The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunization: vital progress, unfinished agenda
Open accessAbstract
Vaccination against infectious diseases has changed the future of the human species, saving millions of lives every year, both children and adults, and providing major benefits to society as a whole. Here we show, however, that national and sub-national coverage of vaccination varies greatly and major unmet needs persist. Although scientific progress opens exciting perspectives in terms of new vaccines, the pathway from discovery to sustainable implementation can be long and difficult, from the financing, development and licensing to programme implementation and public acceptance. Immunization is one of the best investments in health and should remain a priority for research, industry, public health and society.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Immune memory is the source of protective immunity from a subsequent infection (Orenstein and Ahmed, 2017; Piot et al., 2019; Plotkin et al., 2018).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Piot et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Roth, G. A., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32203-7 · Cited by 8,600
Ten Great Public Health Achievements—United States, 1900-1999
(1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.16.1481 · Cited by 1,313
Restrepo, A. M. H., Camacho, A., Longini, I. M., Watson, C., Edmunds, W. J., Egger, M., Carroll, M. W., Dean, N. E., Diatta, I. D., Doumbia, M. M., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32621-6 · Cited by 1,112
Effect of Dengue Serostatus on Dengue Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
Sridhar, S., Luedtke, A. R., Langevin, E., Zhu, M., Bonaparte, M. I., Machabert, T., Savarino, S. J., Zambrano, B., Moureau, A., Khromava, A., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1800820 · Cited by 792
The basic reproduction number (R0) of measles: a systematic review
Guerra, F. M., Bolotin, S., Lim, G. H., Heffernan, J. M., Deeks, S. L., Li, Y., & Crowcroft, N. S. (2017) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30307-9 · Cited by 713
Translational research: crossing the valley of death
Butler, D. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/453840a · Cited by 712
Lane, S., MacDonald, N. E., Marti, M., & Dumolard, L. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063 · Cited by 530
Economic burden of seasonal influenza in the United States
Putri, W. C. W. S., Muscatello, D. J., Stockwell, M. S., & Newall, A. T. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.057 · Cited by 493
Simply put: Vaccination saves lives
Orenstein, W. A., & Ahmed, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704507114 · Cited by 449
The complexity and cost of vaccine manufacturing – An overview
Plotkin, S. A., Robinson, J. M., Cunningham, G., Iqbal, R., & Larsen, S. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.003 · Cited by 437
Vaccines for the twenty-first century society
Rappuoli, R., Mandl, C. W., Black, S., & De Gregorio, E. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3085 · Cited by 388
An Introduction to Infectious Disease Modelling
Vynnycky, E., & White, R. L. (2010) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 387
Return On Investment From Childhood Immunization In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, 2011–20
Ozawa, S., Clark, S. E., Portnoy, A., Grewal, S. K., Brenzel, L., & Walker, D. G. (2016) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086 · Cited by 378
Karafillakis, E., & Larson, H. J. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.061 · Cited by 317
Self-citationYen, L. M., & Thwaites, L. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33131-3 · Cited by 269
Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009
Zhou, F., Shefer, A. M., Wenger, J. D., Messonnier, M. L., Wang, L. Y., Lopez, A. S., Moore, M. R., Murphy, T. V., Cortese, M. M., & Rodewald, L. E. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0698 · Cited by 257
Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19–35 Months — United States, 2017
Hill, H. A., Elam–Evans, L. D., Yankey, D., Singleton, J. A., & Kang, Y. (2018) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6740a4 · Cited by 251
Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: Primary and secondary effects
Klugman, K. P., & BLACK, S. B. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721095115 · Cited by 220
Smith, R., Keogh-Brown, M. R., Barnett, T., & Tait, J. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b4571 · Cited by 200
Poland, G. A., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Jacobson, R. M., & Smith, D. I. (2007) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100415 · Cited by 193
Lee, A. H., Shannon, C. P., Amenyogbe, N., Bennike, T. B., Diray‐Arce, J., Idoko, O. T., Gill, E. E., Ben-Othman, R., Pomat, W. S., van Haren, S. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08794-x · Cited by 192
Self-citationHammitt, L. L., Akech, D., Morpeth, S. C., Karani, A., Kihuha, N., Nyongesa, S., Bwanaali, T., Mumbo, E., Kamau, T., Sharif, S. K., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70224-4 · Cited by 189
Bärnighausen, T., Bloom, D. E., Cafiero-Fonseca, E. T., & O’Brien, J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1400475111 · Cited by 188
Cutts, F. T., Izurieta, H. S., & Rhoda, D. A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001404 · Cited by 179
Antimicrobial resistance and the role of vaccines
Bloom, D. E., BLACK, S. B., SALISBURY, D. M., & Rappuoli, R. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1717157115 · Cited by 176
