Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment
Open accessAbstract
A genome-wide association study in 293,723 individuals identifies 74 genetic variants associated with educational attainment, which, although only explaining a small proportion of the variation in educational attainment, highlights candidate genes and pathways for further study. The level of educational attainment as measured by years of schooling completed, while strongly influenced by social and environmental factors, has also been shown to have a smaller genetic contribution. Philipp Koellinger, Peter Visscher and colleagues from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (SSGAC) now report a genome-wide association study in 293,723 individuals identifying 74 genetic variants associated with level of educational attainment. Although the genetic associations explain only a small proportion of the variation in educational attainment, they highlight candidate genes and pathways for further study. Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals1. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample1,2 of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Of the 162 lead SNPs identified at genome-wide significance in Okbay et al.'s pooled meta-analysis, 158 pass quality-control filters in our updated meta-analysis.
“Of the 162 SNPs, 158 pass quality-control filters in our updated meta-analysis.”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as Okbay et al. [10]
The paper states that its meta-analysis identified 74 approximately independent genome-wide significant loci, with one lead SNP defined for each locus (Abstract; page unavailable). It does not report 162 lead SNPs. The statement that 158 passed filters in the citing authors’ updated meta-analysis describes their own analysis, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOkbay et al. found positive genetic correlations between EduYears and intracranial volume, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and height and negative genetic correlations between EduYears and Alzheimer's disease, neuroticism and body mass index in the EUR population.
“Okbay et al. investigated the genetic correlation of EduYears with 14 traits and found positive genetic correlations between EduYears and intracranial volume, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and height and negative genetic correlations between EduYears and Alzheimer’s disease, neuroticism and body mass index in the EUR population9.”
From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt the standard false discovery rate threshold of 5%, DEPICT prioritizes 1,838 genes, a tenfold increase relative to the earlier GWAS of EduYears.
“At the standard false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of 5%, the bioinformatics tool DEPICT19 prioritizes 1,838 genes (Supplementary Table 7), a tenfold increase relative to the DEPICT results from an earlier GWAS of EduYears10.”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Extended Data Figure 9 documents DEPICT-prioritized genes for EduYears, supporting the identification of this paper as an earlier DEPICT analysis. Our copy does not give the earlier gene count or establish the claimed tenfold comparison; the 1,838 genes are presented as the citing study’s result, not this source’s. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe 162 single-SNP associations from the largest previous study replicate in the subsample of our data (N = 726,808) at a rate closely matching theoretical projections from our Bayesian framework.
“In the subsample of our data (N = 726,808) that did not contribute to the earlier study’s analyses, the SNPs replicate at a rate that closely matches theoretical projections derived from our Bayesian framework (Supplementary Figure 3).”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
The paper’s replication discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports that SNPs from a previous educational-attainment study replicated in new cohorts, and compares replication of its 74 lead SNPs with expected numbers. Extended Data Figure 4 gives a replication sample of N = 111,349. These passages do not support the claimed 162 associations, N = 726,808 subsample, or projections from the citing authors’ Bayesian framework. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe largest previous GWAS of educational attainment (N = 293,723) identified 74 approximately independent SNPs at genome-wide significance.
“The largest (N = 293,723) GWAS of EA to date identified 74 approximately independent SNPs at genome-wide significance (hereafter, lead SNPs)”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
All major conclusions from the largest previous GWAS of EduYears continue to hold but are statistically stronger.
“all major conclusions from the largest previous GWAS of EduYears10 continue to hold but are statistically stronger.”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
The largest previous GWAS's polygenic score had out-of-sample predictive power of 3.2%.
“reported that a 10-million-SNP linear predictor (hereafter, polygenic score) had an out-of-sample predictive power of 3.2%10.”
From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
There is a strong and highly significant genetic correlation between ASD and major depression (rG=0.412, p=1.40 x 10^-25).
