The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution
Open accessAbstract
Microglia have critical roles not only in neural development and homeostasis, but also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 1-4. These highly diverse and specialized functions may be executed by subsets of microglia that already exist in situ, or by specific subsets of microglia that develop from a homogeneous pool of cells on demand. However, little is known about the presence of spatially and temporally restricted subclasses of microglia in the central nervous system during development or disease. Here we combine massively parallel single-cell analysis, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, advanced immunohistochemistry and computational modelling to comprehensively characterize subclasses of microglia in multiple regions of the central nervous system during development and disease. Single-cell analysis of tissues of the central nervous system during homeostasis in mice revealed specific time- and region-dependent subtypes of microglia. Demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases evoked context-dependent subtypes of microglia with distinct molecular hallmarks and diverse cellular kinetics. Corresponding clusters of microglia were also identified in healthy human brains, and the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis. Our data provide insights into the endogenous immune system of the central nervous system during development, homeostasis and disease, and may also provide new targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The two predominant modules for MG4 were ‘MS-associated’23 and ‘MIMS-foamy’25 (Fig. 5C).”
From CHIT1 at diagnosis predicts faster disability progression and reflects early microglial activation in multiple sclerosis (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Genetic association studies have demonstrated the critical involvement of the microglial immune response in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis.”
From Genetic variants of phospholipase C-γ2 alter the phenotype and function of microglia and confer differential risk for Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“A concerted effort to identify genes that confer altered risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is leading to the recognition that many disease-risk genes are associated with the microgliamediated immune response in the AD brain 1-3 .”
From Genetic variants of phospholipase C-γ2 alter the phenotype and function of microglia and confer differential risk for Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Padi2 is enriched in subsets of microglia isolated from human MS tissue”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Microglia are highly dynamic cells that are strongly influenced by different environmental signals which result in distinct phenotypes and functions across brain regions4–9.”
From Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Regional and age-related differences in microglial density, morphology, gene, and protein expression have previously been described for both animals and humans5,6,9,60,61.”
From Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“There are several methodological differences (recruitment of tissue, studied brain region, postmortem delay, pH, age, diagnosis, medication use) that could interfere with the interpretation of comparisons between MiGA and other microglial datasets5,9,42.”
From Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“These studies have largely concluded that microglia undergo the most prominent changes in diseased brains, due to a combination of increased microglia numbers along with a robust transcriptional activation signature on a per-microglia basis.”
From Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2-independent cellular responses in Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Single-cell transcriptomic studies reveal a relatively homogeneous adult microglia population, and greater heterogeneity of microglia states at different developmental stages, during aging and in pathological conditions (Hammond et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Masuda et al., 2019).”
From What is a cell type and how to define it? (2022) · cites this paper as Masuda et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“sc/snRNA-seq also provides insight into the diversity of glial cells including the oligodendrocyte lineage (Marques et al., 2016) and functional states of microglia (Masuda et al., 2019).”
