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Cited by 889SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Researchvaccines and immunoinformatics approachesCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

The Omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic

Open access
Hoffmann, Markus, Krüger, Nadine, Schulz, Sebastian, Cossmann, Anne, Rocha, Cheila, Kempf, Amy, Nehlmeier, Inga, Graichen, Luise +7 more·2022·Cell
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.032PMC PMC8702401

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant suggests that the virus might become globally dominant. Further, the high number of mutations in the viral spike protein raised concerns that the virus might evade antibodies induced by infection or vaccination. Here, we report that the Omicron spike was resistant against most therapeutic antibodies but remained susceptible to inhibition by sotrovimab. Similarly, the Omicron spike evaded neutralization by antibodies from convalescent patients or individuals vaccinated with the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine (BNT162b2) with 12- to 44-fold higher efficiency than the spike of the Delta variant. Neutralization of the Omicron spike by antibodies induced upon heterologous ChAdOx1 (Astra Zeneca-Oxford)/BNT162b2 vaccination or vaccination with three doses of BNT162b2 was more efficient, but the Omicron spike still evaded neutralization more efficiently than the Delta spike. These findings indicate that most therapeutic antibodies will be ineffective against the Omicron variant and that double immunization with BNT162b2 might not adequately protect against severe disease induced by this variant.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.032

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 43 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Soluble ACE2 robustly and comparably inhibited entry driven by B.1, Delta, and Omicron spikes.

    “Soluble ACE2 did not modulate entry driven by VSV-G but robustly and comparably inhibited entry driven by B.1, Delta, and Omicron spikes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Omicron spike uses ACE2 for host-cell entry.

    “used ACE2 for host-cell entry”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Omicron spike was not appreciably inhibited by two antibody cocktails used for COVID-19 therapy.

    “It was not appreciably inhibited by two antibody cocktails used for COVID-19 therapy”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Five Omicron spike mutations reside between the RBD and the S1/S2 site, including T547K and P681H.

    “Further, five mutations reside between the RBD and the S1/S2 site, including the unique mutation T547K and mutation P681H”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Omicron spike remained susceptible to inhibition by sotrovimab.

    “the Omicron spike was resistant against most therapeutic antibodies but remained susceptible to inhibition by sotrovimab”
    • Also stated in: § Omicron spike is inhibited by soluble ACE2 but is resistant against several antibodies used for COVID-19 treatment · plain
      “sotrovimab was active against Omicron spike, although inhibition was slightly less efficient than that measured for B.1 spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 30
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The B.1 spike was unable to use Pearson's horseshoe bat ACE2 for entry, while the Delta and particularly the Omicron spike used this receptor with high efficiency.

    “the B.1 spike was unable to use ACE2 from Pearson’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus pearsonii) for entry while the Delta and particularly the Omicron spike used this receptor with high efficiency”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    B.1 and Omicron spikes mediated comparable entry into A549-ACE2 cells, while entry driven by other S proteins was less efficient.

    “B.1 and Omicron spike mediated comparable entry into A549-ACE2 cells while entry driven by the other S proteins was less efficient”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Omicron spike has 15 RBD mutations, of which G339D, S371L, S373P, and S375F are unique.

    “Another 15 mutations are found in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) (Figures 1C–1E), of which G339D, S371L, S373P, and S375F are unique”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Murine ACE2 was used more efficiently by the Delta spike than by the B.1 spike and supported Omicron spike entry with the highest efficiency.

    “Murine ACE2 was used more efficiently by the Delta spike as compared with the B.1 spike and supported entry driven by the Omicron spike with the highest efficiency”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A cocktail of bamlanivimab and etesevimab failed to inhibit Omicron spike entry, while a cocktail of casirivimab and imdevimab was inefficient.

    “a cocktail of bamlanivimab and etesevimab failed to inhibit entry mediated by the Omicron spike, while inhibition by a cocktail of casirivimab and imdevimab was inefficient”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sera from BNT/BNT/BNT-immunized individuals inhibited Omicron spike entry 8-fold less than B.1 and 2-fold less than Delta.

