Sites for Mobile DNA Integration in the Human Genome
Berry, C., Hannenhalli, S., Leipzig, J., & Bushman, F. (2006) · PLoS Comput. Biol. · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020157 · Cited by 210
Self-citationZhang, H., Snyder, K. M., Suhoski, M. M., Maus, M. V., Kapoor, V., June, C. H., & Mackall, C. L. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4910 · Cited by 202
Self-citationLaport, G. G., Levine, B. L., Stadtmauer, E. A., Schuster, S. J., Luger, S. M., Grupp, S. A., Bunin, N., Strobl, F. J., Cotte, J., Zheng, Z., et al. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-01-0095 · Cited by 179
Self-citationThe Loss of TET2 Promotes CD8+ T Cell Memory Differentiation
Carty, S. A., Gohil, M., Banks, L. B., Cotton, R. M., Johnson, M. E., Stelekati, E., Wells, A. D., Wherry, E. J., Koretzky, G. A., & Jordan, M. S. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700559 · Cited by 175
Self-citationJin, J., Sabatino, M., Somerville, R. P. T., Wilson, J. R., Dudley, M. E., Stroncek, D. F., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2012) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/cji.0b013e31824e801f · Cited by 151
Jena, B., Maiti, S. N., Huls, H. M., Singh, H., Lee, D. A., Champlin, R. E., & Cooper, L. J. N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057838 · Cited by 137
Estimating abundances of retroviral insertion sites from DNA fragment length data
Berry, C. C., Gillet, N. A., Melamed, A., Gormley, N. A., Bangham, C. R. M., & Bushman, F. D. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts004 · Cited by 134
Self-citationIntegration target site selection by a resurrected human endogenous retrovirusPreprint
Brady, T., Lee, Y. N., Ronen, K., Malani, N., Berry, C. C., Bieniasz, P. D., & Bushman, F. D. (2009) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1762309 · Cited by 123
Self-citationDaber, R. D., Sukhadia, S., & Morrissette, J. J. D. (2013) · Cancer Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.11.005 · Cited by 108
Self-citationMutations in 5-methylcytosine oxidase TET2 and RhoA cooperatively disrupt T cell homeostasis
Zang, S., Li, J., Yang, H., Zeng, H., Han, W., Zhang, J., Lee, M., Moczygemba, M. M., Isgandarova, S., Yang, Y., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci92026 · Cited by 100
Landscape of monoallelic DNA accessibility in mouse embryonic stem cells and neural progenitor cells
Xu, J., Carter, A. C., Gendrel, A.-V., Attia, M., Loftus, J. R., Greenleaf, W. J., Tibshirani, R. J., Heard, É., & Chang, H. Y. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3769 · Cited by 93
Self-citationMutations along a TET2 active site scaffold stall oxidation at 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Liu, M. Y., Torabifard, H., Crawford, D. J., DeNizio, J. E., Cao, X.-J., Garcia, B. A., Cisneros, G. A., & Kohli, R. M. (2016) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2250 · Cited by 85
Self-citationA method to sequence and quantify DNA integration for monitoring outcome in gene therapy
Brady, T., Roth, S. L., Malani, N., Wang, G. P., Berry, C. C., Leboulch, P., Hacein‐Bey‐Abina, S., Cavazzana, M., Papapetrou, E. P., Sadelain, M., et al. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr140 · Cited by 73
Self-citationHertlein, E. K., Beckwith, K. A., Lozanski, G., Chen, T. L., Towns, W. H., Johnson, A. J., Lehman, A., Ruppert, A. S., Bolon, B. N., Andritsos, L. A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076607 · Cited by 65
Quantification of Oxidized 5-Methylcytosine Bases and TET Enzyme Activity
Liu, M. Y., DeNizio, J. E., & Kohli, R. M. (2016) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2015.12.006 · Cited by 44
Self-citationYeh, C., Bai, X. T., Moles, R., Ratner, L., Waldmann, T. A., Watanabe, T., & Nicot, C. (2016) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0500-z · Cited by 39
Aslanyan, M. G., Kroeze, L. I., Langemeijer, S. M. C., Koorenhof‐Scheele, T. N., Massop, M., van Hoogen, P., Stevens-Linders, E., van de Locht, L. T., Tönnissen, E., van der Heijden, A., et al. (2014) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-014-2055-7 · Cited by 34
Comparing DNA integration site clusters with scan statistics
Berry, C. C., Ocwieja, K. E., Malani, N., & Bushman, F. D. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu035 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy
Rafiq, S., Hackett, C. S., & Brentjens, R. J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-019-0297-y · Cited by 1,525
“Specifically, the CAR gene was inserted into the TET2 loci and led to a clonal expansion of T cells 248 ; this clonal T cell population eventually contracted spontaneously, but this event highlights the risk of treating patients with genetically modified cells.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential‘Off-the-shelf’ allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges
Depil, S., Duchateau, P. N., Grupp, S. A., Mufti, G. J., & Poirot, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0051-2 · Cited by 1,266
Clonal hematopoiesis in human aging and disease
Jaiswal, S., & Ebert, B. L. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4673 · Cited by 1,156
“There is also a report of an exceptional response in a patient with CLL treated by infusion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)– T cells in which the CAR construct disrupted one copy of TET2, while the other copy had been previously mutated somatically (97).”
