State-dependent pupil dilation rapidly shifts visual feature selectivity
Open accessAbstract
To increase computational flexibility, the processing of sensory inputs changes with behavioural context. In the visual system, active behavioural states characterized by motor activity and pupil dilation 1,2 enhance sensory responses, but typically leave the preferred stimuli of neurons unchanged 2-9. Here we find that behavioural state also modulates stimulus selectivity in the mouse visual cortex in the context of coloured natural scenes. Using population imaging in behaving mice, pharmacology and deep neural network modelling, we identified a rapid shift in colour selectivity towards ultraviolet stimuli during an active behavioural state. This was exclusively caused by state-dependent pupil dilation, which resulted in a dynamic switch from rod to cone photoreceptors, thereby extending their role beyond night and day vision. The change in tuning facilitated the decoding of ethological stimuli, such as aerial predators against the twilight sky 10. For decades, studies in neuroscience and cognitive science have used pupil dilation as an indirect measure of brain state. Our data suggest that, in addition, state-dependent pupil dilation itself tunes visual representations to behavioural demands by differentially recruiting rods and cones on fast timescales.
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Head-restrained preparations have shown that behavioral state fluctuations have a strong impact on neuronal gain and coding properties in primary sensory areas and modulate neuronal firing within brain-wide neuronal networks.
“By employing head-restrained preparations, a growing body of work has demonstrated that behavioral state fluctuations have a strong impact on neuronal gain and coding properties in primary sensory areas36,43,66–70 and modulate neuronal firing within brain-wide neuronal networks44,71–74.”
From Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
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Diverse task-driven modeling of macaque V4 reveals functional specialization towards semantic tasks
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Self-citationLarge-scale calcium imaging reveals a systematic V4 map for encoding natural scenes
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Energy Guided Diffusion for Generating Neurally Exciting Images
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Is the impact of spontaneous movements on early visual cortex species specific?
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A mammal and bird's‐eye‐view of the pupil during sleep and wakefulness
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Self-citationBehavior-Specific Computations in the Vertebrate Retina
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Self-citationSleuthing subjectivity: a review of covert measures of consciousness
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Behavioral modulations can alter the visual tuning of neurons in the mouse thalamocortical pathway
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Spiking activity in the visual thalamus is coupled to pupil dynamics across temporal scalesPreprint
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Functional bipartite invariance in mouse primary visual cortex receptive fields
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Self-citationPupil-linked arousal heterogeneously modulates cell-type–specific sensory processing
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Pupil size modulation drives retinal activity in mice and shapes human perception
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Predicting Single Neuron Responses of the Primary Visual Cortex with Deep Learning Model
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Multimodal Deep Learning Model Unveils Behavioral Dynamics of V1 Activity in Freely Moving MicePreprint
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Luminance invariant encoding in mouse primary visual cortex
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Mapping the visual cortex with Zebra noise and wavelets
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Statistics of natural scenes shape contextual modulation in the visual cortex
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Self-citationEmbodiment of an artificial limb in mice
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When the brain talks back to the eye
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State-dependent spatial maps for navigation
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Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility
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“By employing head-restrained preparations, a growing body of work has demonstrated that behavioral state fl uc-tuations have a strong impact on neuronal gain and coding properties in primary sensory areas 36,43,66 – 70 and modulate neuronal fi ring within brain-wide neuronalnetworks 44,71 – 74 .”
A Visually Inspired Computational Model for Recognition of Optic Flow
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Sensory neurobiology: Muscles power pheromone sensation.
