Cited by 119Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersCancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismImmune cells in cancer

Hypoxia and the phenomenon of immune exclusion

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Pietrobon, Violena, Marincola, Francesco M.·2021·Journal of Translational Medicine

Abstract

Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.

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  1. [165]Wang Z, et al. Transglutaminase-2 of pancreatic cancer cells assembles a CXCL12-keratin 19-coat that mediates the resistance to immunotherapy. bioRxiv, 2019;2:776419.

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Authors
Pietrobon, V., & Marincola, F. M.
Affiliations
Refuge Biotechnologies (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Pietrobon, Violena
Venue
Journal of Translational Medicine
Published
2021-01-06
Volume
19
Issue
1
Pages
9-9
ISSN
1479-5876 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3120650952
Cited by
119
References
467
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13
FWCI
2.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Translational Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
Keywords
tumor hypoxia, immune exclusion, solid tumors, tumor microenvironment, cancer immunotherapy, T cell distribution, chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, hypoxia imaging
MeSH terms
Hypoxia, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Cell Hypoxia, Tumor Microenvironment

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