“we found a strong and highly significant correlation with major depression 21 ( 𝑟 𝐺 = 0.412, p = 1.40 x 10 -25 )”
From Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [21]
The genetic-correlation discussion in our copy concerns educational attainment and other phenotypes, not a correlation between ASD and major depression. Extended Data Figure 9 mentions autism spectrum disorder only in a gene-overlap analysis. Searches for the reported rG and p-value and for an ASD–major-depression genetic correlation found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., Landray, M., et al. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 · Cited by 12,728 · see citing works
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: Multitissue gene regulation in humans
The GTEx Consortium, Ardlie, K. G., Deluca, D. S., Segrè, A. V., Sullivan, T. J., Young, T. R., Gelfand, E. T., Trowbridge, C. A., Maller, J. B., Tukiainen, T., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1262110 · Cited by 5,062 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
The International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08185 · Cited by 4,821 · see citing works
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
ReproGen Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3, Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P.-R., Duncan, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3406 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Partitioning heritability by functional annotation using genome-wide association summary statistics
ReproGen Consortium, Finucane, H. K., Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, The RACI Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Gusev, A., Trynka, G., Reshef, Y., Loh, P.-R., Anttila, V., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3404 · Cited by 2,604 · see citing works
GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J., Yang, J., Esko, T., Martin, N. W., Westra, H.-J., Shakhbazov, K., Abdellaoui, A., Agrawal, A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1235488 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Self-citationBiological interpretation of genome-wide association studies using predicted gene functions
Pers, T. H., Karjalainen, J. M., Chan, Y., Westra, H.-J., Wood, A. R., Yang, J., Lui, J. C., Vedantam, S., Gustafsson, S., Esko, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6890 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic inflation factors under polygenic inheritance
Yang, J., Weedon, M. N., Purcell, S., Lettre, G., Estrada, K., Willer, C. J., Smith, A. V., Ingelsson, E., O’Connell, J. R., Mangino, M., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.39 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in the Heritability of Educational Attainment: An International Meta-Analysis
Branigan, A. R., McCallum, K. J., & Freese, J. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot076 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Education policy and the heritability of educational attainment
Heath, A. C., Berg, K., Eaves, L. J., Solaas, M. H., Corey, L. A., Sundet, J. M., Magnus, P. M., & Nance, W. E. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/314734a0 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationKrapohl, E. M. L., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N. G., Trzaskowski, M., McMillan, A. J., Pingault, J., Asbury, K., Harlaar, N., Kovas, Y. V., Dale, P. S., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1408777111 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Thompson, L. A., Detterman, D. K., & Plomin, R. J. (1991) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00124.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Tambs, K., Sundet, J. M., Magnus, P. M., & Berg, K. (1989) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01065905 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Replicability and Robustness of Genome-Wide-Association Studies for Behavioral Traits
Rietveld, C. A., Conley, D., Eriksson, N., Esko, T., Medland, S. E., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Yang, J., Boardman, J. D., Chabris, C. F., Dawes, C. T., et al. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614545132 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationZammit, S. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1370 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Verbanck, M., Chen, C.-Y., Neale, B., & Do, R. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7 · Cited by 8,591 · see citing works
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues
The GTEx Consortium, Aguet, F., Anand, S., Ardlie, K. G., Gabriel, S., Getz, G. A., Graubert, A., Hadley, K., Handsaker, R. E., Huang, K. H., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaz1776 · Cited by 5,547 · see citing works
Self-citationReading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians
Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k601 · Cited by 4,404 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA
Watanabe, K., Taskesen, E., van Bochoven, A., & Posthuma, D. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01261-5 · Cited by 4,083 · see citing works
Self-citationeQTLGen, Wray, N. R., 23andMe, the Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Ripke, S., Mattheisen, M., Trzaskowski, M., Byrne, E. M., Abdellaoui, A., Adams, M. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0090-3 · Cited by 3,005 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Grove, J., BUPGEN, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Ripke, S., Als, T. D., Mattheisen, M., Walters, R. K., Won, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
Self-citationVõsa, U., Claringbould, A., Westra, H.-J., Bonder, M. J., Deelen, P., Zeng, B., Kirsten, H., Saha, A., Kreuzhuber, R., Yazar, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00913-z · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works
Self-citationSatterstrom, F. K., Kosmicki, J. A., Wang, J., Breen, M. S., De Rubeis, S., An, J.-Y., Peng, M., Collins, R., Grove, J., Klei, L., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.036 · Cited by 2,321 · see citing works
Self-citation23andMe Research Team, Lee, J. J., COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium), Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Wedow, R., Okbay, A., Kong, E., Maghzian, O., Zacher, M., Nguyen-Viet, T. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3 · Cited by 2,470 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), Demontis, D., Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Walters, R. K., Martin, J., Mattheisen, M., Als, T. D., Agerbo, E., Baldursson, G., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7 · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain
The Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila, V., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Walters, R. K., Bras, J., Duncan, L., Escott-Price, V., Falcone, G. J., Gormley, P., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap8757 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder
eQTLGen Consortium, Stahl, E. A., BIOS Consortium, the Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Breen, G., Forstner, A. J., McQuillin, A., Ripke, S., Trubetskoy, V., Mattheisen, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Self-citationMullins, N., Forstner, A. J., O’Connell, K. S., Coombes, B., Coleman, J. R. I., Qiao, Z., Als, T. D., Bigdeli, T. B., Børte, S., Bryois, J., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00857-4 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Self-citationSavage, J. E., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., de Leeuw, C. A., Nagel, M., Awasthi, S., Barr, P. B., Coleman, J. R. I., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0152-6 · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Demographic History Impacts Genetic Risk Prediction across Diverse Populations
