Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Currently approved viral vector-based and mRNA-based vaccine approaches against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) consider only homologous prime-boost vaccination. After reports of thromboembolic events, several European governments recommended using AstraZeneca’s ChAdOx1-nCov-19 (ChAd) only in individuals older than 60 years, leaving millions of already ChAd-primed individuals with the decision to receive either a second shot of ChAd or a heterologous boost with mRNA-based vaccines. However, such combinations have not been tested so far. We used Hannover Medical School’s COVID-19 Contact Study cohort of healthcare professionals to monitor ChAd-primed immune responses before and 3 weeks after booster with ChAd ( n = 32) or BioNTech/Pfizer’s BNT162b2 ( n = 55). Although both vaccines boosted prime-induced immunity, BNT162b2 induced significantly higher frequencies of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and, in particular, high titers of neutralizing antibodies against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Heterologous vaccination with a first dose of ChAdOx1-nCoV-19/AZD1222 and a second dose of BNT induces higher neutralizing antibody titers than the corresponding homologous vaccinations.
“Heterologous vaccination with a first dose of ChAdO1-nCoV-19/AZD1222 (AZ) (Voysey et al., 2021) and a second dose of BNT was shown to induce higher neutralizing antibody titers as compared with the corresponding homologous vaccinations”
From The Omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Barros-Martins et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2034577 · Cited by 14,592 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035389 · Cited by 10,119 · see citing works
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination
Greinacher, A., Thiele, T., Warkentin, T. E., Weisser, K., Kyrle, P. A., & Eichinger, S. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2104840 · Cited by 2,259 · see citing works
Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant
Madhi, S. A., Baillie, V., Cutland, C. L., Voysey, M., Koen, A. L., Fairlie, L., Padayachee, S. D., Dheda, K., Barnabas, S. L., Bhorat, Q. E., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2102214 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants
Abu-Raddad, L. J., Chemaitelly, H., & Butt, A. A. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2104974 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Abdool Karim, S. S., & de Oliveira, T. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2100362 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Emary, K. R. W., Golubchik, T., Aley, P. K., Ariani, C. V., Angus, B., Bibi, S., Blane, B., Bonsall, D., Cicconi, P., Charlton, S., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00628-0 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine–elicited human sera
Muik, A., Wallisch, A.-K., Sänger, B., Swanson, K. A., Mühl, J., Chen, W., Cai, H., Maurus, D., Sarkar, R., Türeci, Ö., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg6105 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera
Supasa, P., Zhou, D., Dejnirattisai, W., Liu, C., Mentzer, A. J., Ginn, H. M., Zhao, Y., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Nutalai, R., Tuekprakhon, A., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.033 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Wise, J. Covid-19: European countries suspend use of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine after reports of blood clots. BMJ 372, n699 (2021).
- Pottegård, A. et al. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ 373, n1114 (2021).
- Jablonka, A. et al. Protocol for longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV- 2-specific immune responses in healthcare professionals in Hannover, Germany: the prospective, longitudinal, observational COVID-19 Contact (CoCo) study. Preprint at https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.0 · DOI
- 20242479v1.full (2020). Extended Data Fig. 6 | Neutralizing antibodies interfere with binding of SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD variants to human ACe2. a, Inhibition of interaction of indicated SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD variants with ACE2 by the addition of plasma of a representative vaccinee before (open circles) and after (closed circles) homologous ChAd/ChAd (blue symbols) and heterologous ChAd/BNT (red symbols) booster immunization. Assays were performed in duplicates and are shown as mean percentages of neutralization. Shaded areas represent mean +2 SD of values from pre-COVID-19 plasma. b, Reciprocal titers of neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan-Spike, B.1.1.7-Spike (Alpha), P.1-Spike (B.1.1.28.1; Gamma), and B.1.351-Spike (Beta) SARS-CoV-2 variants in plasma of each vaccinee before and after the boost immunization. Statistics: Chi-square test for trend. Data are from n = 31 biologically independent sample pairs from the ChAd/ChAd group and n = 54 biologically independent sample pairs from the ChAd/BNT group. For better visualization of identical titer values, data were randomly and proportionally adjusted closely around the precise titer results. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hoffmann, M., Krüger, N., Schulz, S., Cossmann, A., Rocha, C., Kempf, A., Nehlmeier, I., Graichen, L., Moldenhauer, A.-S., Winkler, M. S., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.032 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Self-citationSpike-antibody waning after second dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1
Shrotri, M., Navaratnam, A. M. D., Nguyen, V., Byrne, T., Geismar, C., Fragaszy, E., Beale, S., Fong, W. L. E., Patel, P., Kovar, J., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01642-1 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Skowronski, D. M., Febriani, Y., Ouakki, M., Setayeshgar, S., El Adam, S., Zou, M., Talbot, D., Prystajecky, N., Tyson, J. R., Gilca, R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac290 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Katikireddi, S. V., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Vasileiou, E., Robertson, C., Amele, S., Pan, J., Taylor, B., Boaventura, V., Werneck, G. L., Flores-Ortiz, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02754-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 delta variant neutralisation after heterologous ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination
Behrens, G. M., Cossmann, A., Stankov, M. V., Nehlmeier, I., Kempf, A., Hoffmann, M., & Pöhlmann, S. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01891-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationMor, O., Zuckerman, N. S., Hazan, I., Fluss, R., Ash, N., Ginish, N., Mendelson, E., Alroy-Preis, S., Freedman, L., & Huppert, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.10.011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barros-Martins, J., Hammerschmidt, S. I., Cossmann, A., Odak, I., Stankov, M. V., Morillas Ramos, G., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., Heidemann, A., Ritter, C., Friedrichsen, M., Schultze-Florey, C., Ravens, I., Willenzon, S., Bubke, A., Ristenpart, J., Janssen, A., Ssebyatika, G., Bernhardt, G., Münch, J., Hoffmann, M., Pöhlmann, S., Krey, T., Bošnjak, B., Förster, R., & Behrens, G. M. N.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- German Primate Center (DE)
- German Center for Infection Research (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bošnjak, Berislav
- Förster, Reinhold
- Behrens, Georg M. N.
- ORCID
- Barros-Martins, Joana
- Hammerschmidt, Swantje I.
- Cossmann, Anne
- Odak, Ivan
- Stankov, Metodi V.
- Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra
- Ritter, Christiane
- Schultze-Florey, Christian
- Janssen, Anika
- Ssebyatika, George
- Bernhardt, Günter
- Münch, Jan
- Hoffmann, Markus
- Pöhlmann, Stefan
- Krey, Thomas
- Bošnjak, Berislav
- Förster, Reinhold
- Behrens, Georg M. N.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2021-07-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1525-1529
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC8440184
- OpenAlex
- W3177819637
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 87
- FWCI
- 30.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HZI (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (80018019238, TTU 01.938)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ID39087428, 158989968)
- Niedersächsische Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (14-76103-184)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KX2021)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 variants, heterologous prime-boost, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, COVID-19 vaccination, booster vaccination, immune response, spike-specific T cells, neutralizing antibodies, Alpha variant, Beta variant, P.1 variant, vaccine safety, thromboembolic events
- MeSH terms
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Vaccination, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