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Most discriminative stimuli for functional cell type clustering.Preprint
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Self-citationEmbodiment of an artificial limb in the mouse modelPreprint
Hayatou, Z., Wang, H., Chaillet, A., Shulz, D. E., Ego‐Stengel, V., & Estebanez, L. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591084
Emotionale Kompetenz – Superkraft der Zukunftsführung
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Concurrent mapping of Electrical, Chemical, and Functional NeuroactivityPreprint
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Effects of corticothalamic feedback depend on visual responsiveness and stimulus type
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Learning to cluster neuronal function
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Self-citationDual-feature selectivity enables bidirectional coding in visual cortical neuronsPreprint
Karantzas, N., Franke, K., Willeke, K. F., Diamantaki, M., Ramakrishnan, K., Bedel, H. A., Elumalai, P., Restivo, K., Fahey, P. G., Nealley, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665209
Self-citationBeyond single neurons: population response geometry in digital twins of mouse visual cortex*
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Behavioral states affect eye position tuning in the parietal cortex of macaques
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Independent Encoding of Orientation and Mean Luminance by Mouse Visual Cortex
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Dual-feature selectivity enables bidirectional coding in visual cortical neuronsPreprint
Karantzas, N., Franke, K., Willeke, K. F., Diamantaki, M., Ramakrishnan, K., Bedel, H. A., Elumalai, P., Restivo, K., Fahey, P. G., Nealley, C., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109861
Self-citationDual-feature selectivity enables bidirectional coding in visual cortical neuronsPreprint
Franke, K., Karantzas, N., Willeke, K. F., Diamantaki, M., Ramakrishnan, K., Bedel, H. A., Elumalai, P., Restivo, K., Fahey, P. G., Nealley, C., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109861.1
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Self-citationBehavioural states control binocular vision through input-specific mechanisms
Malina, K. C.-K., Shtiglitz, S., Kushinsky, D., Rubin, A., & Spiegel, I. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71667-7
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The functional organization of retinal input to the mouse superior colliculusPreprint
Qiu, Y., Schmors, L., Zhou, N., Akhmetali, M., Gonschorek, D., Smith, C., Sumser, A., Vallens, M., Cadwell, C. R., Gabbiani, F., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.15.718783
Self-citationOn-Off coding is latent in vertebrate visual circuitsPreprint
Wang, X., Steel, L., Fornetto, C., Gonschorek, D., Seifert, M., Schubert, T., Neuhauss, S. C. F., Euler, T., & Baden, T. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.01.722149
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Inhibition benefits neural system identificationPreprint
Deng, Y., Ding, Z., Fu, J., Oesterle, J., Tolias, A. S., Euler, T., & Qiu, Y. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.27.728086
Self-citationDual-feature selectivity enables bidirectional coding in visual cortical neuronsPreprint
Karantzas, N., Franke, K., Willeke, K. F., Diamantaki, M., Ramakrishnan, K., Bedel, H. A., Elumalai, P., Restivo, K., Fahey, P. G., Nealley, C., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109861.2
Self-citationGaze shifts in freely moving mice comprise distinct head-eye coordination motifsPreprint
Hou, Y., Schneider, M., Shin, J., Niell, C. M., & Beyeler, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.13.732086
Retinal circuits in silico: A review of modern retina models and a vision for their future
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Precisely Modulated Photoresponsiveness of Porous Liquids via Azobenzene Orientation Engineering
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The openretina Project: Collaborative Retina Modelling Across Datasets and SpeciesPreprint
D’Agostino, F., Zenkel, T., Lorenzi, B., Vystrčilová, M., Gonschorek, D., Suhai, S., Virgili, S., Ecker, A. S., Marre, O., Höfling, L., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111328.1
The openretina Project: Collaborative Retina Modelling Across Datasets and SpeciesPreprint
D’Agostino, F., Zenkel, T., Lorenzi, B., Vystrčilová, M., Gonschorek, D., Suhai, S., Virgili, S., Ecker, A. S., Marre, O., Höfling, L., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111328
Dissociable pupil-linked arousal during overt and inner speech
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A hippocampal digital Twin reveals latent structure in freely flying batsPreprint
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Franke, K., Willeke, K. F., Ponder, K., Galdamez, M., Zhou, N., Muhammad, T., Patel, S., Froudarakis, E., Reimer, J., Sinz, F. H., & Tolias, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Franke, Katrin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2022-09-28
- Volume
- 610
- Issue
- 7930
- Pages
- 128-134
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC10635574
- OpenAlex
- W4297497819
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1707400)
- Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (206/4-1, EXC2064, EXC 2064_1, 390727645)
- National Institutes of Health (T32-EY-002520-37)
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (D16PC00003)
- Interior Business Center
- National Eye Institute (T32EY-002520-37, EY-002520-37, R01EY026927, P30EY002520, EY002520)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM056929)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- pupil dilation, behavioral state, ultraviolet vision, rod photoreceptors, cone photoreceptors, visual cortex, mouse visual system
- MeSH terms
- Deep Learning, Animals, Color, Darkness, Photic Stimulation, Pupil, Reflex, Pupillary, Time Factors, Ultraviolet Rays, Vision, Ocular, Visual Cortex, Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells, Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells, Mice
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