    “Sera from BNT/BNT/BNT-immunized individuals inhibited entry driven by the Omicron spike with 8-fold reduced efficiency as compared with the B.1 spike and 2-fold reduced efficiency as compared with the Delta spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Omicron spike has 11 NTD mutations, including 6 deletions and 1 insertion, with N211Δ and ins214EPE unique.

    “Specifically, 11 mutations, including 6 deletions and 1 insertion, are located in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and mutations N211Δ and ins214EPE are unique.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Convalescent sera/plasma collected within two months inhibited Omicron spike entry 80-fold less than B.1 and 44-fold less than Delta, with 9 of 17 sera unable to neutralize Omicron.

    “sera/plasma collected within two months of convalescence from mild or severe COVID-19 inhibited entry driven by the Omicron spike 80-fold less efficiently as compared with the B.1 spike and 44-fold less efficiently as compared with the Delta spike, with 9 out of 17 sera tested being unable to neutralize particles bearing Omicron spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Five Omicron spike mutations are in the S2 subunit, all of them unique.

    “Finally, five mutations are present in the S2 subunit, all of them unique”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Sera from heterologous AZ/BNT vaccinees neutralized the Omicron spike more efficiently than sera from BNT/BNT vaccinees.

    “Sera collected within one month after heterologous AZ/BNT vaccination (Table S2) exhibited higher neutralizing activity as compared with sera collected within three months after BNT/BNT vaccination”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All tested monoclonal antibodies inhibited B.1 spike entry robustly and concentration-dependently, while a control immunoglobulin was inactive.

    “All antibodies inhibited entry driven by the B.1 spike in a robust and concentration-dependent manner, while a control immunoglobulin was inactive”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Sera from BNT/BNT/BNT vaccinees neutralized the Omicron spike more efficiently than sera from BNT/BNT vaccinees.

    “Neutralization of the Omicron spike by antibodies induced upon heterologous ChAdOx1 (Astra Zeneca-Oxford)/BNT162b2 vaccination or vaccination with three doses of BNT162b2 was more efficient, but the Omicron spike still evaded neutralization more efficiently than the Delta spike.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Inhibition of Omicron spike entry by AZ/BNT sera was 14-fold less efficient than B.1 and only 3-fold less efficient than Delta.

    “Inhibition of Omicron-spike-driven entry by sera from AZ/BNT-vaccinated individuals was 14-fold less efficient as compared to B.1. spike but only 3-fold less efficient relative to Delta spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Omicron spike was fully resistant to bamlanivimab, etesevimab, and imdevimab and largely resistant to casirivimab.

    “entry driven by the Omicron spike was fully resistant against bamlanivimab, etesevimab, and imdevimab and largely resistant against casirivimab”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sera collected within one to three months after the second BNT dose inhibited Omicron spike entry 34-fold less than B.1 and 12-fold less than Delta.

    “Sera collected within one to three months after the second dose of BNT (10 sera were collected within 1 month, one serum was collected within 3 months; Table S2) inhibited entry by the Omicron spike with 34-fold lower efficiency as compared with the B.1. spike and with 12-fold lower efficiency as compared with the Delta spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sotrovimab was active against the Omicron spike, although inhibition was slightly less efficient than against the B.1 spike.

    “sotrovimab was active against Omicron spike, although inhibition was slightly less efficient than that measured for B.1 spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Heterologous AZ/BNT and homologous BNT/BNT/BNT immunization might provide better protection against the Omicron variant than BNT/BNT immunization.

    “These results suggest that heterologous AZ/BNT as well as homologous BNT/BNT/BNT immunization might provide better protection against the Omicron variant as compared to BNT/BNT immunization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    P681H may modulate cleavage at the S1/S2 site by furin.

    “mutation P681H, which may modulate cleavage at the S1/S2 site by the host protease furin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2020a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zhang et al., 2021a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sotrovimab remained active against the Omicron spike, consistent with sotrovimab recognizing an epitope not substantially altered by mutations found in the Omicron spike.