Clinical implications of T cell exhaustion for cancer immunotherapy
Chow, A., Perica, K., Klebanoff, C. A., & Wolchok, J. D. (2022) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-022-00689-z · Cited by 1,044
Mechanisms of resistance to CAR T cell therapy
Shah, N. N., & Fry, T. J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-019-0184-6 · Cited by 999
Metadata
- Authors
- Fraietta, J. A., Nobles, C. L., Sammons, M. A., Lundh, S., Carty, S. A., Reich, T. J., Cogdill, A. P., Morrissette, J. J. D., DeNizio, J. E., Reddy, S., Hwang, Y., Gohil, M., Kulikovskaya, I., Nazimuddin, F., Gupta, M., Chen, F., Everett, J. K., Alexander, K. A., Lin-Shiao, E., Gee, M. H., Liu, X., Young, R. M., Ambrose, D., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Jordan, M. S., Marcucci, K. T., Levine, B. L., Garcia, K. C., Zhao, Y., Kalos, M., Porter, D. L., Kohli, R. M., Lacey, S. F., Berger, S. L., Bushman, F. D., June, C. H., & Melenhorst, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Abramson Cancer Center (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (US)
- Corresponding author
- June, Carl H.
- Melenhorst, J. Joseph
- ORCID
- Fraietta, Joseph A.
- Nobles, Christopher L.
- Sammons, Morgan A.
- Lundh, Stefan
- Carty, Shannon A.
- Reich, Tyler J.
- Cogdill, Alexandria P.
- Morrissette, Jennifer J. D.
- Gohil, Mercy
- Kulikovskaya, Irina
- Gupta, Minnal
- Chen, Fang
- Everett, John K.
- Alexander, Katherine A.
- Lin-Shiao, Enrique
- Gee, Marvin H.
- Liu, Xiaojun
- Young, Regina M.
- Wang, Yan
- Xu, Jun
- Jordan, Martha S.
- Levine, Bruce L.
- Zhao, Yangbing
- Kalos, Michael
- Porter, David L.
- Kohli, Rahul M.
- Lacey, Simon F.
- Berger, Shelley L.
- Bushman, Frederic D.
- June, Carl H.
- Melenhorst, J. Joseph
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-05-30
- Volume
- 558
- Issue
- 7709
- Pages
- 307-312
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6320248
- OpenAlex
- W2804231581
- Cited by
- 862
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 126 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 25
- FWCI
- 31.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (T32CA009140, R01CA165206, R01CA078831, P01CA214278)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM118501)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI104400, K08AI101008, R01AI104400, U19AI117950, R01AI082020, P30AI045008)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- TET2, CD19, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, CAR T-cell therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, DNA methylation, epigenetic reprogramming, T cell differentiation, central memory T cells, T cell expansion, B-cell malignancies
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alleles, Cell Differentiation, Clinical Trials as Topic, Clone Cells, Humans, Immunotherapy, Male, Mutation, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, T-Lymphocytes, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell, Antigens, CD19, Transgenes, Adoptive Transfer, Epigenesis, Genetic, 5-Methylcytosine, Dioxygenases, HEK293 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
