New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Open accessAbstract
The Challenge of SARS-CoV-2 Variants The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (VOC-202012/01), 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), and P.1 (B.1.1.28.1) has aroused many concerns, including worsening Covid-1...
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- Findingown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
For the AZD1222 vaccine, neutralizing activity against 501Y.V2 in vaccinated persons' serum was reduced by up to a factor of 86, including complete immune escape.
“was lower by a factor of up to 86, including complete immune escape, for the AZD1222 vaccine (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Against P.1, neutralizing activity in vaccinated persons' serum was reduced by a factor of 6.7 for BNT162b2 and 4.5 for mRNA-1273.
“Neutralizing activity for the P.1 variant among vaccinated persons was lower by a factor of 6.7 for the BNT162b2 vaccine and by a factor of 4.5 for the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Serum from vaccinated individuals showed modest reductions in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 variant.
“the B.1.1.7 variant showed modest decreases in neutralizing activity in serum samples obtained from vaccinated persons (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Against 501Y.V2, neutralizing activity in vaccinated persons' serum was reduced by factors of 1.6 to 8.6 for the BBIBP-CorV, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 vaccines.
“The serum neutralizing activity for the 501Y.V2 variant among vaccinated persons was lower by a factor of 1.6 to 8.6 for the BBIBP-CorV vaccine, the BNT162b2 vaccine, and the mRNA-1273 vaccine”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
In the placebo group of a South African vaccine trial, PCR-confirmed Covid-19 occurred in 7.9% of seronegative participants and 4.4% of seropositive participants.
“the incidence of Covid-19, as confirmed on polymerase chain reaction, was 7.9% among seronegative enrollees and 4.4% among seropositive enrollees in the placebo group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Premisecitation§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
UK evidence suggests that the B.1.1.7 variant may carry a higher death risk than variants that circulated earlier in the UK.
“Evidence from the United Kingdom indicates that the B.1.1.7 variant may be associated with a higher risk of death than preexisting variants in the United Kingdom.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Horby P, Huntley C, Davies N, et al. NERVTAG paper on COVID-19 variant of concern B.1.1.7. London: Department of Health and Social Care, Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, January 2021 (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nervtag-paper-on-covid-19-variant-of-concern-b117).
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
In South Africa, the 501Y.V2 variant is estimated to be 50% more transmissible than variants that circulated before it.
“The 501Y.V2 variant has been estimated to be 50%2 more transmissible than preexisting variants in South Africa”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Pearson CAB, Russell TW, Davies N, et al. Estimates of severity and transmissibility of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 in South Africa. London: CMMID Repository, 2021 (https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/sa-novel-variant.html).
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Prior infection with earlier variants may offer only partial protection against reinfection by the 501Y.V2 variant.
“This finding indicates that previous infection with preexisting variants may provide only partial protection from reinfection with the 501Y.V2 variant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
In 48% of convalescent serum samples (21 of 44) from previously infected patients, the 501Y.V2 variant completely escaped neutralizing antibodies.
“the 501Y.V2 variant showed complete escape from neutralizing antibodies in 48% of convalescent serum samples (21 of 44) obtained from patients who had previously had Covid-19.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Wibmer CK, Ayres F, Hermanus T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma. January 19, 2021 (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.427166v1). preprint. 33654292
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
For all three vaccines tested during 501Y.V2 transmission in South Africa, clinical trial efficacy was lower than in trials run in countries where earlier variants circulated.
“efficacy in clinical trials was lower for all three vaccines tested in the midst of transmission of the 501Y.V2 variant in South Africa than efficacy in trials conducted in countries with preexisting variants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The AZD1222 vaccine's efficacy was 3.2 times higher in the United Kingdom and Brazil than in South Africa (70% vs. 22%).
- Rests on an assumption: The NVX-CoV237 vaccine's efficacy was 1.8 times higher in the United Kingdom than in South Africa (89% vs. 49%).
- Rests on an assumption: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine's efficacy was 1.3 times higher in the United States than in South Africa (72% vs. 57%).