Larson, H. J., Hartigan-Go, K. Y., & de Figueiredo, A. (2018) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1522468 · Cited by 173
Self-citationWilder‐Smith, A., Hombach, J., Ferguson, N. M., Selgelid, M. J., O’Brien, K. L., Vannice, K., Barrett, A. D. T., Ferdinand, E., Flasche, S., Guzmán, M. G., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30494-8 · Cited by 169
Self-citationPersonalized vaccines: the emerging field of vaccinomics
Poland, G. A., Ovsyannikova, I. G., & Jacobson, R. M. (2008) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.8.11.1659 · Cited by 164
Mosser, J. F., Gagne‐Maynard, W., Rao, P. C., Osgood-Zimmerman, A. E., Fullman, N., Graetz, N., Burstein, R., Updike, R. L., Liu, P. Y., Ray, S. E., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30226-0 · Cited by 163
Self-citationPhillips, D. E., Dieleman, J. L., Lim, S. S., & Shearer, J. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2626-0 · Cited by 162
Lam, E., McCarthy, A., & Brennan, M. (2015) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1096457 · Cited by 153
The broader economic impact of vaccination: reviewing and appraising the strength of evidence
Jit, M., Hutubessy, R., Png, M. E., Sundaram, N., Audimulam, J., Salim, S., & Yoong, J. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0446-9 · Cited by 153
Aaby, P., Kollmann, T. R., & Benn, C. S. (2014) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2961 · Cited by 141
Cost-effectiveness of adult vaccinations: A systematic review
Leidner, A. J., Murthy, N. C., Chesson, H. W., Biggerstaff, M., Stoecker, C., Harris, A. M., Acosta, A. M., Dooling, K. L., & Bridges, C. B. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.056 · Cited by 139
Toward economic evaluation of the value of vaccines and other health technologies in addressing AMR
Sevilla, J. P., Bloom, D. E., Cadarette, D., Jit, M., & Lipsitch, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1717161115 · Cited by 129
Clark, A. D., van Zandvoort, K., Flasche, S., Sanderson, C. F. B., Bines, J. E., Tate, J. E., Parashar, U. D., & Jit, M. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30126-4 · Cited by 128
Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2018*
Kim, D. K., Riley, L. E., & Hunter, P. H. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m17-3439 · Cited by 114
What Is Wrong with Pertussis Vaccine Immunity?Preprint
Burdin, N., Handy, L., & Plotkin, S. A. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029454 · Cited by 112
Establishing Efficacy of Human Products Using Animals
Snoy, P. (2010) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/0300985810372506 · Cited by 109
Vaccines and global health: In search of a sustainable model for vaccine development and delivery
Rappuoli, R., BLACK, S. B., & Bloom, D. E. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2888 · Cited by 105
The public health value of vaccines beyond efficacy: methods, measures and outcomes
Wilder‐Smith, A., Longini, I. M., ZUBER, P. L. F., Bärnighausen, T., Edmunds, W. J., Dean, N. E., Spicher, V. M., Benissa, M.-R., & Gessner, B. D. (2017) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0911-8 · Cited by 105
Safety of AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: A review of the evidence
Cohet, C., der Most, R. G. V., Bauchau, V., Bekkat-Berkani, R., Doherty, T. M., Schuind, A., Silva, F. T. D., Rappuoli, R., Garçon, N., & Innis, B. L. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.048 · Cited by 102
Kobayashi, M., Vekemans, J., Baker, C. J., Ratner, A. J., Doaré, K. L., & Schrag, S. J. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.9363.1 · Cited by 88
Challenges in adult vaccination
de Gomensoro, E., Giudice, G. D., & Doherty, T. M. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2017.1417632 · Cited by 85
Chang, A. Y., Riumalló‐Herl, C., Perales, N. A., Clark, S. E., Clark, A. D., Constenla, D. O., Garske, T., Jackson, M. L., Jean, K., Jit, M., et al. (2018) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0861 · Cited by 84
Meeting the Challenges of Immunizing Adults
Bridges, C. B., Hurley, L. P., Williams, W. W., Ramakrishnan, A., Dean, A. K., & Groom, A. V. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.014 · Cited by 79
America and Europe’s new normal: the return of vaccine-preventable diseases
Hotez, P. J. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0354-3 · Cited by 74
Winslow, R., Milligan, I. D., Voysey, M., Lühn, K., Shukarev, G., Douoguih, M., & Snape, M. D. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.20644 · Cited by 72
Westphal, D. W., Eastwood, A., Levy, A., Davies, J., Huppatz, C., Gilles, M. T., Lyttle, H., Williams, S. A., & Dowse, G. K. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30498-5 · Cited by 63
Kim, D.-K., Bridges, C. B., & Harriman, K. H. (2016) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.13877 · Cited by 62
Mumps in a highly vaccinated Marshallese community in Arkansas, USA: an outbreak report
Fields, V., Safi, H., Waters, C., Dillaha, J. A., Capelle, L., Riklon, S., Wheeler, J. G., & Haselow, D. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30607-8 · Cited by 57
Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017*
Kim, D. K., Riley, L. E., Harriman, K. H., Hunter, P. R., & Bridges, C. B. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2936 · Cited by 56
Kallenberg, J., Mok, W., Newman, R. D., Nguyen, A., Ryckman, T. S., Saxenian, H., & Wilson, P. (2016) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1079 · Cited by 54
Searching for the human genetic factors standing in the way of universally effective vaccines
