IRE1α–XBP1 controls T cell function in ovarian cancer by regulating mitochondrial activity
Open accessAbstract
Tumours evade immune control by creating hostile microenvironments that perturb T cell metabolism and effector function 1-4. However, it remains unclear how intra-tumoral T cells integrate and interpret metabolic stress signals. Here we report that ovarian cancer-an aggressive malignancy that is refractory to standard treatments and current immunotherapies 5-8-induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the IRE1α-XBP1 arm of the unfolded protein response 9,10 in T cells to control their mitochondrial respiration and anti-tumour function. In T cells isolated from specimens collected from patients with ovarian cancer, upregulation of XBP1 was associated with decreased infiltration of T cells into tumours and with reduced IFNG mRNA expression. Malignant ascites fluid obtained from patients with ovarian cancer inhibited glucose uptake and caused N-linked protein glycosylation defects in T cells, which triggered IRE1α-XBP1 activation that suppressed mitochondrial activity and IFNγ production. Mechanistically, induction of XBP1 regulated the abundance of glutamine carriers and thus limited the influx of glutamine that is necessary to sustain mitochondrial respiration in T cells under glucose-deprived conditions. Restoring N-linked protein glycosylation, abrogating IRE1α-XBP1 activation or enforcing expression of glutamine transporters enhanced mitochondrial respiration in human T cells exposed to ovarian cancer ascites. XBP1-deficient T cells in the metastatic ovarian cancer milieu exhibited global transcriptional reprogramming and improved effector capacity. Accordingly, mice that bear ovarian cancer and lack XBP1 selectively in T cells demonstrate superior anti-tumour immunity, delayed malignant progression and increased overall survival. Controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress or targeting IRE1α-XBP1 signalling may help to restore the metabolic fitness and anti-tumour capacity of T cells in cancer hosts.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both oxidative and ER stress have been shown to contribute to T cell dysfunction across different tumor types.
“Even though both oxidative and ER stress have been shown to contribute to T cell dysfunction across different tumor types (44-51),”
From Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during liver cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Abstract reports that ovarian cancer induces ER stress in T cells and suppresses their mitochondrial activity and anti-tumor function; Extended Data Figure 9 also links ER stress to T cell dysfunction. The cited paper does not establish a contribution from oxidative stress or show these effects across different tumor types. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome
Li, B., & Dewey, C. N. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-323 · Cited by 22,179 · see citing works
Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.
Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M., & Salzberg, S. L. (2009) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-3-r25 · Cited by 21,849 · see citing works
The Human Genome Browser at UCSC
Kent, W. J., Sugnet, C. W., Furey, T. S., Roskin, K. M., Pringle, T. H., Zahler, A. M., & Haussler, A. D. (2002) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.229102 · Cited by 10,400 · see citing works
A scaling normalization method for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data
Robinson, M. D., & Oshlack, A. (2010) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-3-r25 · Cited by 7,876 · see citing works
Curiel, T. J., Coukos, G., Zou, L., Alvarez, X., Cheng, P., Mottram, P., Evdemon-Hogan, M., Conejo-Garcia, J. R., Zhang, L., Burow, M., et al. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1093 · Cited by 5,151 · see citing works
Self-citationYoshida, H., Matsui, T., Yamamoto, A., Okada, T., & Mori, K. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00611-0 · Cited by 4,054 · see citing works
Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837 · see citing works
Metabolic Competition in the Tumor Microenvironment Is a Driver of Cancer Progression
Chang, C.-H., Qiu, J., O’Sullivan, D., Buck, M. D., Noguchi, T., Curtis, J. D., Chen, Q., Gindin, M., Gubin, M. M., van der Windt, G. J. W., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.016 · Cited by 3,331 · see citing works
Rubin, M., & Stephen, C. D. (1993) · Cited by 3,161 · see citing works
Entrez Gene: gene-centered information at NCBI
Maglott, D. R., Ostell, J., Pruitt, K. D., & Tatusova, T. A. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1237 · Cited by 2,117 · see citing works
Lee, A., Iwakoshi, N. N., & Glimcher, L. H. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.21.7448-7459.2003 · Cited by 2,041 · see citing works