    “sotrovimab, a pan-sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody (Gupta et al., 2021), remained active against the Omicron spike, in keeping with sotrovimab recognizing an epitope not substantially altered by mutations found in the Omicron spike”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gupta et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Two doses of BNT might not provide robust protection against severe disease induced by the Omicron variant, and adaptation of the vaccine to the new variant seems required.

    “Therefore, two doses of BNT might not provide robust protection against severe disease induced by the Omicron variant and adaptation of the vaccine to the new variant seems required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several Omicron RBD mutations were previously shown to modulate ACE2 binding and/or antibody evasion.

    “several were previously shown to modulate ACE2 binding and/or antibody evasion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Harvey et al., 2021b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Li et al., 2021b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Liu et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The finding that the Omicron spike uses Pearson's horseshoe bat ACE2 does not indicate that the Omicron variant infects these animals in the wild, but reflects the ability of the Omicron spike to use diverse ACE2 orthologues for entry.

    “this finding does not indicate that the Omicron variant infects these animals (which are found in Asia) in the wild but rather reflects the ability of the Omicron spike to use diverse ACE2 orthologues for entry”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The mutations in the Omicron spike are compatible with robust usage of diverse ACE2 orthologues for entry and might have broadened the ability of the Omicron variant to infect animal species.

    “Collectively, our results suggest that the mutations in the Omicron spike are compatible with robust usage of diverse ACE2 orthologues for entry and might thus have broadened the ability of the Omicron variant to infect animal species.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies conducted before the emergence of the Omicron variant indicated that convalescent COVID-19 patients are efficiently protected against reinfection and that antibody responses likely play an important role in protection.

    “Studies conducted before the emergence of the Omicron variant indicated that convalescent COVID-19 patients are efficiently protected against reinfection and antibody responses likely play an important role in protection”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Addetia et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hall et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hansen et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Heterologous vaccinations and a BNT booster shot induced appreciable levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron spike and might offer some protection against this variant.

    “Heterologous vaccinations and a BNT booster shot induced appreciable levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron spike and might offer some protection against this variant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Soluble ACE2 robustly blocked entry driven by the Omicron spike and might be an option for treatment of patients infected with the Omicron variant.

    “soluble ACE2 robustly blocked entry driven by the Omicron spike and might be an option for treatment of patients infected with the Omicron variant”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mutation D614G increases viral transmission and promotes ACE2 engagement.

    “it is well established that mutation D614G increases viral transmission and promotes ACE2 engagement”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hou et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Korber et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mansbach et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The integrity of all expression plasmids was confirmed using a commercial sequencing service.

    “The integrity of all expression plasmids was confirmed using a commercial sequencing service (Microsynth SeqLab).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    T cell responses were not determined in the study.

    “Further, T cell responses were not determined in our study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The cell lines used in the study were validated by STR-typing, amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase gene, microscopic examination and/or their growth characteristics.

    “Cell lines were validated by STR-typing, amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase gene, microscopic examination and/or according to their growth”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Collection of the serum and plasma samples was approved by the ethics committee of the University Medicine Göttingen and the Institutional Review Board of Hannover Medical School.

    “Collection of samples was approved by the ethic committee of the UMG (reference number: 8/9/20 and SeptImmun Study 25/4/19 Ü) and the Institutional Review Board of MHH (8973_BO_K_2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Heterologous AZ/BNT vaccination or a BNT booster might afford some protection against the Omicron variant.

    “In the meantime, heterologous AZ/BNT vaccination or a BNT booster (BNT/BNT/BNT) might afford some protection against the Omicron variant, since sera from individuals who had received the respective vaccinations neutralized the Omicron spike with appreciable efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study analyzed a limited number of sera/plasma collected within 3 months after vaccination.

    “Our study has several limitations, including the analysis of a limited number of sera/plasma collected within 3 months after vaccination”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Given the important role antibodies play in immune protection against SARS-CoV-2, the results suggest that antibody cocktails used for therapy and likely also vaccines must be adapted for efficient protection against the Omicron variant.