Martin, A. R., Gignoux, C. R., Walters, R. K., Wojcik, G. L., Neale, B. M., Gravel, S., Daly, M. J., Bustamante, C. D., & Kenny, E. E. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.004 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits
Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. Z., Ségurel, L., Tung, J. Y., & Hinds, D. A. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3570 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Self-citationFinucane, H. K., Reshef, Y. A., Anttila, V., Slowikowski, K., Gusev, A., Byrnes, A., Gazal, S., Loh, P.-R., Lareau, C., Shoresh, N., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0081-4 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder
Gandal, M. J., Zhang, P., Hadjimichael, E., Walker, R. L., Chen, C., Liu, S., Won, H., van Bakel, H., Varghese, M., Wang, Y., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat8127 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain
Wang, D., Liu, S., Warrell, J., Won, H., Shi, X., Navarro, F. C. P., Clarke, D., Gu, M., Emani, P., Yang, Y. T., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat8464 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Initiative, A. N. G., Watson, H. J., Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Yilmaz, Z., Thornton, L. M., Hübel, C., Coleman, J. R. I., Gaspar, H. A., Bryois, J., Hinney, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0439-2 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Self-citationSanderson, E., Davey Smith, G., Windmeijer, F., & Bowden, J. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy262 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
Self-citationShared molecular neuropathology across major psychiatric disorders parallels polygenic overlap
Gandal, M. J., Haney, J. R., Parikshak, N. N., Leppa, V., Ramaswami, G., Hartl, C., Schork, A. J., Appadurai, V., Buil, A., Werge, T. M., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad6469 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Self-citationGrotzinger, A. D., Rhemtulla, M., de Vlaming, R., Ritchie, S. J., Mallard, T. T., Hill, W. D., Ip, H. F., Marioni, R. E., McIntosh, A. M., Deary, I. J., et al. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0566-x · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Self-citationThe nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes
Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Self-citationCausal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data
Zhu, Z., Zheng, Z., Zhang, F., Wu, Y., Trzaskowski, M., Maier, R., Robinson, M. R., McGrath, J. J., Visscher, P. M., Wray, N. R., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02317-2 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Self-citationHartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Davey Smith, G. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx028 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Self-citation23and Me Research Team, Karlsson Linnér, R., eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Biroli, P., Kong, E., Meddens, S. F. W., Wedow, R., Fontana, M. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrative analysis of omics summary data reveals putative mechanisms underlying complex traits
Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Zhang, F., Zhu, Z., Qi, T., Zheng, Z., Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Marioni, R. E., Martin, N. G., Montgomery, G. W., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03371-0 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Lam, M., Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium, Genetic REsearch on schizophreniA neTwork-China and the Netherlands (GREAT-CN), Chen, C.-Y., Li, Z., Martin, A. R., Bryois, J., Ma, X., Gaspar, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0512-x · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Self-citationOkbay, A., Wu, Y., Wang, N., Jayashankar, H., Bennett, M., Nehzati, S. M., Sidorenko, J., Kweon, H., Goldman, G., Gjorgjieva, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic identification of brain cell types underlying schizophrenia
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Skene, N. G., Bryois, J., Bakken, T. E., Breen, G., Crowley, J. J., Gaspar, H. A., Giusti-Rodriguez, P., Hodge, R. D., Miller, J. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0129-5 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
A Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Human Neocortical Development during Mid-gestation
Polioudakis, D., de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Langerman, J., Elkins, A. G., Shi, X., Stein, J. L., Vuong, C. K., Nichterwitz, S., Gevorgian, M., Opland, C. K., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.011 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
iPSYCH-Broad Autism Group, Weiner, D. J., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Autism Group, Wigdor, E. M., Ripke, S., Walters, R. K., Kosmicki, J. A., Grove, J., Samocha, K. E., Goldstein, J. I., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3863 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Self-citationUnraveling the polygenic architecture of complex traits using blood eQTL metaanalysis
Võsa, U., Claringbould, A., Westra, H.-J., Bonder, M. J., Deelen, P., Zeng, B., Kirsten, H., Saha, A., Kreuzhuber, R., Kasela, S., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/447367 · Cited by 2,607 · see citing works
Self-citationGazal, S., Finucane, H. K., Furlotte, N. A., Loh, P.-R., Palamara, P. F., Liu, X., Schoech, A., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Neale, B. M., Gusev, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3954 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationSniekers, S., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Jansen, P. R., Coleman, J. R. I., Krapohl, E., Taskesen, E., Hammerschlag, A. R., Okbay, A., Zabaneh, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3869 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationCultural evolutionary theory: How culture evolves and why it matters
Creanza, N., Kolodny, O., & Feldman, M. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620732114 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Qi, T., Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Zhang, F., Xue, A., Jiang, L., Zhu, Z., Kemper, K., Yengo, L., Zheng, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04558-1 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Self-citationModifiable pathways in Alzheimer’s disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis
Larsson, S. C., Traylor, M., Malik, R., Dichgans, M., Burgess, S., & Markus, H. S. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j5375 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Brumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Heilbron, K., Hartwig, F. P., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L. D., Hughes, A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17117-4 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationGWAS identifies 14 loci for device-measured physical activity and sleep duration
Doherty, A., Smith-Byrne, K., Ferreira, T., Holmes, M. V., Holmes, C., Pulit, S. L., & Lindgren, C. M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07743-4 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior
Ganna, A., Verweij, K. J. H., Nivard, M. G., Maier, R., Wedow, R., Busch, A. S., Abdellaoui, A., Guo, S., Sathirapongsasuti, J. F., 23andMe Research Team, et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat7693 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dynamic Landscape of Open Chromatin during Human Cortical Neurogenesis
