Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols
Open accessAbstract
The cooling of the Earth's climate through the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds offsets an unknown fraction of greenhouse gas warming. An increase in the amount of water inside liquid-phase clouds induced by aerosols, through the suppression of rain formation, has been postulated to lead to substantial cooling, which would imply that the Earth's surface temperature is highly sensitive to anthropogenic forcing. Here we provide direct observational evidence that, instead of a strong increase, aerosols cause a relatively weak average decrease in the amount of water in liquid-phase clouds compared with unpolluted clouds. Measurements of polluted clouds downwind of various anthropogenic sources-such as oil refineries, smelters, coal-fired power plants, cities, wildfires and ships-reveal that aerosol-induced cloud-water increases, caused by suppressed rain formation, and decreases, caused by enhanced evaporation of cloud water, partially cancel each other out. We estimate that the observed decrease in cloud water offsets 23% of the global climate-cooling effect caused by aerosol-induced increases in the concentration of cloud droplets. These findings invalidate the hypothesis that increases in cloud water cause a substantial climate cooling effect and translate into reduced uncertainty in projections of future climate.
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More recent studies show that aerosols can also change LWP and total cloud fraction (CF), which also greatly affect the amount of solar radiation reflected by clouds.
“More recent studies show that aerosols can also change LWP and total cloud fraction (CF), which also greatly affect the amount of solar radiation reflected by clouds2,13–16.”
From Abrupt reduction in shipping emission as an inadvertent geoengineering termination shock produces substantial radiative warming (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
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“…cloud brightness effect have been observed within ship tracks as well, and can reinforce the microphysical brightening effect by suppressing drizzle (Albrecht, 1989; Goren and Rosenfeld, 2012) or counteract it by enhancing entrainment (Chen et al., 2012; Coakley and Walsh, 2002; Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundQin, M., Dai, A., & Hua, W. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl089504 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The indirect effects of AAs included in many climate models also have been overestimated (Sato et al., 2018; Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPhysical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening
Feingold, G., Ghate, V. P., Russell, L. M., Blossey, P., Cantrell, W., Christensen, M. W., Diamond, M. S., Gettelman, A., Glassmeier, F., Gryspeerdt, E., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi8594 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…surface remote sensing—provide large volumes of data on MCB-target clouds, some of which include opportunistic seeding experiments associated with natural volcanic emissions, biomass burning, individual ship tracks, designated ship-ping lanes, urban point sources, and urban plumes ( 17, 98, 99 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang, J., Zhou, X., Goren, T., & Feingold, G. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-861-2022 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hassan, T., Allen, R. J., Liu, W., & Randles, C. A. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-5821-2021 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The CMIP6 AMOC response may be too sensitive to anthropogenic aerosol forcing (e.g., Zhang et al., 2013), and CMIP6 models may also overestimate aerosol indirect effects (e.g., Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWang, N., Zhang, K., Shen, X. Y., Wang, Y., Li, J., Li, C., Mao, J., Malinka, A. V., Zhao, C., Russell, L. M., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2110756119 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The LWP susceptibility is generally positive for water clouds with small Nd and large re , but is very likely negative for the opposite conditions (6).”
BackgroundResultAleshina, M. A., Семенов, В. А., & Chernokulsky, А. V. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1cba · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Aerosol concentration variations in the troposphere may also affect precipitation characteristics and their link to temperature changes (Toll et al 2019).”
BackgroundUntangling causality in midlatitude aerosol–cloud adjustments
McCoy, D. T., Field, P. R., Gordon, H., Elsaesser, G. S., & Grosvenor, D. P. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-4085-2020 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“, 2019), have little effect (Malavelle et al., 2017; Toll et al., 2017), or reduce LWP (Sato et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialJose, S., Nair, V. S., & Babu, S. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74897-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Arola, A., Lipponen, A., Kolmonen, P., Virtanen, T. H., Bellouin, N., Grosvenor, D. P., Gryspeerdt, E., Quaas, J., & Kokkola, H. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34948-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“These values wereassessed based the Table in Toll et al. 14 , as typical/reasonable values to represent these two sectors.”
Self-citationA Review of Atmospheric Aerosol Impacts on Regional Extreme Weather and Climate Events
Akinyoola, J. A., Oluleye, A., & Gbode, I. E. (2024) · Aerosol Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41810-024-00223-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“For LWP, there is now evidence that the net effect is a small decrease, offsetting about a quarter of the RFaci (Gryspeerdt et al. 2019; Toll et al. 2019).”