- Interpretationreasoning§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
Convalescent serum and monoclonal antibody treatments may be less effective against the emerging variants than against earlier variants.
“treatment with convalescent serum and monoclonal antibodies may not be as effective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
The elevated in-hospital mortality linked to 501Y.V2 was primarily caused by its increased transmissibility, which overwhelmed health services and reduced timely access to and quality of hospital care.
“This finding was due mainly to the greater transmissibility of this variant, which rapidly overburdened health services and thus compromised timely access to hospital care and the quality of that care.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
In South Africa, the 501Y.V2 variant was linked to a 20% higher in-hospital mortality rate during the second wave compared with the first wave.
“a preliminary analysis by the National Institute of Communicable Diseases showed that the 501Y.V2 variant was associated with in-hospital mortality that was 20% higher in the second wave in South Africa than in the first wave.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ New SARS-CoV-2 Variants — Clinical, Public Health, and Vaccine Implications
In the United Kingdom, the B.1.1.7 variant is estimated to be 43% to 82% more transmissible than variants that preceded it.
“B.1.1.7 to be between 43% and 82%3 more transmissible than preexisting variants in the United Kingdom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Davies N, Abbott S, Barnard RC, et al. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. London: CMMID Repository, 2020 (https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/uk-novel-variant.html). PMC8128288 33658326 source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
In South Africa, the 501Y.V2 variant increased its share of sequenced viruses from 11% in the first week of October 2020 to 60% in the first week of November 2020 and 87% in the first week of December 2020.
“The 501Y.V2 variant spread rapidly in South Africa, accounting for 11% of the viruses sequenced (44 of 392) in the first week of October 2020, for 60% of those sequenced (302 of 505) in the first week of November 2020, and for 87% of those sequenced (363 of 415) in the first week of December 2020.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Western Cape, hospital admission rates among diagnosed cases and the clinical characteristics of admitted patients were similar in the first and second waves.
“Hospital admission rates of diagnosed cases and the clinical profile of admitted patients were similar in the first and second waves in Western Cape.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neutralization activity against the B.1.1.7 variant was modestly reduced by a factor of 1.5.
“the B.1.1.7 variant showed a modest decrease in neutralization activity, by a factor of 1.5”
The paper relies on this without support.
No evidence indicates that antiviral or anti-inflammatory treatments are less effective against the emerging variants than against earlier variants.
“Although there is no evidence that antiviral agents and antiinflammatory treatments are any less effective with the emerging variants than with the preexisting variants”
The paper relies on this without support.
The AZD1222 vaccine's efficacy was 3.2 times higher in the United Kingdom and Brazil than in South Africa (70% vs. 22%).
“Efficacy was higher by a factor of 3.2 with the AZD1222 vaccine in the United Kingdom and Brazil than in South Africa (70% vs. 22%)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The NVX-CoV237 vaccine's efficacy was 1.8 times higher in the United Kingdom than in South Africa (89% vs. 49%).
“higher by a factor of 1.8 with the NVX-CoV237 vaccine in the United Kingdom than in South Africa (89% vs. 49%)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine's efficacy was 1.3 times higher in the United States than in South Africa (72% vs. 57%).
“higher by a factor of 1.3 with the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in the United States than in South Africa (72% vs. 57%)”
The paper relies on this without support.
All three variants carry the N501Y mutation, which replaces asparagine with tyrosine at position 501 in the spike protein's receptor-binding domain.
“All three variants have the N501Y mutation, which changes the amino acid asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) at position 501 in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 501Y.V2 and P.1 variants each have two further receptor-binding domain mutations, K417N/T and E484K.
“The 501Y.V2 and P.1 variants both have two additional receptor-binding–domain mutations, K417N/T and E484K.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These mutations raise the receptor-binding domain's affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
“These mutations increase the binding affinity of the receptor-binding domain to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.”
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Clinical trials reported reduced protection against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, but emerging data suggest high protection remains against severe disease and hospitalization.