de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Stein, J. L., Won, H., Opland, C. K., Liang, D., Lu, D., & Geschwind, D. H. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.014 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Karlsson Linnér, R., Mallard, T. T., Barr, P. B., Sanchez-Roige, S., Madole, J. W., Driver, M. N., Poore, H. E., de Vlaming, R., Grotzinger, A. D., Tielbeek, J. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00908-3 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“…and candidate gene for psychiatric disorders 37,38 ), neuronal growth regulator 1 ( NEGR1 ; associated with intelligence and educational attainment 39,40 ) and paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme ( FURIN ; associated with schizophrenia, risk tolerance and vulnerability to psychiatric…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCommon genetic variants contribute to risk of rare severe neurodevelopmental disorders
Niemi, M. E. K., Martin, H. C., Rice, D. L., Gallone, G., Gordon, S., Kelemen, M., McAloney, K., McRae, J., Radford, E. J., Yu, S., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0566-4 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Multivariate genome-wide analyses of the well-being spectrum
BIOS consortium, Baselmans, B. M. L., Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Jansen, R., Ip, H. F., van Dongen, J., Abdellaoui, A., van de Weijer, M. P., Bao, Y., Smart, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0320-8 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic analysis of social-class mobility in five longitudinal studies
Belsky, D. W., Domingue, B. W., Wedow, R., Arseneault, L., Boardman, J. D., Caspi, A., Conley, D., Fletcher, J. M., Freese, J., Herd, P., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1801238115 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Hill, W. D., Marioni, R. E., Maghzian, O., Ritchie, S. J., Hagenaars, S. P., McIntosh, A. M., Gale, C. R., Davies, G., & Deary, I. J. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0001-5 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationEducation and myopia: assessing the direction of causality by mendelian randomisation
Mountjoy, E., Davies, N. M., Plotnikov, D., Smith, G. D., Rodriguez, S., Williams, C. E., Guggenheim, J. A., & Atan, D. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2022 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Trampush, J. W., Yang, M. L. Z., Yu, J., Knowles, E., Davies, G., Liewald, D. C., Starr, J. M., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., Sundet, K., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.244 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic correlates of social stratification in Great Britain
Abdellaoui, A., Hugh-Jones, D., Yengo, L., Kemper, K. E., Nivard, M. G., Veul, L., Holtz, Y., Zietsch, B. P., Frayling, T. M., Wray, N. R., et al. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0757-5 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationSumHer better estimates the SNP heritability of complex traits from summary statistics
Speed, D., & Balding, D. J. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0279-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation study
Tillmann, T., Vaucher, J., Okbay, A., Pikhart, H., Peasey, A., Kubinova, R., Pajak, A., Tamosiunas, A., Malyutina, S., Hartwig, F. P., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j3542 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationQi, G., & Chatterjee, N. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09432-2 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Circulating metabolites and general cognitive ability and dementia: evidence from 11 cohort studies
van der Lee, S. J., Teunissen, C. E., Pool, R., Shipley, M. J., Teumer, A., Chouraki, V., Melo van Lent, D., Tynkkynen, J., Fischer, K., Hernesniemi, J., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.11.012 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome-Wide Association Studies of a Broad Spectrum of Antisocial Behavior
Tielbeek, J. J., Johansson, A., Polderman, T. J. C., Rautiainen, M.-R., Jansen, P., Taylor, M., Tong, X., Lu, Q., Burt, A. S., Tiemeier, H., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3069 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, A. E., Jones, H. J., Sallis, H., Euesden, J., Stergiakouli, E., Davies, N. M., Zammit, S., Lawlor, D. A., Munafò, M. R., Davey Smith, G., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy060 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing genetics for social science
Harden, K. P., & Koellinger, P. D. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0862-5 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional enhancer elements drive subclass-selective expression from mouse to primate neocortex
Mich, J. K., Graybuck, L. T., Hess, E. E., Mahoney, J. T., Kojima, Y., Ding, Y., Somasundaram, S., Miller, J. A., Kalmbach, B. E., Radaelli, C., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108754 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
An atlas of gene regulatory elements in adult mouse cerebrum
Li, Y. E., Preissl, S., Hou, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, K., Qiu, Y., Poirion, O. B., Li, B., Chiou, J., Liu, H., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03604-1 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationRelatedness disequilibrium regression estimates heritability without environmental bias
Young, A. I., Frigge, M. L., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorleifsson, G., Bjornsdottir, G., Sulem, P., Masson, G., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Stefansson, K., & Kong, A. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0178-9 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparative atlas of single-cell chromatin accessibility in the human brain
Li, Y. E., Preissl, S., Miller, M., Johnson, N. D., Wang, Z., Jiao, H., Zhu, C., Wang, Z., Xie, Y., Poirion, O., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adf7044 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic analysis of family data reveals additional genetic effects on intelligence and personality
Hill, W. D., Arslan, R. C., Xia, C., Luciano, M., Amador, C., Navarro, P., Hayward, C., Nagy, R., Porteous, D. J., McIntosh, A. M., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-017-0005-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic predictors of participation in optional components of UK Biobank
Tyrrell, J., Zheng, J., Beaumont, R., Hinton, K., Richardson, T. G., Wood, A. R., Davey Smith, G., Frayling, T. M., & Tilling, K. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21073-y · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Girdhar, K., Hoffman, G. E., Jiang, Y., Brown, L., Kundakovic, M., Hauberg, M. E., Francoeur, N. J., Wang, Y.-C., Shah, H., Kavanagh, D. H., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0187-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Imprint of assortative mating on the human genome
Yengo, L., Robinson, M. R., Keller, M. C., Kemper, K. E., Yang, Y., Trzaskowski, M., Gratten, J., Turley, P., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J., et al. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0476-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic and epigenetic regulation of human aging and longevity
Morris, B. J., Willcox, B. J., & Donlon, T. A. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.039 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Inferring relevant cell types for complex traits by using single-cell gene expression
Calderon, D., Bhaskar, A., Knowles, D. A., Golan, D., Raj, T., Fu, A. Q., & Pritchard, J. K. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Davies, N. M., Hill, W. D., Anderson, E. L., Sanderson, E., Deary, I. J., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43990 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ruderfer, D. M., Walsh, C. G., Aguirre, M. W., Tanigawa, Y., Ribeiro, J. D., Franklin, J. C., & Rivas, M. A. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0326-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Pleiotropy-robust Mendelian randomization.