Mentzer, A. J., O’Connor, D., Pollard, A. J., & Hill, A. V. S. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0341 · Cited by 52
Derhovanessian, E., & Pawelec, G. (2012) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00283.x · Cited by 51
Measles resurgence in the USA: how international travel compounds vaccine resistance
Sarkar, S., Zlojutro, A., Khan, K. Z., & Gardner, L. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30231-2 · Cited by 50
Riumalló‐Herl, C., Chang, A. Y., Clark, S. E., Constenla, D. O., Clark, A. D., Brenzel, L., & Verguet, S. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000613 · Cited by 44
Meeting the Challenges of Immunizing Adults
Bridges, C. B., Hurley, L. P., Williams, W. W., Ramakrishnan, A., Dean, A. K., & Groom, A. V. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.054 · Cited by 44
Biological challenges to effective vaccines in the developing world
Grassly, N. C., Kang, G., & Kampmann, B. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0138 · Cited by 35
Self-citationBrenzel, L. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.076 · Cited by 35
Vaccine candidates for poor nations are going to waste
Kaslow, D. C., BLACK, S. B., Bloom, D. E., Datla, M., SALISBURY, D. M., & Rappuoli, R. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07758-3 · Cited by 35
A Short History of Vaccination
Plotkin, S. L., & Plotkin, S. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00001-8 · Cited by 33
Gong, W., Shah, M. T., Firdous, S., Jarrett, B. A., Moulton, L. H., Moss, W. J., Hayford, K. T., O’Brien, K. L., & Chandir, S. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy263 · Cited by 27
Self-citationBarriers to typhoid fever vaccine access in endemic countries
Khan, M. I., Franco‐Paredes, C., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Ochiai, R. L., Mogasale, V., & Gessner, B. D. (2017) · Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine · doi:10.2147/rrtm.s97309 · Cited by 22
Chan, J., Nguyen, C. D., Lai, J., Dunne, E. M., Andrews, R. M., Blyth, C. C., Datta, S. S., Fox, K., Ford, R. L., Hinds, J., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021512 · Cited by 21
Prospects for preventing infant invasive GBS disease through maternal vaccination
Madhi, S. A., & Dangor, Z. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.025 · Cited by 20
Measles, war, and health-care reforms in Ukraine
Lancet, T. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31984-6 · Cited by 18
Vaccination lags behind in middle-income countries
Berkley, S. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01494-y · Cited by 17
Findlow, J. (2015) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1091131 · Cited by 15
Muñoz, F. M., Damme, P. V., Dinleyici, E. Ç., Clarke, E., Kampmann, B., Heath, P. T., Levy, O., Leuridan, E. E., Cutland, C., Meulen, A. S.-T., et al. (2018) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00221-18 · Cited by 13
Self-citationEarly Life HIV-1 Immunization: Providing a Window for Protection Before Sexual Debut
Permar, S. R., Levy, O., Kollman, T. R., Singh, A., & Paris, K. D. (2018) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2018.0018 · Cited by 6
Ensuring access to medicines: How to stimulate innovation to meet patients’ needs?
Пантели, Д., Edwards, S., Richardson, E., Palm, W., & Mossialos, E. A. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- World Health Organization. Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 86, 301–316 (2011).
- World Health Organziation. Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization, April 2014 — conclusions and recommendations. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 89, 221–236 (2014).
- Akanmori, B., Bellah, A., Ward, M. & Rago, L. The African vaccine regulatory forum (AVAREF): a platform for collaboration in a public health emergency. WHO Drug Inf. 29, 127–132 (2015).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790
“The vast majority of licensed human vaccines work on the basis of protective antibody responses, with neutralizing antibodies being the most common mechanism of action (Piot et al., 2019; Plotkin, 2010; Plotkin et al., 2018).”
Larson, H. J., Gakidou, E. E., & Murray, C. J. L. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2106441 · Cited by 516
Self-citationVaccine confidence in the time of COVID-19
Harrison, E. A., & Wu, J. W. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00634-3 · Cited by 477
Metadata
- Authors
- Piot, P., Larson, H. J., O’Brien, K. L., N’kengasong, J., Ng, E., Sow, S., & Kampmann, B.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Centre Pour le Développement des Vaccins-Mali (ML)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-11-06
- Volume
- 575
- Issue
- 7781
- Pages
- 119-129
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2985393490
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 29
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Pfizer
- World Health Organization
- Wellcome Trust
- UK Research and Innovation
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (SRF-2009-02-07)
- European Commission
- Medical Research Council (MR/R005990/1, MC_PC_17221, MR/R005990/2, MC_EX_MR/K011944/1, MC_EX_MR/P024270/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- immunization, vaccination, vaccination coverage, vaccine development, vaccine implementation, vaccine safety, vaccine financing, vaccine licensure, vaccine hesitancy, infectious disease prevention, public health investment
- MeSH terms
- Drug Development, Animals, Humans, Mortality, Philippines, Social Change, Vaccination, Vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