From Single-Cell Sequencing of Brain Cell Transcriptomes and Epigenomes (2021) · cites this paper as Masuda et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709
Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species
Butler, A., Hoffman, P., Smibert, P., Papalexi, E., & Satija, R. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4096 · Cited by 13,174
Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp698 · Cited by 12,063
Complex heatmaps reveal patterns and correlations in multidimensional genomic data
Gu, Z., Eils, R., & Schlesner, M. (2016) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btw313 · Cited by 10,037
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493
The Subread aligner: fast, accurate and scalable read mapping by seed-and-vote
Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K., & Shi, W. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt214 · Cited by 3,064
Krasemann, S., Madore, C., Cialic, R., Baufeld, C., Calcagno, N., El Fatimy, R., Beckers, L., O’Loughlin, E., Xu, Y., Fanek, Z., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.008 · Cited by 2,979
Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration
Colonna, M., & Butovsky, O. (2017) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052358 · Cited by 2,894
Hammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
Peng, H., Qiu, J.-Q., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y.-K., Chen, Q.-Y., Yin, Y., Su, W., Yu, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Y. A., et al. (2023) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.016 · Cited by 31
Roles of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Nakaso, K. (2024) · Yonago acta medica · doi:10.33160/yam.2024.02.001 · Cited by 30
Motevasseli, M., Darvishi, M., Khoshnevisan, A., Zeinalizadeh, M., Saffar, H., Bayat, S., Najafi, A., Abbaspour, M. J., Mamivand, A., Olson, S. B., et al. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01837-5 · Cited by 33
Excitatory Neuron-Derived Interleukin-34 Controls Cortical Developmental Microglia Function
Devlin, B. A., Nguyen, D. M., Ribeiro, D., Grullon, G., Clark, M. J., Finn, A., Ceasrine, A. M., Oxendine, S. R., Deja, M., Shah, A., et al. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.06.002 · Cited by 37
Sørensen, M. D., & Kristensen, B. W. (2021) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12772 · Cited by 30
Microglia as therapeutic targets for central nervous system remyelination
Mahmood, A., & Miron, V. E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2022.102188 · Cited by 29
Mischopoulou, M., D’Ambrosio, M., Bigagli, E., Luceri, C., Farrugia, G., & Cipriani, G. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.017 · Cited by 31
Genetic insights into immune mechanisms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Nott, A., & Holtman, I. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168539 · Cited by 33
Tichauer, J. E., Arellano, G., Acuña, E., González, L. F., Kannaiyan, N. R., Murgas, P., Panadero-Medianero, C., Ibañez-Vega, J., Burgos, P. I., Loda, E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191838 · Cited by 33
Vecchiarelli, H. A., & Tremblay, M. (2023) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-022223-093643 · Cited by 32
Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human
Tewari, M., Michalski, S. A., & Egan, T. M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13020161 · Cited by 36
CLEC16A in astrocytes promotes mitophagy and limits pathology in a multiple sclerosis mouse model
Kadowaki, A., Wheeler, M. A., Li, Z., Andersen, B. M., Lee, H., Illouz, T., Lee, J.-H., Ndayisaba, A., Zandee, S., Basu, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01875-9 · Cited by 30
The origin, fate and function of macrophages in the peripheral nervous system—an update
Amann, L., & Prinz, M. (2020) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa030 · Cited by 34
Self-citationSex- and region-biased depletion of microglia/macrophages attenuates CLN1 disease in mice
Berve, K., West, B. L., Martini, R., & Groh, J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01996-x · Cited by 27
Microglia in the Brain Tumor Microenvironment
Cole, A. P., Hoffmeyer, E., Chetty, S. L., Cruz, J. C., Hamrick, F. A., Youssef, O. A., Cheshier, S. H., & Mitra, S. S. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_11 · Cited by 30
Hohsfield, L. A., Tsourmas, K. I., Ghorbanian, Y., Syage, A. R., Kim, S. J., Cheng, Y., Furman, S., Inlay, M. A., Lane, T. E., & Green, K. N. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24144 · Cited by 25
Takata, K., Kimura, H., Yanagisawa, D., Harada, K., Nishimura, K., Kitamura, Y., Shimohama, S., & Tooyama, I. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27092780 · Cited by 29
Targeting microglia–oligodendrocyte crosstalk in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders
Rahimian, R., Perlman, K., Canonne, C., & Mechawar, N. (2022) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.015 · Cited by 32
Microglial cells: Sensors for neuronal activity and microbiota-derived molecules
D’Alessandro, G., Marrocco, F., & Limatola, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011129 · Cited by 31
Young, A. M. H., Neumann, B., Segel, M., Chen, C. Z.-Y., Tourlomousis, P., & Franklin, R. J. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2302997120 · Cited by 31
Choi, H., Lee, E. J., Shin, J. S., Kim, H., Bae, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, D. S. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-01123-9 · Cited by 36
Modulation of microglial metabolism facilitates regeneration in demyelination
Qin, C., Yang, S., Chen, M., Dong, M., Zhou, L., Chu, Y., Shen, Z., Bosco, D. B., Wu, L., Tian, D., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106588 · Cited by 28
CD74: a prospective marker for reactive microglia?