Observational evidence of strong forcing from aerosol effect on low cloud coverage
Yuan, T., Song, H., Wood, R., Oreopoulos, L., Platnick, S., Wang, C., Yu, H., Meyer, K., & Wilcox, E. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh7716 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Toll et al. ( 10 ) show a slight LWP increase in ship-tracks on average and the magnitude partially results from the balance between entrainment drying and moistening by precipitation suppression.”
InfluentialCosta-Surós, M., Sourdeval, O., Acquistapace, C., Baars, H., Henken, C. C., Genz, C., Hesemann, J., Jiménez, C., König, M., Kretzschmar, J., et al. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-5657-2020 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrological Consequences of Solar Geoengineering
Ricke, K., Wan, J., Saenger, M., & Lutsko, N. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031920-083456 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mülmenstädt, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Dipu, S., Quaas, J., Ackerman, A. S., Fridlind, A. M., Tornow, F., Bauer, S. E., Gettelman, A., Ming, Y., et al. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-7331-2024 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“We refer to these clouds as “overcast clouds”.”
MethodSelf-citationvon Savigny, C., Timmreck, C., Buehler, S. A., Burrows, J. P., Giorgetta, M. A., Hegerl, G. C., Horváth, Á., Hoshyaripour, G. A., Hoose, C., Quaas, J., et al. (2020) · Meteorologische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1127/metz/2019/0999 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, J., & Feingold, G. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-1073-2023 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Observations of cloud adjustments following anthropogenic aerosol perturbations confirm the bidirectional LWP responses (e.g., Chen et al., 2012; Trofimov et al., 2020), while the aggregated response remains uncertain (Malavelle et al., 2017; Toll et al., 2019; Christensen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialSubstantial cooling effect from aerosol-induced increase in tropical marine cloud cover
Chen, Y., Haywood, J., Wang, Y., Malavelle, F. F., Jordan, G., Peace, A. H., Partridge, D. G., Cho, N., Oreopoulos, L., Platnick, S., et al. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01427-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The ACI-induced total radiative cooling can be described as equation (1) 3,5,69 , which is a modified version of equation (3) in ref.”
InfluentialReviewing the links and feedbacks between climate change and air pollution in Europe
İm, U., Geels, C., Hänninen, R., Kukkonen, J., Rao, S., Ruuhela, R., Sofiev, M. A., Schaller, N., Hodnebrog, Ø., Sillmann, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.954045 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stratocumulus adjustments to aerosol perturbations disentangled with a causal approach
Fons, E., Runge, J., Neubauer, D., & Lohmann, U. (2023) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00452-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Chun, J.-Y., Wood, R., Blossey, P. N., & Doherty, S. J. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluation of aerosol–cloud interactions in E3SM using a Lagrangian framework
Christensen, M. W., Ma, P., Wu, P., Varble, A. C., Mülmenstädt, J., & Fast, J. D. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-2789-2023 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…LWP, and CF decomposition calculations, which many other studies utilize (Quaas et al., 2008; Goren and Rosenfeld, 2015; Bellouin et al., 2013; Christensen et al., 2017; Toll et al., 2019; Christensen et al., 2020), are needed to assess factors that may violate assumptions using these approaches 3.”
Self-citationWarming effects of reduced sulfur emissions from shipping
Yoshioka, M., Grosvenor, D. P., Booth, B. B. B., Morice, C., & Carslaw, K. S. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-13681-2024 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…the linear features of enhanced cloudiness or cloud brightness up to hundreds of kilometres in length that are sometimes clearly visible in satellite images, typically in the regions of marine stratocumulus clouds (e.g., Conover, 1966; Coakley et al., 1987; Toll et al., 2019; Diamond et al., 2020).”
Guo, C., Hu, H., Wang, S., Rodríguez, L. F., Ting, K. C., & Lin, T. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.144 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Global observations of aerosol indirect effects from marine liquid clouds
Wall, C. J., Storelvmo, T., & Possner, A. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-13125-2023 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Michibata, T., & Suzuki, K. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl088340 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…to observations that both increasing (cloud lifetime effect Albrecht, 1989) and decreasing (buffering effect Stevens & Feingold, 2009) responses of cloud water to increased aerosols can occur depending on the cloud regime (Gryspeerdt et al., 2019; Michibata et al., 2016; Toll et al., 2017, 2019).”
