The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relatedness disequilibrium regression estimates heritability without environmental bias
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Heritability measures the proportion of trait variation that is due to genetic inheritance. Measurement of heritability is important in the nature-versus-nurture debate. However, existing estimates of heritability may be biased by environmental effects. Here, we introduce relatedness disequilibrium regression (RDR), a novel method for estimating heritability. RDR avoids most sources of environmental bias by exploiting variation in relatedness due to random Mendelian segregation. We used a sample of 54,888 Icelanders who had both parents genotyped to estimate the heritability of 14 traits, including height (55.4%, s.e. 4.4%) and educational attainment (17.0%, s.e. 9.4%). Our results suggest that some other estimates of heritability may be inflated by environmental effects.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“AM (rather than population stratification) is likely to be the primary explanation6, although IGEs could also contribute44.”
From Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis
Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011 · Cited by 8,279
Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height
Yang, J., Benyamin, B., McEvoy, B. P., Gordon, S., Henders, A. K., Nyholt, D. R., Madden, P. A., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., Montgomery, G. W., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.608 · Cited by 4,446
Spielman, R. S., McGinnis, R. E., & Ewens, W. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 3,679
23andMe Research Team, Lee, J. J., COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Wedow, R., Okbay, A., Kong, E., Maghzian, O., Zacher, M., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 · Cited by 2,470
Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies
Polderman, T. J. C., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P. M., & Posthuma, D. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3285 · Cited by 2,467
Efficient Bayesian mixed-model analysis increases association power in large cohorts
Loh, P.-R., Tucker, G., Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Finucane, H. K., Salem, R. M., Chasman, D. I., Ridker, P. M., Neale, B. M., Berger, B., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3190 · Cited by 1,507
Thorleifsson, G., Walters, G. B., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Steinthorsdottir, V., Sulem, P., Helgadottir, A., Styrkarsdottir, U., Gretarsdottir, S., Thorlacius, S., Jonsdottir, I., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.274 · Cited by 1,375
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A., Lee, J. J., Pers, T. H., Rietveld, C. A., Turley, P., Chen, G.-B., Emilsson, V., Meddens, S. F. W., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17671 · Cited by 1,297
Self-citationClassical twin studies and beyond
Boomsma, D., Busjahn, A., & Peltonen, L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg932 · Cited by 1,105
The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes
Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Sesardic, N. Making Sense of Heritability (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2005). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genome-wide association studies
Uffelmann, E., Huang, Q. Q., Munung, N. S., de Vries, J., Okada, Y., Martin, A. R., Martin, H. C., Lappalainen, T., & Posthuma, D. (2021) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00056-9 · Cited by 1,849
The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes
Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949
Self-citationOkbay, A., Wu, Y., Wang, N., Jayashankar, H., Bennett, M., Nehzati, S. M., Sidorenko, J., Kweon, H., Goldman, G., Gjorgjieva, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z · Cited by 654
Wainschtein, P., Jain, D., Zheng, Z., TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group, Aslibekyan, S. W., Becker, D. M., Bi, W., Brody, J. A., Carlson, J. C., Correa, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00997-7 · Cited by 519
Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group
Mostafavi, H., Harpak, A., Agarwal, I., Conley, D., Pritchard, J. K., & Przeworski, M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.48376 · Cited by 457
Metadata
- Authors
- Young, A. I., Frigge, M. L., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorleifsson, G., Bjornsdottir, G., Sulem, P., Masson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., & Kong, A.
- Affiliations
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Alexander I.
- Kong, Augustine
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2018-08-13
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1304-1310
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC6130754
- OpenAlex
- W2886507777
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (099670/Z/12/Z, 099670)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- heritability estimation, environmental bias, Mendelian segregation, genetic relatedness, nature versus nurture, height, educational attainment, genetic epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Environment, Genotype, Humans, Iceland, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Genetic Variation, Linkage Disequilibrium, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