“Reduced protection against any symptomatic COVID-19 disease caused by the B.1.351 variant of concern (now known as the Beta variant) has been reported from clinical trials18, but emerging data suggest that there remains high protection against the important end points of severe disease and hospitalization99.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Emerging viral variants with multiple mutations in the S protein include some that evade both natural and vaccine-induced immunity.
“In light of emerging viral variants with multiple mutations in the S protein — some of which are able to evade both natural and vaccine-induced immunity18 — it is paramount to target both humoral and T cell immunity, and potentially innate immune mechanisms.”
From Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“429, recently detected in California and classified as VOC, have been reported to be 20% more transmissible than preexisting variants [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialPersistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in humans
Haveri, A., Ekström, N., Solastie, A., Virta, C., Österlund, P., Isosaari, E., Nohynek, H., PALMU, A. A. I., & Melin, M. M. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149535 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“However, some changes are causing concerns regarding disease severity, viral transmissibility and potential escape from natural and vaccine-induced immunity (14).”
BackgroundChakraborty, C., Bhattacharya, M., & Dhama, K. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030682 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Neutralization and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VariantPreprint
Zeng, C., Evans, J. P., Qu, P., Faraone, J. N., Zheng, Y.-M., Carlin, C., Bednash, J. S., Zhou, T., Lozanski, G., Mallampalli, R. K., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.472934 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Yin, Q., Luo, W., Mallajosyula, V. V. A., Yang, B., Guo, J., Xie, J., Sun, M., Verma, R., Li, C., Constantz, C. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-022-01464-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 variants, antiviral drugs, and vaccines
Hillary, V. E., & Ceasar, S. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13952 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Review on the Theme
Lisco, G., Tullio, A. D., Stragapede, A., Solimando, A. G., Albanese, F., Capobianco, M., Giagulli, V. A., Guastamacchia, E., Pergola, G. D., Vacca, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10132920 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Finally, vaccines may be a resource in this historical context [281], despite the ongoing occurrence of novel and more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants that may lead to possible concerns [282].”
BackgroundOral prodrug of remdesivir parent GS-441524 is efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets
Cox, R. M., Wolf, J. D., Lieber, C. M., Sourimant, J., Lin, M. J., Babusis, D. M., Pont, V. D., Chan, J., Barrett, K., Lye, D. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26760-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2: What We Know So Far
Chavda, V. P., Bezbaruah, R., Deka, K., Nongrang, L., & Kalita, T. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10111926 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Safety & effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines
Chirico, F., da Silva, J. A. T., Tsigaris, P., & Sharun, K. (2022) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_474_21 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Broadly-Neutralizing Antibodies Against Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Shrestha, L. B., Tedla, N. T., & Bull, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.752003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“1 (35, 41) show decreased susceptibility to some SARS-CoV-2 mAbs (11, 42–44), convalescent plasma (11, 45) and sera from SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees (11, 36, 44, 46, 47).”
BackgroundEvolution, Mode of Transmission, and Mutational Landscape of Newly Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Chakraborty, C., Sharma, A. R., Bhattacharya, M., Agoramoorthy, G., & Lee, S. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01140-21 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wild Red Foxes, the Netherlands, 2021
Rijks, J. M., Hesselink, H., Lollinga, P., Wesselman, R., Prins, P. J., Weesendorp, E., Engelsma, M. Y., Heutink, R., Harders, F., Kik, M. J. L., et al. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2711.211281 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhong, G., Tai, L., Liu, S., Yin, G., Lü, J., He, Q., Li, M.-J., et al. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00419-w · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Yadav, P. D., Sapkal, G. N., Ella, R., Sahay, R. R., Nyayanit, D. A., Patil, D. Y., Deshpande, G. R., Shete, A. M., Gupta, N., Mohan, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab104 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“2) are serious public health threats because of their association with the higher transmissibility and the potential immune escape.(1) ,2 Various reports have been published on the neutralization efficacies with the sera of the currently available COVID-19 vaccines against these variants.”