Potru, P. S., & Spittau, B. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.371350 · Cited by 28
Microglia in ALS: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Bond, S., Saxena, S., & Sierra-Delgado, J. A. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14060421 · Cited by 32
Spiteri, A. G., Terry, R. L., Wishart, C. L., Ashhurst, T. M., Campbell, I. L., Hofer, M. J., & King, N. J. C. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02214-y · Cited by 29
scINSIGHT for interpreting single-cell gene expression from biologically heterogeneous data
Qian, K., Fu, S., Li, H., & Li, W. V. (2022) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-022-02649-3 · Cited by 26
Microglial crosstalk with astrocytes and immune cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Calafatti, M., Cocozza, G., Limatola, C., & Garofalo, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223096 · Cited by 29
Glioma–Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression
Elguindy, M. M., Young, J. S., Mondal, I., Lu, R. O., & Ho, W. S. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16020308 · Cited by 31
Gene expression and chromatin conformation of microglia in virally suppressed people with HIV
Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Gianella, S., Ouyang, Z., Lana, A. J., Yang, X., O’Brien, S., Challacombe, J. F., Gaskill, P. J., Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L., Chaillon, A., et al. (2024) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202402736 · Cited by 32
A dynamic and multimodal framework to define microglial states
Sankowski, R., & Prinz, M. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01978-3 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMicroglial regulation of satiety and cognition
Luca, S. N. D., Miller, A. A., Sominsky, L., & Spencer, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12838 · Cited by 28
Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation
Mendes, N. F., Jara, C. P., Zanesco, A. M., & ARAUJO, E. P. D. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052256 · Cited by 28
Schroeter, C. B., Herrmann, A. M., Böck, S., Vogelsang, A., Eichler, S., Albrecht, P., Meuth, S. G., & Ruck, T. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10030651 · Cited by 27
Mitchell, D. K., Shireman, J. M., Potchanant, E. A. S., Lara-Velazquez, M. A., & Dey, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.716947 · Cited by 27
Sonn, I., Honda‐Ozaki, F., Yoshimatsu, S., Morimoto, S., Watanabe, H., & Okano, H. (2022) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-022-00201-1 · Cited by 30
Liver X Receptor Regulation of Glial Cell Functions in the CNS
Song, X., Wu, W., Warner, M. N., & Gustafsson, J.-Α. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092165 · Cited by 28
Mapping secretome-mediated interaction between paired neuron–macrophage single cells
Deng, J., Ji, Y., Zhu, F., Liu, L., Li, L., Bai, X., Li, H., Liu, X., Luo, Y., Lin, B., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2200944119 · Cited by 26
Beyond the amyloid cascade: An update of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology
Gouilly, D., Rafiq, M., Nogueira, L., Salabert, A., Payoux, P., Péran, P., & Pariente, J. (2023) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2022.12.006 · Cited by 31
Thomas, J. R., Appios, A., Calderbank, E. F., Yoshida, N., Zhao, X., Hamilton, R. S., Moffett, A., Sharkey, A., Laurenti, E., Hanna, C. W., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37383-2 · Cited by 31
Advanced patient-specific microglia cell models for pre-clinical studies in Alzheimer’s disease
Cuní‐López, C., Stewart, R., Oikari, L. E., Nguyen, T. H., Roberts, T. L., Sun, Y., Guo, C. C., Lupton, M. K., White, A. R., & Quek, H. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03037-3 · Cited by 28
Kihara, Y., Zhu, Y., Jonnalagadda, D., Romanow, W., Palmer, C., Siddoway, B., Rivera, R., Dutta, R., Trapp, B. D., & Chun, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.918041 · Cited by 26
TAMs in Brain Metastasis: Molecular Signatures in Mouse and Man
Schulz, M., & Sevenich, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716504 · Cited by 32
Lombardi, M., Scaroni, F., Gabrielli, M., Raffaele, S., Bonfanti, E., Filipello, F., Giussani, P., Picciolini, S., de Rosbo, N. K., Uccelli, A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331210 · Cited by 29