BackgroundBai, H., Wang, M., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2019jd031598 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“4 of 16 recent study that shows a relatively weak LWP response to anthropogenic aerosols across the globe (Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHirasawa, H., Kushner, P. J., Sigmond, M., Fyfe, J. C., & Deser, C. (2020) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0829.1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Observing short-timescale cloud development to constrain aerosol–cloud interactions
Gryspeerdt, E., Glassmeier, F., Feingold, G., Hoffmann, F., & Murray-Watson, R. J. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-11727-2022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Andersen, H., Čermák, J., Douglas, A., Myers, T. A., Nowack, P. J., Stier, P., Wall, C. J., & Kemsley, S. W. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-10775-2023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This is not surprising, as AOD and AI are directly related. sensitivity estimates that use log s as an aerosol proxy correlations amongst the other CCF sensitivity patterns are lower (on average 0.92– sensitivities are not strongly correlated 10 SW 10 − − 2 − 1 ) 10 − − 2 − 1 − − 2 − 1 Similar to the recent study by W…”
InfluentialShao, N., Lu, C.-S., Jia, X.-C., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Zhu, B., Zhao, T.-L., Liu, D., Niu, S.-J., et al. (2023) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-9873-2023 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prabhakaran, P., Hoffmann, F., & Feingold, G. (2023) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/jas-d-22-0207.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Su, T., Li, Z., Roldán‐Henao, N., Luan, Q., & Yu, F. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl5044 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…used using more conventional measurements ( 17 , 27 – 29 ), including surface sulfate aerosols ( 18 ), aerosol optical depth (AOD) ( 16 , 17 , 30 , 31 ), and aerosol extinction ( 32 , 33 ) from which attempts were made to retrieve the CCN ( 34 , 35 ), but their effectiveness in a wide range of…”
Strong Precipitation Suppression by Aerosols in Marine Low Clouds
Fan, C., Wang, M., Rosenfeld, D., Zhu, Y., Liu, J., & Chen, B. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl086207 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This large uncertainty is often dominated by uncertainty in changes in cloud water amount or liquid water path (LWP) caused by anthropogenic aerosol perturbation (Ackerman et al., 2004; Malavelle et al., 2017; Rosenfeld et al., 2019; Toll et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2012).”
BackgroundXiao, D., Wang, N., Chen, S., Wu, L., Müller, D., Veselovskii, I. A., Li, C., Landulfo, E., Sivakumar, V., Li, J., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162091 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Trofimov, H., Bellouin, N., & Toll, V. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2020jd032575 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“These observations sample a wider geographical area compared to large‐scale cloud perturbations in Moscow area, Russia, and Kazakhstan studied by Toll et al. (2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Evolving Role of External Forcing in North Atlantic SST Variability over the Last Millennium
Klavans, J. M., Clement, A., Cane, M. A., & Murphy, L. N. (2022) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-21-0338.1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“These indices, which do not exclude external forcing, are the ones most often used in studies of impacts of the AMV (e.g., Enfield et al. 2001; Trenberth and Shea 2006; Klavans et al. 2020).”
Exploring Impacts of Size‐Dependent Evaporation and Entrainment in a Global Model
Karset, I. H. H., Gettelman, A., Storelvmo, T., Alterskjær, K., & Berntsen, T. K. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2019jd031817 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Veals, P. G., Varble, A. C., Russell, J. O. H., Hardin, J. C., & Zipser, E. J. (2021) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/jas-d-21-0119.1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This has been shown to decrease the efficiency of collision–coalescence in warm clouds, suppressing rainfall (e.g., Rosenfeld 1999; Braga et al. 2017; Toll et al. 2019).”
BackgroundGupta, S., McFarquhar, G. M., O'Brien, J. R., Poellot, M. R., Delene, D. J., Miller, R. M., & Griswold, J. D. S. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-2769-2022 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Due to aerosol-induced changes in entrainment and boundary layer stability, the aerosol impact on H and ZT can have the strongest influence on LWP adjustments associated with ACIs (Toll et al., 2019).”