BackgroundInfluentialA focused review on technologies, mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines
Ghasemiyeh, P., Mohammadi‐Samani, S., Firouzabadi, N., Dehshahri, A., & Vazin, A. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108162 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
DNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: toward third-generation vaccination era
Chavda, V. P., Pandya, R., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1987223 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Noori, M., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Arshi, S., Carson‐Chahhoud, K., Ansarin, K., Kolahi, A., & Safiri, S. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2277 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The lag in SARS-CoV-2 genome submissions to GISAID
Kalia, K., Saberwal, G., & Sharma, G. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01040-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Current Challenges and Health Concern
Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A. M., Muzammil, K., Ahmad, I., Alam, S., Khan, W. H., & Ahmad, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.693916 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Based on evidence from an in vitro cell line and a mouse model, Remdesivir can inhibit the NSP12 polymerase even when ExoN proofreading activity is perfect (Agostini et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSalvagno, G. L., Henry, B. M., Piazza, G. D., Pighi, L., NITTO, S. D., Bragantini, D., Gianfilippi, G. L., & Lippi, G. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11050832 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“These two convergent pathways synergistically contribute to mitigate the clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2, as attested by recent evidence reviewed by Abdool Karim and de Oliveira [10], showing that mRNA-LNPs may display 94– 95% efficiency in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and 90–100% efficacy in averting severe COVID-19…”
BackgroundA defective viral genome strategy elicits broad protective immunity against respiratory viruses
Xiao, Y., Lidsky, P. V., Shirogane, Y., Aviner, R., Wu, C.-T., Li, W., Zheng, W., Talbot, D., Catching, A., Doitsh, G., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.023 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Kaur, H., Yadav, P., Mukhopadhyay, L., Sahay, R., Kumar, A., Nyayanit, D. A., Shete, A., Patil, S., Majumdar, T., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13091782 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Data show that there is a 3-fold and 16-fold reduction in neutralization against the Delta and Beta variants as compared with the Alpha variant with BNT162b2 vaccinated sera, and a 5-fold and 9-fold reduction against the same with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 [27].”
ResultMonitoring carbon dioxide to quantify the risk of indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
Bazant, M. Z., Kodio, O., Cohen, A. E., Khan, K., Gu, Z., & Bush, J. W. M. (2021) · Flow · doi:10.1017/flo.2021.10 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A global picture: therapeutic perspectives for COVID-19
Chavda, V., Kapadia, C., Soni, S., Prajapati, R., Chauhan, S., Yallapu, M., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2022) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2021-0168 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“E484K (glutamic acid E substituted with lysine K) increases immune evasion and reinfection [26], and K417N (lysine K replaced with asparagine N) helps the virus avoid neutralizing antibodies, increasing the risk of reinfection [27].”
BackgroundA Proposal to End the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agarwal, R., & Gopinath, G. (2021) · Staff Discussion Notes · doi:10.5089/9781513577609.006.a001 · Cited by 65
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the LGBTQ+ Population: A Systematic Review
Garg, I., Hanif, H., Javed, N., Abbas, R., Mirza, S. A., Javaid, M. A., Pal, S., Shekhar, R., & Sheikh, A. B. (2021) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr13040079 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and COVID’s global morbidity and mortality indexes may affect an individual’s perception of disease severity and susceptibility [72,76].”
BackgroundVo, V., Tillett, R. L., Papp, K., Shen, S., Gu, R., Gorzalski, A. J., Siao, D. D., Markland, R., Chang, C.-L., Baker, H., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155410 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…(e.g., capacity limits and mask mandates) (Anderson et al., 2020; Hatef et al., 2021), known and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and interest (VOIs) have the potential to trigger newwaves of infection (Abdelnabi et al., 2021; Abdool Karim and de Oliveira, 2021; Harvey et al., 2021).”