Exercise rejuvenates microglia and reverses T cell accumulation in the aged female mouse brain
Chauquet, S., Willis, E. F., Grice, L. F., Harley, S. B. R., Powell, J. E., Wray, N. R., Nguyen, Q. H., Ruitenberg, M. J., Shah, S. H., & Vukovic, J. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14172 · Cited by 29
Cantoni, C., Smirnov, R. A., Firulyova, M. M., Andhey, P. S., Bradstreet, T. R., Esaulova, E., Terekhova, M., Schwarzkopf, E. A., Abdalla, N. M., Kleverov, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci177793 · Cited by 26
Wang, L., Ouyang, D., Li, L., Cao, Y., Wang, Y., Gu, N., Zhang, Z., Zhao, L., Tang, S., Tang, H. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03337-2 · Cited by 31
Single-cell RNA Sequencing in Immunology
Cao, Y., Qiu, Y., Tu, G.-W., & Yang, C. (2020) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/1389202921999201020203249 · Cited by 28
de Witte, L. D., Wang, Z., Snijders, G. J. L., Mendelev, N., Liu, Q., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Boks, M. P., Ge, Y., & Haghighi, F. G. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.10.020 · Cited by 28
Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells
Aniol, V. A., Манолова, А. О., & Gulyaeva, N. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084261 · Cited by 28
Sanjay, S., Park, M., & Lee, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23137300 · Cited by 28
Shi, W., Zhang, J., Shang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xia, Y., Fu, H., & Yu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.969127 · Cited by 25
Necroptosis and Neuroinflammation in Retinal Degeneration
Tao, Y., Murakami, Y., Vavvas, D. G., & Sonoda, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.911430 · Cited by 27
Novel insights into the origin and development of CNS macrophage subsets
Masuda, T., Amann, L., & Prinz, M. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1096 · Cited by 28
Self-citationMacrophage activation contributes to diabetic retinopathy
Zhang, Y., & Zhou, A. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-024-02437-5 · Cited by 27
Morsey, B., Niu, M., Dyavar, S. R., Fletcher, C. V., Lamberty, B. G., Emanuel, K., Fangmeier, A., & Fox, H. S. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102357 · Cited by 25
Montilla, A., Zabala, A., Calvo, I., Bosch-Juan, M., Velasco, I. T., Mata, P., Koster, M., Sierra, A., Kooistra, S. M., Soria, F. N., et al. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05648-2 · Cited by 26
The role of the adaptive immune system in the initiation and persistence of multiple sclerosis
Afzali, A. M., & Korn, T. (2025) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2025.101947 · Cited by 25
Miedema, A., Wijering, M. H. C., Eggen, B. J. L., & Kooistra, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.583811 · Cited by 24
Fujita, Y., & Yamashita, T. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-03758-1 · Cited by 30
VanderZwaag, J., Halvorson, T., Dolhan, K., Šimončičová, E., Ben‐Azu, B., & Tremblay, M. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03772-0 · Cited by 28
Microglia and macrophages in the neuro-glia-vascular unit: From identity to functions
Chen, S., Li, J., Meng, S., He, T., Shi, Z., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Cao, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106066 · Cited by 24
Liu, Z., Dai, H., Yao, L., Chen, W., Wang, Y., Ma, L., Li, X., Lin, S., He, M., Gao, P., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39750-5 · Cited by 26
Hanger, B., Couch, A. C. M., Rajendran, L., Srivastava, D. P., & Vernon, A. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00789 · Cited by 23
Kihara, Y., & Chun, J. J. M. (2023) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108432 · Cited by 25
Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system
Pavlou, A., Mulenge, F., Gern, O. L., Busker, L. M., Greimel, E., Waltl, I., & Kalinke, U. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-024-01181-7 · Cited by 24
Qu, Z., Li, H., Qiang, F., Liu, K., Wu, S., Li, J., & Zou, X. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156836 · Cited by 25