van Kippersluis, H., & Rietveld, C. A. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationAllele-specific open chromatin in human iPSC neurons elucidates functional disease variants
Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Qiao, M., Zhao, S., Kozlova, A., Shi, J., Sanders, A. R., Wang, G., Luo, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3983 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenotype-Specific Enrichment of Mendelian Disorder Genes near GWAS Regions across 62 Complex Traits
Freund, M. K., Burch, K. S., Shi, H., Mancuso, N., Kichaev, G., Garske, K. M., Pan, D. Z., Miao, Z., Mohlke, K. L., Laakso, M., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.017 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sanderson, E., Richardson, T. G., Hemani, G., & Davey Smith, G. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa288 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, B., Baldwin, J. R., Schoeler, T., Cheesman, R., Barkhuizen, W., Dudbridge, F., Bann, D., Morris, T. T., & Pingault, J.-B. (2021) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.07.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sanchez‐Roige, S., Fontanillas, P., Elson, S. L., The 23andMe Research Team, Gray, J. C., de Wit, H., Davis, L. K., MacKillop, J., & Palmer, A. A. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12574 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Genetic Risk Variants Associated With Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression
Zhou, H., Polimanti, R., Yang, B.-Z., Wang, Q., Han, S., Sherva, R., Nuñez, Y. Z., Zhao, H., Farrer, L. A., Kranzler, H. R., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3275 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Social and non-social autism symptoms and trait domains are genetically dissociable
Warrier, V., Toro, R., Won, H., Leblond, C. S., Cliquet, F., Delorme, R., De Witte, W., Bralten, J., Chakrabarti, B., Børglum, A. D., et al. (2019) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0558-4 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining Sex-Differentiated Genetic Effects Across Neuropsychiatric and Behavioral Traits
Martin, J., Khramtsova, E. A., Goleva, S. B., Blokland, G. A. M., Traglia, M., Walters, R. K., Hübel, C., Coleman, J. R. I., Breen, G., Børglum, A. D., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.024 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hemani, G., Bowden, J., Haycock, P., Zheng, J., Davis, O., Flach, P., Gaunt, T., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · doi:10.1101/173682 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Sanderson, E., Tilling, K., Borges, M. C., & Lawlor, D. A. (2019) · doi:10.1101/19009605 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Harden, K. P., Kretsch, N., Mann, F. D., Herzhoff, K., Tackett, J. L., Steinberg, L., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jordan, D. M., Verbanck, M., & Do, R. (2019) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1844-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Detecting genome-wide directional effects of transcription factor binding on polygenic disease risk
Reshef, Y. A., Finucane, H. K., Kelley, D. R., Gusev, A., Kotliar, D., Ulirsch, J. C., Hormozdiari, F., Nasser, J., O’Connor, L., van de Geijn, B., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0196-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Nayar, K., Sealock, J. M., Maltman, N., Bush, L., Cook, E. H., Davis, L. K., & Losh, M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.029 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Satterstrom, F. K., Kosmicki, J. A., Wang, J., Breen, M. S., De Rubeis, S., An, J.-Y., Peng, M., Collins, R., Grove, J., Klei, L., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/484113 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
“3 We used results from six GWAS datasets: ASD, schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder 4 (MDD), and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), which are all positively genetically 5 correlated with ASD and with each other; educational attainment (EA), which is positively 6 correlated with ASD and negatively…”
MethodSelf-citationNFIB haploinsufficiency is associated with intellectual disability and macrocephaly
Schanze, I., Bunt, J., Lim, J. W. C., Schanze, D., Dean, R. J., Alders, M., Blanchet, P., Attié-Bitach, T., Berland, S., Boogert, S., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Barnes, J. C., Liu, H., Motz, R. T., Tanksley, P. T., Kail, R., Beckley, A. L., Belsky, D. W., Domingue, B. W., Moffitt, T. E., Pratt, T. C., et al. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Howe, L. J., Tudball, M., Davey Smith, G., & Davies, N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab208 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDemontis, D., Walters, R. K., Rajagopal, V. M., Waldman, I. D., Grove, J., Als, T. D., Dalsgaard, S., Ribasés, M., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Bækvad-Hansen, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20443-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of genetic risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease in synaptic dysfunction