InfluentialStability-dependent increases in liquid water with droplet number in the Arctic
Murray-Watson, R. J., & Gryspeerdt, E. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-5743-2022 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Meyer, K., Platnick, S. E., Holz, R. E., Dutcher, S., Quinn, G., & Nagle, F. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12244096 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hu, X., Ge, J., Du, J., Li, Q., Huang, J., & Fu, Q. (2021) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-14-1743-2021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“To reduce this uncertainty, accurate long-term observations are important to characterize low-level clouds and understand their climate feedbacks (Garrett and Zhao, 2013; Toll et al., 2019; Turner et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAtmospheric aerosols and their role in climate change
Haywood, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821575-3.00030-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hu, S., Zhu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., Mao, F., Lü, X., Pan, Z., Zang, L., & Gong, W. Y. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2020jd033852 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, enhancing the clouds albedo) in the background of pristine marine clouds but negative in relatively polluted marine and continental backgrounds (Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMiller, R. M., Rauber, R. M., Girolamo, L. D., Rilloraza, M., Fu, D., McFarquhar, G. M., Nesbitt, S. W., Ziemba, L. D., Woods, S., & Thornhill, K. L. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-8959-2023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…shipping pollution on marine clouds and precipitation has been explored in recent decades (Petzold et al., 2008; Rosenfeld et al., 2008; Stevens and Feingold, 2009; Coggon et al., 2012; Juwono et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2013; Gryspeerdt et al., 2019; Toll et al., 2019; Manshausen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSnow-induced buffering in aerosol–cloud interactions
Michibata, T., Suzuki, K., & Takemura, T. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-13771-2020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diurnal Patterns in the Observed Cloud Liquid Water Path Response to Droplet Number Perturbations
Smalley, K. M., Lebsock, M., & Eastman, R. M. (2024) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2023gl107323 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pandey, S. K., Vinoj, V., & Panwar, A. (2019) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2019.12.017 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Cooling credits” are not a viable climate solution
Diamond, M., Wanser, K., & Boucher, O. (2023) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03561-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“2013) and large industrial centers (Hobbs et al. 1980; Toll et al. 2019; Trofimov et al. 2020).”
The Fall and Rise of the Global Climate Model
Mülmenstädt, J., & Wilcox, L. J. (2021) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2021ms002781 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In the observed atmosphere, the liquid water path responds weakly to aerosols (Malavelle et al., 2017; Toll et al., 2019) or perhaps slightly decreases (Gryspeerdt et al.”
BackgroundThe Radiative and Cloud Responses to Sea Salt Aerosol Engineering in GFDL Models
Mahfouz, N., Hill, S. A., Guo, H., & Ming, Y. (2023) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl102340 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“to aerosol perturbation could be either positive, negative, or neutral, depending upon the competing effects of microphysics involved (e.g., Christensen et al., 2022; Hoffmann & Feingold, 2021; Manshausen et al., 2022; Mülmenstädt et al., 2020; Sato et al., 2018; Toll et al., 2019).”
BackgroundHirasawa, H., Kushner, P. J., Sigmond, M., Fyfe, J. C., & Deser, C. (2022) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-21-0795.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“CAM5 overestimates the enhancement of cloud liquid water path in response to aerosol perturbations from tropospheric volcanic aerosols, which may result in an overestimation of the aerosol – cloud lifetime effect (Malavelle et al. 2017; Toll et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSong, C., McCoy, D. T., Eidhammer, T., Gettelman, A., McCoy, I. L., Watson‐Parris, D., Wall, C. J., Elsaesser, G. S., & Wood, R. (2024) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2024gl108663 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Process understanding and observations suggest that cloud adjustments could lead to increased or decreased cloud amount and optical thickness (Ackerman et al., 2004; Glassmeier et al., 2021; Toll et al., 2019; Wood, 2007).”
BackgroundAn Overview of Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions
Gordon, H., Glassmeier, F., & McCoy, D. T. (2023) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119700357.ch2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Yamaguchi, T., & Feingold, G. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-10425-2024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…2023; Smalley et al., 2024) and polar-orbiting satellites (e.g., Di-amond et al., 2020; Zhang and Feingold, 2023) have indicated diurnal variation in cloud adjustments to aerosol perturbations, such that LWP adjustments become more negative in the afternoon Through extrapolating the Terra (late d”
Ge, W., Prime, N., Smith, S. J., Liu, J., Ren, Y., Zhou, Y., Wu, H., Wang, X., & Chen, G. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125669 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Qiu, S., Zheng, X., Painemal, D., Terai, C. R., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-2913-2024 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Previous studies have utilized various methods based on the effective radius threshold (e.g., Gryspeerdt et al., 2019; Toll et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2022) and the rain rate threshold (e.g., Duong et al., 2011; Terai et al., 2015) from satellite retrievals. our study, we validate these two…”
MethodAdjustments to Climate Perturbations—Mechanisms, Implications, Observational Constraints
