Correlated charge noise and relaxation errors in superconducting qubits
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The central challenge in building a quantum computer is error correction. Unlike classical bits, which are susceptible to only one type of error, quantum bits (qubits) are susceptible to two types of error, corresponding to flips of the qubit state about the X and Z directions. Although the Heisenberg uncertainty principle precludes simultaneous monitoring of X- and Z-flips on a single qubit, it is possible to encode quantum information in large arrays of entangled qubits that enable accurate monitoring of all errors in the system, provided that the error rate is low 1. Another crucial requirement is that errors cannot be correlated. Here we characterize a superconducting multiqubit circuit and find that charge noise in the chip is highly correlated on a length scale over 600 micrometres; moreover, discrete charge jumps are accompanied by a strong transient reduction of qubit energy relaxation time across the millimetre-scale chip. The resulting correlated errors are explained in terms of the charging event and phonon-mediated quasiparticle generation associated with absorption of γ-rays and cosmic-ray muons in the qubit substrate. Robust quantum error correction will require the development of mitigation strategies to protect multiqubit arrays from correlated errors due to particle impacts.
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When interacting with the chip, cosmic and gamma rays can deposit energies in the 100 keV to 1 MeV range, dwarfing the typical energy scales in the qubits at around 25 eV.
“When interacting with the chip, these rays can deposit energies in the 100 keV to 1 MeV range [5, 8], dwar ng the typical energy scales in our qubits at around 25 eV.”
From Resolving catastrophic error bursts from cosmic rays in large arrays of superconducting qubits (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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Two-level system hyperpolarization using a quantum Szilard engine
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Electron charge qubit with 0.1 millisecond coherence time
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Improving qubit coherence using closed-loop feedback
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High coherence and low cross-talk in a tileable 3D integrated superconducting circuit architecture
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CUORE opens the door to tonne-scale cryogenics experiments
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Synthesizing Quantum-Circuit Optimizers
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Phonon engineering of atomic-scale defects in superconducting quantum circuits
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Spatially correlated classical and quantum noise in driven qubits
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Signatures of non-Markovianity of a superconducting qubit
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Modular Quantum Processor with an All-to-All Reconfigurable Router
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State control in superconducting quantum processors
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Using materials for quasiparticle engineering
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Phononic bath engineering of a superconducting qubit
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A stress-induced source of phonon bursts and quasiparticle poisoning
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Self-citationQuantum Computing is Scalable on a Planar Array of Qubits with Fabrication Defects
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Synchronous detection of cosmic rays and correlated errors in superconducting qubit arrays
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Modular superconducting-qubit architecture with a multichip tunable coupler
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Self-citationQuantum bath suppression in a superconducting circuit by immersion cooling
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Self-citationDark Matter Induced Power in Quantum Devices
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Self-citationModeling phonon-mediated quasiparticle poisoning in superconducting qubit arrays
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Self-citationIntrinsic and induced quantum quenches for enhancing qubit-based quantum noise spectroscopy
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Transition Edge Sensors: Physics and Applications
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Noisy gates for simulating quantum computers
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Cosmic-ray-induced correlated errors in superconducting qubit array
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Distinguishing between Quantum and Classical Markovian Dephasing Dissipation
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Mitigation of Quasiparticle Loss in Superconducting Qubits by Phonon Scattering
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Quantum variational learning for quantum error-correcting codes
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Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits
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Self-citationRealistic Protocol to Measure Entanglement at Finite Temperatures
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Self-citationG4CMP: Condensed matter physics simulation using the Geant4 toolkit
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Identification of Different Types of High-Frequency Defects in Superconducting Qubits
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Dissipative Dynamics of Graph-State Stabilizers with Superconducting Qubits
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Adaptive surface code for quantum error correction in the presence of temporary or permanent defects
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Benchmarking Noise and Dephasing in Emerging Electrical Materials for Quantum Technologies
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Sensor-Assisted Fault Mitigation in Quantum Computation
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QuFI: a Quantum Fault Injector to Measure the Reliability of Qubits and Quantum Circuits
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Self-citationMultiqubit time-varying quantum channels for NISQ-era superconducting quantum processors
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Cryogenic Multiplexing Control Chip for a Superconducting Quantum Processor
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Characterizing Low-Frequency Qubit Noise
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Quasiparticle Dynamics in Epitaxial Al - InAs Planar Josephson Junctions
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ZZ -interaction-free single-qubit-gate optimization in superconducting qubits
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Quasiparticle Dynamics in a Superconducting Qubit Irradiated by a Localized Infrared Source
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Fowler, J. W., Szypryt, P., Bunker, R., Edwards, E. R., Florang, I. M. F., Gao, J., Giachero, A., Hoogerheide, S. F., Loer, B., Mumm, H. P., et al. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.040323 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Systematic Methodology to Compute the Quantum Vulnerability Factors for Quantum Circuits
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Benchmarking quantum logic operations relative to thresholds for fault tolerance
Hashim, A., Seritan, S., Proctor, T. J., Rudinger, K., Goss, N., Naik, R., Kreikebaum, J. M., Santiago, D., & Siddiqi, I. A. (2023) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-023-00764-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Stress Induced Source of Phonon Bursts and Quasiparticle PoisoningPreprint
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Self-citationMulti-qubit nanoscale sensing with entanglement as a resource
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Tunable capacitor for superconducting qubits using an InAs/InGaAs heterostructure
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Shape optimization of superconducting transmon qubits for low surface dielectric loss
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Abatement of ionizing radiation for superconducting quantum devices
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Hardware Implementation of Quantum Stabilizers in Superconducting Circuits
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Self-citationState control in superconducting quantum processors
Vozhakov, V. A., Bastrakova, M. V., Klenov, N. V., Soloviev, I. I., Pogosov, W. V., Валерьевич, Б. Д., Zhukov, A. A., & Михайлович, С. А. (2021) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2021.02.038934 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ability of error correlations to improve the performance of variational quantum algorithms
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Linehan, R., Hernandez, I., Temples, D. J., Dang, S. Q., Baxter, D., Hsu, L., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Khatiwada, R., Anyang, K., Bowring, D., et al. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.063047 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Cosmic muon flux attenuation methods for superconducting qubit experiments
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Correlated Quasiparticle Poisoning from Phonon-Only Events in Superconducting Qubits
Yelton, E., Larson, C. P., Dodge, K., Okubo, K., & Plourde, B. L. T. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/h65v-ttbw · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wilen, C. D., Abdullah, S., Kurinsky, N. A., Stanford, C., Cardani, L., D’Imperio, G., Tomei, C., Faoro, L., Ioffe, L. B., Liu, C. H., Opremcak, A., Christensen, B. G., DuBois, J. L., & McDermott, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Google (United States) (US)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilen, C. D.
- McDermott, R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-06-16
- Volume
- 594
- Issue
- 7863
- Pages
- 369-373
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3166751781
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 14.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0020313)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Superconducting and THz Device Technology
- Keywords
- superconducting qubits, quantum error correction, cosmic ray muons, gamma-ray attenuation, spatially correlated errors, quantum computing hardware
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