Fu, W.-Y., & Ip, N. Y. (2023) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neuronal PAS domain proteins 1 and 3 are master regulators of neuropsychiatric risk genes
Michaelson, J. J., Shin, M.-K., Koh, J.-Y., Brueggeman, L., Zhang, A., Katzman, A., McDaniel, L., Fang, M., Pufall, M., & Pieper, A. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.021 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Family-GWAS reveals effects of environment and mating on genetic associations
Tan, T., Jayashankar, H., Guan, J., Nehzati, S. M., Mir, M., Bennett, M., Agerbo, E., Ahlskog, R., de Andrade Anapaz, V. P., Benonisdottir, S., et al. (2024) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.24314703 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman brain anatomy reflects separable genetic and environmental components of socioeconomic status
Kweon, H., Aydogan, G., Dagher, A., Bzdok, D., Ruff, C. C., Nave, G., Farah, M. J., & Koellinger, P. D. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2923 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Atlas of Gene Regulatory Elements in Adult Mouse Cerebrum
Li, Y. E., Preissl, S., Hou, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, K., Fang, R., Qiu, Y., Poirion, O., Li, B., Liu, H., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087585 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Kennedy, H. L., Dinkler, L., Kennedy, M. A., Bulik, C. M., & Jordan, J. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00578-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Minică, C. C., Boomsma, D. I., Dolan, C. V., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Genetic Instruments to Estimate Interactions in Mendelian Randomization Studies
North, T.-L., Davies, N. M., Harrison, S., Carter, A. R., Hemani, G., Sanderson, E., Tilling, K., & Howe, L. D. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001096 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations
Chen, T.-T., Kim, J., Lam, M., Chuang, Y.-F., Chiu, Y.-L., Lin, S.-C., Jung, S.-H., Kim, B., Kim, S., Cho, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01781-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…with 14 traits and found positive genetic correlations between EduYears and intracranial volume, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and height and negative genetic correlations between EduYears and Alzheimer’s disease, neuroticism and body mass index in the EUR population 9 .”
Self-citationPopulation phenomena inflate genetic associations of complex social traits
Morris, T. T., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Smith, G. D. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0328 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Okbay, A., Beauchamp, J. P., Fontana, M. A., Lee, J. J., Pers, T. H., Rietveld, C. A., Turley, P., Chen, G.-B., Emilsson, V., Meddens, S. F. W., Oskarsson, S., Pickrell, J. K., Thom, K., Timshel, P., de Vlaming, R., Abdellaoui, A., Ahluwalia, T. S., Bacelis, J., Baumbach, C., Bjornsdottir, G., Brandsma, J. H., Pina Concas, M., Derringer, J., Furlotte, N. A., Galesloot, T. E., Girotto, G., Gupta, R., Hall, L. M., Harris, S. E., Hofer, E., Horikoshi, M., Huffman, J. E., Kaasik, K., Kalafati, I. P., Karlsson, R., Kong, A., Lahti, J., Lee, S. J. V. D., deLeeuw, C., Lind, P. A., Lindgren, K.-O., Liu, T., Mangino, M., Marten, J., Mihailov, E., Miller, M. B., van der Most, P. J., Oldmeadow, C., Payton, A., Pervjakova, N., Peyrot, W. J., Qian, Y., Raitakari, O., Rueedi, R., Salvi, E., Schmidt, B., Schraut, K. E., Shi, J., Smith, A. V., Poot, R. A., St Pourcain, B., Teumer, A., Thorleifsson, G., Verweij, N., Vuckovic, D., Wellmann, J., Westra, H.-J., Yang, J., Zhao, W., Zhu, Z., Alizadeh, B. Z., Amin, N., Bakshi, A., Baumeister, S. E., Biino, G., Bønnelykke, K., Boyle, P. A., Campbell, H., Cappuccio, F. P., Davies, G., De Neve, J.-E., Deloukas, P., Demuth, I., Ding, J., Eibich, P., Eisele, L., Eklund, N., Evans, D. M., Faul, J. D., Feitosa, M. F., Forstner, A. J., Gandin, I., Gunnarsson, B., Halldórsson, B. V., Harris, T. B., Heath, A. C., Hocking, L. J., Holliday, E. G., Homuth, G., Horan, M. A., Hottenga, J.