Tang, B., Zhou, W., Wang, X., Wu, H., Xiao, Y., & Tang, S. (2022) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-022-01061-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Khan, A., Gui, J., Ahmad, W., Haq, I., Shahid, M., Khan, A. A., Shah, A., Khan, A., Ali, L., Anwar, Z., et al. (2021) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d1ra04694b · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ahn, J. Y., Lee, J., Suh, Y. S., Song, Y. G., Choi, Y.-J., Lee, K. H., Seo, S. H., Song, M., Oh, J., Kim, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00358-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Wang, T.-C., Li, X.-F., Zhang, N.-N., Li, L., Zhou, C., Deng, Y.-Q., Cao, T.-S., Yang, G., Li, R.-T., et al. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00861-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Currently, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern were linked to higher transmissibility and the potential immune escape from medical countermeasures.(20) NAbs of sera from individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 were 4.”
BackgroundDetection of a SARS-CoV-2 P.1.1 variant lacking N501Y in a vaccinated health care worker in Italy
Angeletti, S., Giovanetti, M., Fogolari, M., Florio, L. D., Francesconi, M. A., Veralli, R., Antonelli, F., Donati, D., Miccoli, G. A., Fonseca, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.06.026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flacco, M. E., Soldato, G., Martellucci, C. A., Carota, R., Luzio, R. D., Caponetti, A., & Manzoli, L. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060628 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2–rise of the variants: transmission and resistance
Soh, S. M., Kim, Y., Kim, C., Jang, U. S., & Lee, H.-R. (2021) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-021-1348-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs)
Salehi-Vaziri, ., Fazlalipour, M., Khorrami, S. M. S., Azadmanesh, K., Pouriayevali, M. H., Jalali, T., Shoja, Z., & Maleki, A. (2022) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Laboratories may choose one or more methods based on the facilities and technology available, their contacts with partner laboratories, and the number of trained specialists, as well as their epidemiological goals, such as disease control and monitoring [30, 133, 134].”
MethodThe Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Is Driven by Acceleration of the Substitution Rate
Tay, J. H., Porter, A. F., Wirth, W., & Duchêne, S. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac013 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bošnjak, B., Odak, I., Barros-Martins, J., Sandrock, I., Hammerschmidt, S., Permanyer, M., Patzer, G., Greorgiev, H., Jauregui, R. G., Tscherne, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.772240 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?
Bellucci, G., Rinaldi, V., Buscarinu, M. C., Reniè, R., Bigi, R., Pellicciari, G., Morena, E., Romano, C., Marrone, A., Mechelli, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.755333 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Efficacy Estimates for Various COVID-19 Vaccines: What we Know from the Literature and ReportsPreprint
Shapiro, J., Dean, N. E., Madewell, Z. J., Yang, Y., Halloran, M. E., & Longini, I. M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.21257461 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Upadhyay, V., Lucas, A., Panja, S., Miyauchi, R., & Mallela, K. M. G. (2021) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101208 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Testing in Recipients of COVID-19 Vaccination: Why, When, and How?
Lippi, G., Henry, B. M., & Plebani, M. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11060941 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“, between 50 and 80%) in patients with infections caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants and a similarly limited protection against any type of SARS-CoV-2 infection [8].”
BackgroundIsraeli, M., Finkel, Y., Yahalom-Ronen, Y., Paran, N., Chitlaru, T., Israeli, O., Cohen-Gihon, I., Aftalion, M., Falach, R., Rotem, S., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29896-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Domnich, A., Grassi, R., Fallani, E., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9091016 · Cited by 51
“Second, since December 2020, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been described [16]; these spread rapidly, owing to their greater transmissibility, becoming dominant in several countries [17,18].”