Ma, C., Hunt, J. B., Selenica, M.-L. B., Sanneh, A., Sandusky-Beltran, L. A., Watler, M., Daas, R., Kovalenko, A., Liang, H., Placides, D., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.582998 · Cited by 24
Monocytes in central nervous system remyelination
Forbes, L. H., & Miron, V. E. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24111 · Cited by 24
Elkjaer, M. L., Röttger, R., Baumbach, J., & Illés, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.761225 · Cited by 26
Injury programs shape glioblastoma
Brooks, L. J., Ragdale, H. S., Hill, C. S., Clements, M., & Parrinello, S. (2022) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2022.08.006 · Cited by 22
Ochocka, N., Segit, P., Wojnicki, K., Cyranowski, S., Swatler, J., Jacek, K., Grajkowska, W., & Kaminska, B. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111971 · Cited by 28
Ensheathing glia promote increased lifespan and healthy brain aging
Sheng, L., Shields, E. J., Gospočić, J., Sorida, M., Ju, L., Byrns, C. N., Carranza, F. R., Berger, S. L., Bonini, N. M., & Bonasio, R. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13803 · Cited by 24
Adameyko, I. I., Bakken, T. E., Bhaduri, A., Chhatbar, C., Filbin, M. G., Gate, D., Hochgerner, H., Kim, C. N., Krull, J. E., Manno, G. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01827-9 · Cited by 26
Self-citationChen, X., Sun, G., Feng, L., Tian, E., & Shi, Y. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-07401-0 · Cited by 23
Impact of pediatric traumatic brain injury on hippocampal neurogenesis
Rizk, M., Vu, J. K., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.297057 · Cited by 25
Molina‐Martínez, P., Corpas, R., García-Lara, E., Cosín‐Tomás, M., Cristòfol, R. M., Kaliman, P., Solà, C., Molinuevo, J. L., Sánchez‐Valle, R., Antonell, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.622360 · Cited by 24
Evaluating microglial phenotypes using single-cell technologies
Sankowski, R., Monaco, G., & Prinz, M. (2021) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.001 · Cited by 25
Self-citationLorenzini, I., Alsop, E. B., Levy, J., Gittings, L. M., Lall, D., Rabichow, B. E., Moore, S. R., Pevey, R. S., Bustos, L. M., Burciu, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1179796 · Cited by 34
van Weering, H. R. J., Nijboer, T. W., Brummer, M. L., Boddeke, E., & Eggen, B. J. L. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24427 · Cited by 26
Lipid in microglial biology — from material to mediator
Yamamoto, S., & Masuda, T. (2023) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-023-00289-z · Cited by 27
Self-citationZhang, X., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Sun, Y., Liang, Y., Li, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105639 · Cited by 23
Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease
Süß, P., & Schlachetzki, J. C. M. (2020) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205017666200212155234 · Cited by 26
When glia meet induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
Li, L., & Shi, Y. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103565 · Cited by 24
Bartalska, K., Hübschmann, V., Korkut-Demirbaş, M., Cubero, R. J. A., Venturino, A., Rössler, K., Czech, T., & Siegert, S. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104580 · Cited by 22
Tian, Y., Milic, J., Monasor, L. S., Chakraborty, R., Wang, S., Yuan, Y., Asare, Y., Behrends, C., Tahirović, S., & Bernhagen, J. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-023-04911-8 · Cited by 22
Plasticity of human microglia and brain perivascular macrophages in aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Lee, D., Vicari, J. M., Porras, C., Spencer, C., Pjanic, M., Wang, X., Kinrot, S., Weiler, P., Kosoy, R., Bendl, J. M., et al. (2026) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-026-02716-6 · Cited by 32
You, Y., Chen, Z., & Hu, W. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108606 · Cited by 25
Microglial and TREM2 dialogues in the developing brain
Morini, R., Tagliatti, E., Bizzotto, M., & Matteoli, M. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.022 · Cited by 24
Mutations in the human CSF1R gene impact microglia’s maintenance of brain white matter integrity
Du, S., Zhou, Y., Li, D., Lier, J., Cella, M., Tada, M., Hamasaki, H., Wu, J., Cai, Z., Orthmann‐Murphy, J. L., et al. (2025) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02195-7 · Cited by 28