-J., de Jager, P. L., Joshi, P. K., Jugessur, A., Kaakinen, M. A., Kähönen, M., Kanoni, S., Keltigangas-Järvinen, L., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., Kolcic, I., Koskinen, S., Kraja, A. T., Kroh, M., Kutalik, Z., Latvala, A., Launer, L. J., Lebreton, M. P., Levinson, D. F., Lichtenstein, P., Lichtner, P., Liewald, D. C. M., Cohort Study, L., Loukola, A., Madden, P. A., Mägi, R., Mäki-Opas, T., Marioni, R. E., Marques-Vidal, P., Meddens, G. A., McMahon, G., Meisinger, C., Meitinger, T., Milaneschi, Y., Milani, L., Montgomery, G. W., Myhre, R., Nelson, C. P., Nyholt, D. R., Ollier, W. E. R., Palotie, A., Paternoster, L., Pedersen, N. L., Petrovic, K. E., Porteous, D. J., Räikkönen, K., Ring, S. M., Robino, A., Rostapshova, O., Rudan, I., Rustichini, A., Salomaa, V., Sanders, A. R., Sarin, A.-P., Schmidt, H., Scott, R. J., Smith, B. H., Smith, J. A., Staessen, J. A., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Strauch, K., Terracciano, A., Tobin, M. D., Ulivi, S., Vaccargiu, S., Quaye, L., van Rooij, F. J. A., Venturini, C., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Völker, U., Völzke, H., Vonk, J. M., Vozzi, D., Waage, J., Ware, E. B., Willemsen, G., Attia, J. R., Bennett, D. A., Berger, K., Bertram, L., Bisgaard, H., Boomsma, D. I., Borecki, I. B., Bültmann, U., Chabris, C. F., Cucca, F., Cusi, D., Deary, I. J., Dedoussis, G. V., van Duijn, C. M., Eriksson, J. G., Franke, B., Franke, L., Gasparini, P., Gejman, P. V., Gieger, C., Grabe, H.-J., Gratten, J., Groenen, P. J. F., Gudnason, V., van der Harst, P., Hayward, C., Hinds, D. A., Hoffmann, W., Hyppönen, E., Iacono, W. G., Jacobsson, B., Järvelin, M.-R., Jöckel, K.-H., Kaprio, J., Kardia, S. L. R., Lehtimäki, T., Lehrer, S. F., Magnusson, P. K. E., Martin, N. G., McGue, M., Metspalu, A., Pendleton, N., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Perola, M., Pirastu, N., Pirastu, M., Polasek, O., Posthuma, D., Power, C., Province, M. A., Samani, N. J., Schlessinger, D., Schmidt, R., Sørensen, T. I. A., Spector, T. D., Stefansson, K., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Thurik, A. R., Timpson, N. J., Tiemeier, H., Tung, J. Y., Uitterlinden, A. G., Vitart, V., Vollenweider, P., Weir, D. R., Wilson, J. F., Wright, A. F., Conley, D. C., Krueger, R. F., Davey Smith, G., Hofman, A., Laibson, D. I., Medland, S. E., Meyer, M. N., Yang, J., Johannesson, M., Visscher, P. M., Esko, T., Koellinger, P. D., Cesarini, D., & Benjamin, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- New York Genome Center (US)
- New York University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- 23andMe (United States) (US)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- GGZ inGeest (NL)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- University of Turku (FI)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (DE)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- National Research Council (IT)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- German Institute for Economic Research (DE)
- Translational Research Institute (AU)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Reykjavík University (IS)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Stanford University (US)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Premiere (BW)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
- Endeavor Health (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Florida State University (US)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- Social Impact (United States) (US)
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics (DE)
- Union College (US)
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Queen's University (CA)
- University College London (GB)
- Union Graduate College (US)
- Stockholm School of Economics (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Visscher, Peter M.
- Koellinger, Philipp D.
- Cesarini, David
- Benjamin, Daniel J.
- ORCID
- Okbay, Aysu
- Beauchamp, Jonathan P.
- Lee, James J.
- Pers, Tune H.
- Rietveld, Cornelius A.
- Turley, Patrick
- Chen, Guo-Bo
- Emilsson, Valur
- Meddens, S. Fleur W.
- Oskarsson, Sven
- Timshel, Pascal
- Abdellaoui, Abdel
- Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S.
- Baumbach, Clemens
- Derringer, Jaime
- Galesloot, Tessel E.
- Girotto, Giorgia
- Gupta, Richa
- Harris, Sarah E.
- Hofer, Edith
- Horikoshi, Momoko
- Huffman, Jennifer E.
- Kalafati, Ioanna P.
- Karlsson, Robert
- Kong, Augustine
- Lahti, Jari
- Lee, Sven J. van der
- Lind, Penelope A.
- Lindgren, Karl-Oskar
- Mangino, Massimo
- Marten, Jonathan
- Oldmeadow, Christopher
- Payton, Antony
- Peyrot, Wouter J.
- Raitakari, Olli
- Rueedi, Rico
- Salvi, Erika
- Schmidt, Börge
- Shi, Jianxin
- Smith, Albert V.
- Poot, Raymond A.
- Teumer, Alexander
- Verweij, Niek
- Vuckovic, Dragana
- Westra, Harm-Jan
- Zhu, Zhihong
- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
- Amin, Najaf
- Bakshi, Andrew
- Baumeister, Sebastian E.
- Biino, Ginevra
- Bønnelykke, Klaus
- Boyle, Patricia A.
- Cappuccio, Francesco P.
- Deloukas, Panos
- Demuth, Ilja
- Ding, Jun
- Eibich, Peter
- Evans, David M.
- Faul, Jessica D.
- Feitosa, Mary F.
- Forstner, Andreas J.