Self-citationPhosphoenolpyruvate Is a Metabolic Checkpoint of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses
Ho, P.-C., Bihuniak, J. D., Macintyre, A. N., Staron, M., Liu, X., Amezquita, R., Tsui, Y.-C., Cui, G., Micevic, G., Perales, J. C., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.012 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
Matulonis, U. A., Sood, A. K., Fallowfield, L., Howitt, B. E., Sehouli, J., & Karlan, B. Y. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.61 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
A Phase I Study on Adoptive Immunotherapy Using Gene-Modified T Cells for Ovarian Cancer
Kershaw, M. H., Westwood, J. A., Parker, L. L., Wang, G., Eshhar, Z., Mavroukakis, S. A., White, D. E., Wunderlich, J. R., Canevari, S., Rogers-Freezer, L. J., et al. (2006) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1183 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Hamanishi, J., Mandai, M., Ikeda, T., Minami, M., Kawaguchi, A., Murayama, T., Kanai, M., Mori, Y., Matsumoto, S., Chikuma, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2015.62.3397 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Yuan, M., Breitkopf, S. B., Yang, X., & Asara, J. M. (2012) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.024 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis by the Transcription Factor XBP1
Lee, A.-H., Scapa, E., Cohen, D. E., & Glimcher, L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158042 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Self-citationER Stress Sensor XBP1 Controls Anti-tumor Immunity by Disrupting Dendritic Cell Homeostasis
Cubillos-Ruiz, J. R., Silberman, P. C., Rutkowski, M. R., Chopra, S., Perales-Puchalt, A., Song, M., Zhang, S., Bettigole, S. E., Gupta, D., Holcomb, K., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.025 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Self-citationScharping, N. E., Menk, A. V., Moreci, R. S., Whetstone, R. D., Dadey, R. E., Watkins, S. C., Ferris, R. L., & Delgoffe, G. M. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.009 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Tumorigenic and Immunosuppressive Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cancer
Cubillos-Ruiz, J., Bettigole, S., & Glimcher, L. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.004 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Self-citationCondamine, T., Dominguez, G. A., Youn, J., Kossenkov, A. V., Mony, S., Alicea-Torres, K. M., Tcyganov, E. N., Hashimoto, A., Nefedova, Y., Lin, C., et al. (2016) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8943 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Self-citationObstacles Posed by the Tumor Microenvironment to T cell Activity: A Case for Synergistic Therapies
Anderson, K. G., Stromnes, I. M., & Greenberg, P. D. (2017) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.008 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Scharping, N. E., Menk, A. V., Moreci, R. S., Whetstone, R. D., Dadey, R., Watkins, S. C., Ferris, R. L., & Delgoffe, G. M. (2016) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.009 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Yang, C., Ko, B., Hensley, C. T., Jiang, L., Wasti, A. T., Kim, J., Sudderth, J., Calvaruso, M. A., Lumata, L., Mitsche, M., et al. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.025 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Proteasome inhibitors disrupt the unfolded protein response in myeloma cells
Lee, A., Iwakoshi, N. N., Anderson, K. C., & Glimcher, L. H. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1334037100 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of a Syngeneic Mouse Model for Events Related to Ovarian Cancer
Roby, K. F., Taylor, C. C., Sweetwood, J. P., Cheng, Y., Pace, J. L., Tawfik, O., Persons, D. L., Smith, P. G., & Terranova, P. F. (2000) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/21.4.585 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Meeting the challenge of ascites in ovarian cancer: new avenues for therapy and research
Kipps, E., Tan, D. S., & Kaye, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3432 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Conejo-Garcia, J. R., Benencia, F., Courreges, M. C., Kang, E. H., Mohamed-Hadley, A. A., Buckanovich, R. J., Holtz, D. O., Jenkins, A., Na, H., Zhang, L., et al. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1097 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citationWellen, K. E., Lu, C., Mancuso, A., Lemons, J. M. S., Ryczko, M., Dennis, J. W., Rabinowitz, J. D., Coller, H. A., & Thompson, C. B. (2010) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1985910 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Iwawaki, T., Akai, R., Yamanaka, S., & Kohno, K. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903775106 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Ovarian cancer progression is controlled by phenotypic changes in dendritic cells
