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Single-Nucleotide-Resolution Computing and Memory in Living Cells

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A Functional Mini-Integrase in a Two-Protein Type V-C CRISPR System

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A Coculture Based Tyrosine-Tyrosinase Electrochemical Gene Circuit for Connecting Cellular Communication with Electronic Networks

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A highly parallel strategy for storage of digital information in living cells

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DNA writing at a single genomic site enables lineage tracing and analog recording in mammalian cellsPreprint

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DNA as a universal chemical substrate for computing and data storage

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Engineering Wired Life: Synthetic Biology for Electroactive Bacteria

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Living electronics: A catalogue of engineered living electronic components

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Symbolic recording of signalling and cis-regulatory element activity to DNA

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Information-Theoretic Foundations of DNA Data Storage

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A designer synthetic chromosome fragment functions in moss

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In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability

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Synthetic biology and bioelectrochemical tools for electrogenetic system engineering

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An outlook on the current challenges and opportunities in DNA data storage

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Programming mammalian cell behaviors by physical cues

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Mobile and Self‐Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA

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Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors

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Light-Induced Patterning of Electroactive Bacterial Biofilms

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Design considerations for advancing data storage with synthetic DNA for long-term archiving

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How close are we to storing data in DNA?

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“Cell Disk” DNA Storage System Capable of Random Reading and Rewriting

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An optogenetic toolkit for light-inducible antibiotic resistance

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Multiplex genomic recording of enhancer and signal transduction activity in mammalian cellsPreprint

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Preservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage

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Molecular recording: transcriptional data collection into the genome

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Efficient data reconstruction: The bottleneck of large-scale application of DNA storage

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Mediated electrochemistry for redox-based biological targeting: entangling sensing and actuation for maximizing information transfer

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A DNA circuit that records molecular events

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Empowering DNA-Based Information Processing: Computation and Data Storage

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Recording Temporal Signals with Minutes Resolution Using Enzymatic DNA Synthesis

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Versioning biological cells for trustworthy cell engineering

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Toward Bacterial Bioelectric Signal Transduction

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A biological camera that captures and stores images directly into DNA

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How to make DNA data storage more applicable

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Mediated Electrochemical Probing: A Systems-Level Tool for Redox Biology

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Mini review: Enzyme-based DNA synthesis and selective retrieval for data storage

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The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level

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DNA storage: The future direction for medical cold data storage

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DNA storage—from natural biology to synthetic biology

Bencúrová, E., Akash, A., Dobson, R. C. J., & Dandekar, T. (2023) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.045 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage

Huang, X., Cui, J., Qiang, W., Ye, J., Wang, Y., Xie, X., Li, Y., & Dai, J. (2024) · iMeta · doi:10.1002/imt2.168 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Accelerating Genetic Sensor Development, Scale-up, and Deployment Using Synthetic Biology

Joshi, S. H.-N., Jenkins, C., Ulaeto, D., & Gorochowski, T. E. (2024) · BioDesign Research · doi:10.34133/bdr.0037 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Error Correction for DNA Storage

Sima, J., Raviv, N., Schwartz, M., & Bruck, J. (2023) · IEEE BITS the Information Theory Magazine · doi:10.1109/mbits.2023.3318516 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Putative Phenotypically Neutral Genomic Insertion Points in Prokaryotes

Bernhards, C. B., Liem, A. T., Berk, K. L., Roth, P. A., Gibbons, H. S., & Lux, M. W. (2022) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.1c00531 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Mainstream encoding–decoding methods of DNA data storage

Wang, C., Ma, G., Wei, D., Zhang, X., Wang, P., Li, C., Xing, J., Wei, Z., Duan, B., Yang, D., et al. (2022) · CCF Transactions on High Performance Computing · doi:10.1007/s42514-022-00094-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Liquid crystal–guided DNA information storage: Nondestructive recovery and long-term preservation

Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Miao, L., Zhu, H., Ren, Y., Zhao, K., Wan, S., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Lü, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu3957 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Red-Light-Induced Genetic System for Control of Extracellular Electron Transfer

Zhao, F., Niman, C. M., Ostovar, G., Chavez, M. S., Atkinson, J. T., Bonis, B. M., Gralnick, J. A., El‐Naggar, M. Y., & Boedicker, J. Q. (2024) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00684 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Temporally resolved transcriptional recording in E. coli DNA using a Retro-Cascorder