BackgroundTiwari, S., Juneja, S., Ghosal, A., Bandara, N., Khan, R., Wallen, S. L., Ramakrishna, S., & Kaushik, A. K. (2021) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100363 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mirtaleb, M. S., Falak, R., Heshmatnia, J., Bakhshandeh, B., Taheri, R. A., Soleimanjahi, H., & Emameh, R. Z. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109934 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Structural conservation among variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike postfusion bundle
Yang, K., Wang, C., White, K. I., Pfuetzner, R. A., Esquivies, L. R., & Brünger, A. T. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2119467119 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Messali, S., Bertelli, A., Campisi, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27247 · Cited by 49
“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classified them as a variant of interest (VOI), variant of concern (VOC), and a variant of high consequence.(1) In particular, VOI presents specific genetic markers predicted to affect transmission, diagnostic, therapeutics, or immune escape and are responsible for…”
BackgroundGopinath, S., Ishak, A., Dhawan, N., Poudel, S., Shrestha, P. S., Singh, P., Xie, E., Tahir, P., Marzaban, S., Michel, J., et al. (2022) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7050081 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Data also shows that there is a 3-fold and 16-fold reduction in neutralization against the Delta and Beta variants as compared with the Alpha variant with BNT162b2 vaccinated sera, and a 5-fold and 9-fold reduction against the same with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 [68].”
ResultSchons, M., Pilgram, L., Reese, J., Stecher, M., Anton, G., Appel, K. S., Bahmer, T. J., Bartschke, A., Bellinghausen, C., Bernemann, I., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00896-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“1 3 variants of concern [55], and the future effects anticipated from PCS [56].”
Understanding Mutations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Kumar, R., Srivastava, Y., Muthuramalingam, P., Singh, S. K., Verma, G., Tiwari, S., Tandel, N., Beura, S. K., Panigrahi, A. R., Maji, S., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040856 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Genetic emergence of B.1.617.2 in COVID-19
Kirola, L. (2021) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100929 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Subsequently, many other variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been identi fi ed worldwide, and a few of them are classi fi ed as variants of concern (VOC), variants of interest (VOI), and variants of high consequence by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [2].”
Site specific N- and O-glycosylation mapping of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Shajahan, A., Pepi, L. E., Kumar, B., Murray, N. B., & Azadi, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33088-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Are, E. B., Song, Y., Stockdale, J. E., Tupper, P. F., & Colijn, C. (2022) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111368 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Currently identified VOCs are more transmissible than the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and have ability to evade host immunity to COVID acquired from vaccines or infection [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].”
BackgroundNeutralization potential of Covishield vaccinated individuals sera against B.1.617.1
Yadav, P., Sapkal, G., Abraham, P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443645 · Cited by 45
“Text SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and spread to other countries during this pandemic [1].”
BackgroundAntiviral potential of nanoparticles for the treatment of Coronavirus infections
Sarkar, J., Das, S., Aich, S., Bhattacharyya, P., & Acharya, K. (2022) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126977 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 virulence evolution: Avirulence theory, immunity and trade‐offs
Alizon, S., & Sofonea, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.13896 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Samuel Alizon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9543 Mircea T. Sofonea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4499-0435 R E FE R E N C E S Abdool Karim, S. S., & de Oliveira, T. (2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialYadav, P. D., Sapkal, G. N., Ella, R., Sahay, R. R., Nyayanit, D. A., Patil, D. Y., Deshpande, G. R., Shete, A. M., Gupta, N., Mohan, V., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.447177 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chen, L., Lu, L., Choi, C. Y.-K., Cai, J., Tsoi, H., Chu, A. W., Ip, J. D., Chan, W.-M., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab656 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yan, S., Wang, L. L., Birnkrant, M. J., Zhai, Z. J., & Miller, S. L. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109184 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Abdool Karim, S. S., & de Oliveira, T.
- Affiliations
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Durban, South Africa
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2021-05-13
- Volume
- 384
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1866-1868
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC8008749
- OpenAlex
- W3138447431
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 260 · 2021: 274 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 52.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 variants, Alpha variant, Beta variant, P.1, Omicron variant, clinical implications, public health implications, COVID-19 pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, United Kingdom, Humans, Mutation, South Africa, Treatment Outcome, Antibodies, Neutralizing
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