Scarlett, U. K., Rutkowski, M. R., Rauwerdink, A. M., Fields, J. L., Escovar-Fadul, X., Baird, J. R., Cubillos‐Ruiz, J. R., Jacobs, A., Gonzalez, J. L., Weaver, J. B., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20111413 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationSilencing of Lipid Metabolism Genes through IRE1α-Mediated mRNA Decay Lowers Plasma Lipids in Mice
So, J., Hur, K. Y., Tarrio, M. L., Ruda, V. M., Frank-Kamenetsky, M. D., Fitzgerald, K. J., Koteliansky, V., Lichtman, A. H., Iwawaki, T., Glimcher, L. H., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.004 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationJeon, Y. J., Khelifa, S., Ratnikov, B. I., Scott, D. A., Feng, Y., Parisi, F., Ruller, C. M., Lau, E. K., Kim, H., Brill, L. M., et al. (2015) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.006 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Yan, D., Wang, H., Bowman, R. L., & Joyce, J. A. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.035 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Kim, K.-S., Sengupta, S., Berk, M. P., Kwak, Y., Escobar, P. F., Belinson, J. L., Mok, S. C., & Xu, Y. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4381 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hexosamine pathway and (ER) protein quality control
Denzel, M. S., & Antebi, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.10.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Bamias, A., Tsiatas, M. L., Kafantari, E., Liakou, C. G., Rodolakis, A., Voulgaris, Z., Vlachos, G. D., Papageorgiou, T., Tsitsilonis, O., Bamia, C., et al. (2007) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.02.029 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Regulatory T cells, inherited variation, and clinical outcome in epithelial ovarian cancer
Knutson, K. L., Maurer, M. J., Preston, C. C., Moysich, K. B., Goergen, K. M., Hawthorne, K. M., Cunningham, J. M., Odunsi, K. O., Hartmann, L. C., Kalli, K. R., et al. (2015) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-015-1753-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Regulation of Amino Acid Transporter ATA2 by Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4-2
Hatanaka, T., Hatanaka, Y., & Setou, M. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m606577200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Endoplasmic reticulum stress up‐regulates Nedd4‐2 to induce autophagy
Wang, H., Sun, R., Camera, D., Zeng, X., Jo, E., Chan, S. M. H., Herbert, T. P., Molero, J. C., & Ye, J. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201500119 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lukešová, Š., Vroblova, V., Tošner, J., et al. (2015) · Współczesna Onkologia · doi:10.5114/wo.2015.54388 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dendritic cell rehab: new strategies to unleash therapeutic immunity in ovarian cancer
Chae, C.-S., Terán-Cabanillas, E., & Cubillos‐Ruiz, J. R. (2017) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-017-1958-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Saxena, M., van der Burg, S. H., Melief, C. J. M., & Bhardwaj, N. (2021) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00346-0 · Cited by 1,581 · see citing works
Endoplasmic reticulum stress signals in the tumour and its microenvironment
Chen, X., & Cubillos-Ruiz, J. R. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-020-00312-2 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer
Kwon, J., & Bakhoum, S. F. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0761 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Cholesterol Induces CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment
Ma, X., Bi, E., Lu, Y., Su, P., Huang, C., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Yang, M., Kalady, M. F., Qian, J., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.002 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
cGAS-STING, an important pathway in cancer immunotherapy
Jiang, M., Chen, P., Wang, L., Li, W., Chen, B., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, S., Ye, L., He, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00916-z · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Disturbed mitochondrial dynamics in CD8+ TILs reinforce T cell exhaustion
Yu, Y.-R., Imrichova, H., Wang, H., Chao, T., Xiao, Z., Gao, M., Rincon-Restrepo, M., Franco, F., Genolet, R., Cheng, W.-C., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0793-3 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Immunological impact of cell death signaling driven by radiation on the tumor microenvironment
Rodriguez-Ruiz, M. E., Vitale, I., Harrington, K. J., Melero, I., & Galluzzi, L. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0561-4 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing to Dissect the Immunological Network of Autoimmune Myocarditis.