- Gandin, Ilaria
- Halldórsson, Bjarni V.
- Harris, Tamara B.
- Heath, Andrew C.
- Hocking, Lynne J.
- Homuth, Georg
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
- Joshi, Peter K.
- Jugessur, Astanand
- Kaakinen, Marika A.
- Kähönen, Mika
- Kanoni, Stavroula
- Kiemeney, Lambertus A. L. M.
- Kroh, Martin
- Latvala, Antti
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Lebreton, Maël P.
- Levinson, Douglas F.
- Lichtenstein, Paul
- Lichtner, Peter
- Liewald, David C. M.
- Loukola, Anu
- Madden, Pamela A.
- Mägi, Reedik
- Mäki-Opas, Tomi
- Marioni, Riccardo E.
- Marques-Vidal, Pedro
- Meisinger, Christa
- Meitinger, Thomas
- Milani, Lili
- Montgomery, Grant W.
- Myhre, Ronny
- Nelson, Christopher P.
- Nyholt, Dale R.
- Ollier, William E. R.
- Palotie, Aarno
- Paternoster, Lavinia
- Pedersen, Nancy L.
- Räikkönen, Katri
- Ring, Susan M.
- Robino, Antonietta
- Rudan, Igor
- Rustichini, Aldo
- Salomaa, Veikko
- Sanders, Alan R.
- Sarin, Antti-Pekka
- Scott, Rodney J.
- Smith, Blair H.
- Smith, Jennifer A.
- Staessen, Jan A.
- Strauch, Konstantin
- Terracciano, Antonio
- Tobin, Martin D.
- Ulivi, Sheila
- Vaccargiu, Simona
- Venturini, Cristina
- Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E.
- Völker, Uwe
- Vonk, Judith M.
- Vozzi, Diego
- Waage, Johannes
- Ware, Erin B.
- Willemsen, Gonneke
- Attia, John R.
- Bennett, David A.
- Bertram, Lars
- Bisgaard, Hans
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- Borecki, Ingrid B.
- Bültmann, Ute
- Chabris, Christopher F.
- Cucca, Francesco
- Deary, Ian J.
- Dedoussis, George V.
- Eriksson, Johan G.
- Franke, Barbara
- Franke, Lude
- Gasparini, Paolo
- Gieger, Christian
- Gratten, Jacob
- Groenen, Patrick J. F.
- Gudnason, Vilmundur
- Hayward, Caroline
- Hinds, David A.
- Hyppönen, Elina
- Iacono, William G.
- Jacobsson, Bo
- Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta
- Kaprio, Jaakko
- Lehtimäki, Terho
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E.
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- McGue, Matt
- Metspalu, Andres
- Pendleton, Neil
- Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
- Pirastu, Nicola
- Power, Christine
- Province, Michael A.
- Samani, Nilesh J.
- Schmidt, Reinhold
- Spector, Tim D.
- Timpson, Nicholas J.
- Tiemeier, Henning
- Uitterlinden, André G.
- Weir, David R.
- Wilson, James F.
- Conley, Dalton C.
- Krueger, Robert F.
- Laibson, David I.
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Yang, Jian
- Johannesson, Magnus
- Visscher, Peter M.
- Esko, Tõnu
- Koellinger, Philipp D.
- Cesarini, David
- Benjamin, Daniel J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-05-11
- Volume
- 533
- Issue
- 7604
- Pages
- 539-542
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4883595
- OpenAlex
- W2346626662
- Cited by
- 1,297
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 190 · 2019: 170 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 48
- FWCI
- 143.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (acceptedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- WOS
- ERIM Top-Core Articles
- Funders
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Florida State University
- University of Minnesota
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- New York University Shanghai
- University of Dundee
- Queen Mary University of London
- NorthShore University HealthSystem
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Broad Institute
- York University
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0514-10027)
- University of Leicester
- Imperial College London
- University of Oxford
- University of Manchester
- University of Aberdeen
- Hunter Medical Research Institute
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- University of South Australia
- Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Erasmus Medisch Centrum
- Queen's University
- Lundbeckfonden (R163-2013-16235, R190 2014-3904)
- King Abdulaziz University (21589)
- Universität zu Lübeck
- Vetenskapsrådet (421-2013-1061)
- Tampereen Yliopisto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Oulun Yliopisto
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Tays
- Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
- Háskólinn í Reykjavík
- National Institutes of Health (AG042568)
- School of Medicine, New York University
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
- Medical Research Council (MR/N01104X/1, MR/J012165/1, MR/K026992/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F022441/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/M010341/1)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- Netherlands Heart Institute
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition
- Biocenter, University of Oulu
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, R01AG015819, P30AG010161, T32AG000186, AG005842, RF1AG015819, R01AG042568, P01AG005842, P30AG012810, U01AG009740)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA036216, R37DA005147)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD047879)
- Institute of Genetics
- H2020 European Research Council (647648)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- educational attainment, genetic variants, years of schooling, candidate genes, neural development, genetic architecture, cognitive characteristics, neuropsychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Bipolar Disorder, Brain, Cognition, Educational Status, Fetus, Gene Expression Regulation, United Kingdom, Humans, Schizophrenia, Computational Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