Lear, S. K., Lopez, S. C., González-Delgado, A., Bhattarai-Kline, S., & Shipman, S. L. (2023) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-023-00819-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Excite the unexcitable: engineering cells and redox signaling for targeted bioelectronic control

Wang, S., Aljirafi, F. O., Payne, G. F., & Bentley, W. E. (2023) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103052 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Engineering the Activity of a Template-Independent DNA Polymerase

Milisavljevic, M., Rodriguez, T. R., Carlson, C. K., Liu, C. C., & Tyo, K. E. J. (2024) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.4c00255 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Advancing Archival Data Storage: The Promises and Challenges of DNA Storage System

Sensintaffar, A., Wei, Y., Ou, L., Du, D. H. C., & Li, B. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Storage · doi:10.1145/3723166 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A compact cassette tape for DNA-based data storage

Li, J., Mao, C., Wang, S., Li, X., Luo, X., Wang, D., Zheng, S., Shao, J., Wang, R., Fan, C., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady3406 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Current and emerging opportunities in biological medium‐based computing and digital data storage

Bennet, D., Vo‐Dinh, T., & Zenhausern, F. (2021) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202100275 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

One-step data storage in cellular DNA

Bhattarai-Kline, S., Lear, S. K., & Shipman, S. L. (2021) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-021-00737-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Molecular Circuit-Controlled Nanoparticle Folders for Programmable DNA Information Access

Wu, R., Zhang, Y., Teng, J., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, C. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c13882 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Deep mutational scanning identifies Cas1 and Cas2 variants that enhance type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition

Hofmann, R., Herman, C., Mo, C. Y., Mathai, J., & Marraffini, L. A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60925-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Enzymes as green and sustainable tools for DNA data storage

Liu, X., Yu, E., Zhao, Q., Han, H., & Li, Q. (2025) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d4cc06351a · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Highly active CRISPR-adaptation proteins revealed by a robust enrichment technology

Yosef, I., Mahata, T., Goren, M. G., Degany, O., Shem, A. B., & Qimron, U. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad510 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Electrochemistry as a Tool for Redox‐Based Bio‐Information Processing

Kim, E., Chen, C., Zakaria, F. R., Motabar, D., Kang, M., Kelly, D. L., Napolitano, A., Bentley, W. E., & Payne, G. F. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202510184 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

10 Years of Natural Data Storage

Limbachiya, D., Gupta, M. K., & Aggarwal, V. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Molecular Biological and Multi-Scale Communications · doi:10.1109/tmbmc.2022.3211446 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

A CRISPR-Cas and Argonaute-Driven Two-Factor Authentication Strategy for Information Security

Fu, R., Hou, J., Wang, Z., Zhu, C., & Xianyu, Y. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c17560 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Learning in Kombucha

Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2025) · Next Materials · doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101281 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Advances and challenges in non-canonical nucleic acids data storage

Wang, Y., Pei, Y., Tang, L., Sun, X., Zhou, S., & Song, J. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-68708-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A Novel DNA‐Based Dual‐Mode Data Storage System with Interrelated Concise and Detailed Data

Pei, B., Zhou, Y., Yu, Y., Ma, J., Cao, R., Huang, W. L., Ouyang, L., Mi, S., & Xiong, Z. (2024) · Small Science · doi:10.1002/smsc.202400094 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Designing innovation ecosystems for biointelligent value creation – Identification of promising technology fields and pioneer countries

Rentschler, M., Hohmann, S., Heuermann, P., Valenti, L., & Miehe, R. (2025) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100484 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A facile method for purifying DNA-modified small particles and soft materials using aqueous two-phase systems

Duan, X., & Liu, B. (2023) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d3cc02350h · Cited by 3 · see citing works

How many plasmids can bacteria carry? A synthetic biology perspective

Kiattisewee, C. (2025) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.240378 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Adjustment of active protons of end-electron-withdrawing groups in small molecules for different memory characteristics

Wang, H., Du, Y., Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Fan, J., Su, X.-R., Sun, X., & Zhou, S. (2022) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110570 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Assessing spacer acquisition rates in E. coli type I-E CRISPR arrays

Peach, L. J., Zhang, H., Weaver, B. P., & Boedicker, J. Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1498959 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Establishing a Standardized Genetic Toolkit for the Radiation-Resistant Extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans

Simmons, T. R., Córdova, A., Grismore, K. B., Moline, L. C., Stankes, A. C., Johnson, J., Bök, C., & Contreras, L. M. (2025) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Enhancing Microbial Electron Transfer Through Synthetic Biology and Biohybrid Approaches: Part II

Myers, B., Hill, P. J., Rawson, F. J., & Kovács, K. (2022) · Johnson Matthey Technology Review · doi:10.1595/205651322x16621070592195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Deep mutational scanning identifies variants of Cas1 and Cas2 that increase spacer acquisition in type II-A CRISPR-Cas systemsPreprint

Hofmann, R., Herman, C., Mo, C. Y., Mathai, J., & Marraffini, L. A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617623 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Remote control of bacterial gene expression: Optogenetics, electrogenetics, sonogenetics and magnetogenetics

Jiang, Y., Mo, Z., Chen, J., Guo, D., Wang, X., Wan, X., Yang, Q., Niu, H., He, J., Zhang, Z., et al. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.172527 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microbial spies and bloggers: programming cells to convert environmental information into discernible signals

Khavas, D. S., Schwartz, S., Bird, P., Truong, A., & Silberg, J. J. (2026) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2026.103436 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

DNA Data Storage: A Critical Review of Bio-Algorithmic Integration, Performance-Cost Tradeoffs, and Future Directions for Scalable Architectures

Öztürk, B., İgit, A., Arıcı, S., Kaya, A., Çamlıca, Z. T., & Şahin, M. F. (2026) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-026-10651-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Toward DNA-Based Recording of Biological Processes

Jang, H., & Yim, S. S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cryptography in the DNA of living cells enabled by multi-site base editingPreprint

Volf, V., Zhang, S., Song, K., Qian, S., Chen, F., & Church, G. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.15.567131 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Post-Translational Digital Data Encoding into the Genomes of Mammalian Cell PopulationsPreprint

Callisto, A., Strutz, J., Leeper, K., Kalhor, R., Church, G. M., Tyo, K. E. J., & Bhan, N. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.591851 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

DNA as a Data Storage Medium.

Rebimbas, R., Glória, I., Chegão, J., Al-Rawi, M., Mousakhani Ganjeh, A., & Saraiva, J. A. (2026) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2026.03.003

Information-theoretic problems of DNA-based storage systems

Kruglik, S., Kucherov, G., Nazirkhanova, K., & Filitov, M. (2021) · Информационно-управляющие системы · doi:10.31799/1684-8853-2021-3-39-52

Advances and application of CRISPR-Cas systems

Liu, R., Liang, L., Habib, M., Freed, E. F., & Eckert, C. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824469-2.00029-4

A digital DNA system reveals the superiority of unidirectional inheritance over ‘Lamarckian’ inheritancePreprint

Shiju, A., Arras, S. D. M., Rodrigo, A. G., & Poole, A. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.28.625825

A digital DNA system favours the superiority of unidirectional inheritance over ‘Lamarckian’ inheritance

Shiju, A., Arras, S. D. M., Rodrigo, A. G., & Poole, A. M. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012677

Advanced neuronal logic circuit designs using spiking models: a framework for sequential biocomputation

Basso, G., Scherer, R., & Barros, M. T. (2026) · npj Unconventional Computing · doi:10.1038/s44335-026-00066-4

Bio-inspired approaches to in vivo DNA data storage systems

Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wan, S., Su, J., Zhang, H., Wang, F., & Liu, K. (2026) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d6mh00728g

Programmable one-pot polymerase-mediated DNA synthesis via temperature control

Kim, J., Choi, J., Kim, W., Cho, N., Jung, Y., Park, S., Choi, E., Lee, C., Kim, Y., Ryu, T., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-74890-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

One-step data storage in cellular DNA

Bhattarai-Kline, S., Lear, S. K., & Shipman, S. L. (2021) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-021-00737-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors

Sadremomtaz, A., Glass, R. F., Guerrero, J. E., LaJeunesse, D., Josephs, E. A., & Zadegan, R. M. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42223-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Molecular information storage using CRISPR

Glass, R. F., & NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (2023) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)

Current and emerging opportunities in biological medium‐based computing and digital data storage

Bennet, D., Vo‐Dinh, T., & Zenhausern, F. (2021) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202100275 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

DNA CODEC: compressed obfuscated DNA encoding in cells for secure in vivo data storage

Kang, T., Zhou, Z., Mohammed, S., Makris, Y., & Bleris, L. G. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-78917-8