Hua, X., Hu, G., Hu, Q., Chang, Y., Hu, Y., Gao, L., Chen, X., Yang, P.-C., Zhang, Y., Li, M., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.043545 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during liver cancer
Varanasi, S. K., Chen, D., Liu, Y., Johnson, M. A., Miller, C. M., Ganguly, S., Lande, K., LaPorta, M. A., Hoffmann, F. A., Mann, T. H., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adl4100 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Trillo-Tinoco, J., Sierra, R. A., Anadon, C., Dai, W., Mohamed, E., Cen, L., Costich, T. L., Magliocco, A., Marchion, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09263-1 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting T cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment: an anti‐cancer therapeutic strategy
Yin, Z., Bai, L., Li, W., Zeng, T., Tian, H., & Cui, J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1409-3 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Hypoxia and the phenomenon of immune exclusion
Pietrobon, V., & Marincola, F. M. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02667-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Acylglycerol Kinase Maintains Metabolic State and Immune Responses of CD8+ T Cells
Hu, Z., Qu, G., Yu, X., Jiang, H., Teng, X.-L., Ding, L., Hu, Q., Guo, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, F., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.016 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Tumor Microenvironment in Bladder Cancer: The Missing Link
Nie, Z., Chen, M., Wen, X., Gao, Y., Huang, D., Cao, H., Peng, Y., Guo, N., Ni, J., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.683940 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Song, M., Sandoval, T. A., Chae, C.-S., Chopra, S., Tan, C., Rutkowski, M. R., Raundhal, M., Chaurio, R. A., Payne, K. K., Konrad, C., Bettigole, S. E., Shin, H. R., Crowley, M. J. P., Cerliani, J. P., Kossenkov, A. V., Motorykin, I., Zhang, S., Manfredi, G., Zamarin, D., Holcomb, K., Rodriguez, P. C., Rabinovich, G. A., Conejo-Garcia, J. R., Glimcher, L. H., & Cubillos-Ruiz, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- The Wistar Institute (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glimcher, Laurie H.
- ORCID
- Song, Minkyung
- Sandoval, Tito A.
- Chae, Chang-Suk
- Tan, Chen
- Rutkowski, Melanie R.
- Raundhal, Mahesh
- Chaurio, Ricardo A.
- Payne, Kyle K.
- Crowley, Michael J. P.
- Cerliani, Juan P.
- Kossenkov, Andrew V.
- Motorykin, Ievgen
- Zhang, Sheng
- Manfredi, Giovanni
- Zamarin, Dmitriy
- Holcomb, Kevin
- Rabinovich, Gabriel A.
- Conejo-Garcia, Jose R.
- Glimcher, Laurie H.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 562
- Issue
- 7727
- Pages
- 423-428
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6237282
- OpenAlex
- W2896875037
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1610438, W81XWH)
- Ovarian Cancer Research Fund
- Ovarian Cancer Research Fund Alliance
- National Institutes of Health (W81XWH, 1s10od017992-01)
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C-AACR-IRG-03-16)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA112663, T32CA009140, R01CA184185, P30CA008748, R50CA211199, P30CA010815)
- Ovarian Cancer Academy
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- unfolded protein response, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ovarian cancer, T cell metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, glutamine transporter, N-glycosylation, glucose deprivation, tumor microenvironment, T cell exhaustion, antitumor immunity, interferon-gamma, malignant ascites, T cell reprogramming
- MeSH terms
- X-Box Binding Protein 1, Animals, Ascites, Endoribonucleases, Female, Glucose, Glutamine, Glycosylation, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Mitochondria, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Transplantation, Ovarian Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Survival Rate, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Disease Progression, Cell Respiration, Tumor Escape, Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic, Mice, Unfolded Protein Response, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