Quaas, J., Andrews, T., Bellouin, N., Block, K., Boucher, O., Ceppi, P., Dagan, G., Doktorowski, S., Eichholz, H. M., Forster, P. M. D. F., et al. (2024) · AGU Advances · doi:10.1029/2023av001144 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGoren, T., Choudhury, G. G., Kretzschmar, J. G., & McCoy, I. L. (2025) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-25-3413-2025 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“N d joint histograms in an inverted-V-shaped pattern (Arola et al., 2022; Dipu et al., 2022; Glassmeier et al., 2021; Gryspeerdt et al., 2019; Mül-menstädt et al., 2024; Possner et al., 2020)”
Simulation of Aerosol Indirect Effects on Cloud Streets Over the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Wu, C., & Chen, J. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2020jd034325 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Many studies applied different definitions for the cloudy area, such as using a minimum LWP (e.g., Jiang et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2009; Koren et al., 2009; Seigel, 2014) or optical depth (Jiang et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, K., Zuo, Z., Suarez‐Gutierrez, L., & Bu, L. (2024) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-024-00567-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jia, Y., Andersen, H., & Čermák, J. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-13025-2024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Global evidence of aerosol-induced invigoration in marine cumulus clouds
Douglas, A., & L’Ecuyer, T. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-15103-2021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shen, Z., Ming, Y., & Held, I. M. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb5297 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dipu, S., Schwarz, M., Ekman, A. M. L., Gryspeerdt, E., Goren, T., Sourdeval, O., Mülmenstädt, J., & Quaas, J. (2022) · Tellus B · doi:10.16993/tellusb.27 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid saturation of cloud water adjustments to shipping emissions
Manshausen, P., Watson‐Parris, D., Christensen, M. W., Jalkanen, J.-P., & Stier, P. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-12545-2023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationCalderón, S. M., Tonttila, J., Buchholz, A., Joutsensaari, J., Komppula, M., Leskinen, A., Hao, L., Moisseev, D. N., Pullinen, I., Tiitta, P., et al. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-12417-2022 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hidden Large Aerosol‐Driven Cloud Cover Effect Over High‐Latitude Ocean
Wang, X., Mao, F., Zhu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., Pan, Z., Zang, L., Lü, X., Liu, F., & Gong, W. Y. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2023jd039312 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…resulting in the accumulation of cloud water, thereby prolonging cloud coverage and lifetime (Albrecht, 1989); on the other hand, the reduced r e results in enhanced evaporation and diminished sedimentation, leading to a reduction in cloud water (Ackerman et al., 2004; Toll et al., 2019).”
Haywood, J., Boucher, O., Lennard, C., Storelvmo, T., Tilmes, S., & Visioni, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Radiative Fluxes to Aerosols in the ALADIN-HIRLAM Numerical Weather Prediction System
Rontu, L., Gleeson, E., Pérez, D. M., Nielsen, K. P., & Toll, V. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11020205 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The direct radiative effect of aerosols on weather and climate is much better quantified than indirect effects [19,20] because of the greater physical understanding of the aerosol radiative effects compared to the impact of aerosols on clouds and precipitation.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlaciation of liquid clouds, snowfall, and reduced cloud cover at industrial aerosol hot spots
Toll, V., Rahu, J., Keernik, H., Trofimov, H., Voormansik, T., Manshausen, P., Hung, E., Michelson, D. B., Christensen, M. W., Post, P., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adl0303 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAerosol-cloud interactions in liquid clouds
Quaas, J., & Gryspeerdt, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819766-0.00019-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersen, H., Čermák, J., Stirnberg, R., Fuchs, J., Kim, M., & Pauli, E. (2021) · Tellus B · doi:10.1080/16000889.2021.1971925 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Also, climate-system effects of aerosols are particularly pronounced in China and over adjacent seas (Andersen et al. 2017; Hasekamp et al. 2019; Toll et al. 2019).”
BackgroundHassan, T., Allen, R. J., Liu, W., Shim, S., van Noije, T., Sager, P. L., Oshima, N., Deushi, M., Randles, C. A., & O’Connor, F. M. (2022) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00476-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Ma, X., Quaas, J., & Jia, H. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-9101-2024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“4”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Toll, V., Christensen, M., Quaas, J., & Bellouin, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Tartu (EE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Toll, Velle
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-07-31
- Volume
- 572
- Issue
- 7767
- Pages
- 51-55
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2965102826
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-01-03)
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Reading
- Eesti Teadusagentuur (PSG202)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/L013746/1, NE/L013479/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Keywords
- anthropogenic aerosols, cloud water content, aerosol-cloud interactions, cloud droplet number concentration, cloud evaporation, climate cooling effect, global warming, climate sensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Aerosols, Air Pollution, Human Activities, Models, Theoretical, Rain, Temperature, Water, Greenhouse Effect, Uncertainty, Climate Change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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