Early Locus Coeruleus noradrenergic axon loss drives olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Meyer, C., Niedermeier, T., Feyen, P., Struebing, F. L., Rauchmann, B., Karali, K., Gentz, J., Tillmann, Y., Landgraf, N. F., Rumpf, S.-L., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62500-8 · Cited by 24
Microglia across evolution: from conserved origins to functional divergence
Shimizu, T., & Prinz, M. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01368-6 · Cited by 28
Self-citationPrion protein and prion disease at a glance
Zhu, C., & Aguzzi, A. (2021) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.245605 · Cited by 27
Scott, E. P., Breyak, E., Nishinakamura, R., & Nakagawa, Y. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24192 · Cited by 24
Zhu, H., Wu, E., Pan, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Liao, Q., Wang, Y., Sun, Y., Ye, M., & Wu, W. (2023) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04084 · Cited by 21
Lee, J. H., Lee, B. H., Jeong, S., Joh, C. S.-Y., Nam, H. J., Choi, H. S., Sserwadda, H., Oh, J. W., Park, C., Jin, S., et al. (2023) · Genomics & Informatics · doi:10.5808/gi.23009 · Cited by 23
Microglia‐derived extracellular vesicles in homeostasis and demyelination/remyelination processes
Mancini, V. S. B. W., Mattera, V. S., Pasquini, J. M., Pasquini, L. A., & Correale, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16011 · Cited by 26
Repopulated spinal cord microglia exhibit a unique transcriptome and contribute to pain resolution
Donovan, L. J., Bridges, C. M., Nippert, A. R., Wang, M., Wu, S., Forman, T. E., Haight, E. S., Huck, N. A., Bond, S. F., Jordan, C. E., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113683 · Cited by 23
Augusto‐Oliveira, M., Arrifano, G. D. P., Leal-Nazaré, C. G., Chaves-Filho, A. J. M., Santos-Sacramento, L., Lopes-Araújo, A., Tremblay, M., & Lopez, M. E. C. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106091 · Cited by 28
A transcriptomic microglia taxonomy across mouse and human pathologies
Chhatbar, C., Sankowski, R., Schulz, M., Shimizu, T., Schwabenland, M., Staszewski, O., Scheiwe, C. F., Nessler, S., Borst, K., Dumas, A. A., et al. (2026) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-026-02472-z · Cited by 26
Self-citationRoufagalas, I., Avloniti, M., Fortosi, A., Xingi, E., Thomaidou, D., Probert, L., & Kyrargyri, V. (2021) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105449 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Masuda, T., Sankowski, R., Staszewski, O., Böttcher, C., Amann, L., Sagar, Scheiwe, C., Nessler, S., Kunz, P., van Loo, G., Coenen, V. A., Reinacher, P. C., Michel, A., Sure, U., Gold, R., Grün, D., Priller, J., Stadelmann, C., & Prinz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- St. Josef-Hospital (DE)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Prinz, Marco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 566
- Issue
- 7744
- Pages
- 388-392
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2914756534
- Cited by
- 1,310
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 136 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 169 · 2019: 71
- FWCI
- 72.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-03-27)
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB-1160, SFB 992, SFB/ TRR 167, TRR 167)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Karolinska Institutet
- Deutschen Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft
- Kanae Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science
- Roman, Marga und Mareille Sobek Stiftung
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_16031)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial heterogeneity, microglial subtypes, central nervous system development, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, demyelination, multiple sclerosis, mouse brain, human brain, single-cell transcriptomics, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, brain homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Separation, Demyelinating Diseases, Female, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Multiple Sclerosis, Case-Control Studies, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis, Spatio-Temporal Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