    “given the important role that antibodies play in immune protection against SARS-CoV-2, our results suggest that antibody cocktails used for therapy and likely also vaccines must be adapted for efficient protection against the Omicron variant”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All cell lines used in the study were regularly tested for mycoplasma contamination.

    “In addition, all cell lines were regularly tested for mycoplasma contamination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The results on neutralization of S protein-driven cell entry by monoclonal antibodies and control IgG are based on mean data from three biological replicates, each conducted with technical quadruplicates.

    “The results on neutralization of S protein-driven cell entry by monoclonal antibodies and control IgG represent average (mean) data from three biological replicates (each conducted with technical quadruplicates) for which transduction was normalized against samples that did not contain any antibody (= 0% inhibition).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The results on S protein-driven cell entry are based on mean data from three to twelve biological replicates, each conducted with four technical replicates.

    “The results on S protein-driven cell entry represent average (mean) data acquired from three to twelve biological replicates, each conducted with four technical replicates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The antibody sotrovimab was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses and to protect patients from COVID-19.

    “the antibody sotrovimab was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses and was found to protect patients from COVID-19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gupta et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used pseudotyped virus instead of authentic SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which was not available.

    “use of pseudotyped virus instead of authentic SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which was not available to us”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The mRNA-based vaccine BNT efficiently protects against COVID-19 and is frequently used in Europe and the United States.

    “The mRNA-based vaccine BNT efficiently protects against COVID-19 (Polack et al., 2020) and is frequently used in Europe and the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polack et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent study suggested that the Omicron variant is more adept at infecting convalescent individuals than previously circulating variants.

    “a recent study suggested that the Omicron variant is more adept at infecting convalescent individuals as compared with previously circulating variants”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Abdullah, 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pulliam et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cocktails of casirivimab and imdevimab and of etesevimab and bamlanivimab are currently used for COVID-19 therapy.

    “cocktails of casirivimab and imdevimab (REGN-COV2, Regeneron) (Weinreich et al., 2021) and etesevimab and bamlanivimab (Eli Lilly) (Dougan et al., 2021) are currently used for COVID-19 therapy”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Weinreich et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Dougan et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern exhibit increased transmissibility and/or immune evasion, traits linked to mutations in the viral spike protein.

    “These VOCs exhibit increased transmissibility and/or immune evasion, traits that have been linked to mutations in the viral spike (S) protein”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Harvey et al., 2021b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tao et al., 2021 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The results on neutralization of S protein-driven cell entry by convalescent plasma/serum or serum from vaccinated individuals are based on a single experiment conducted with technical quadruplicates.

    “The results on neutralization of spike protein-driven cell entry by convalescent plasma/serum or serum from vaccinated individuals are based on a single experiment, which was conducted with technical quadruplicates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The ACE2 binding results are based on mean geometric mean channel fluorescence data from six biological replicates, each conducted with single samples.

    “For ACE2 binding, presented are the average (mean) geometric mean channel fluorescence data from six biological replicates, each conducted with single samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The results on inhibition of S protein-driven cell entry by soluble ACE2 are based on mean data from three biological replicates, each conducted with technical quadruplicates.

    “The results on inhibition of S protein-driven cell entry by soluble ACE2 represent average (mean) data from three biological replicates (each conducted with technical quadruplicates) for which transduction was normalized against samples that did not contain soluble ACE2 (= 0% inhibition).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
46 of 46

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Omicron spike sequence from the Botswana isolate used in the study is representative of the Omicron variant's spike protein.

    “The Omicron spike (isolate hCoV-19/Botswana/R40B58_BHP_3321001245/2021; GISAID Accession ID: EPI_ISL_6640919) exhibits 37 mutations as compared with the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Convalescent plasma or recombinant therapeutic S protein-targeted antibodies achieved modest or mixed results in preventing severe COVID-19.

    “Consistent with this view, convalescent plasma or recombinant therapeutic S protein-targeted antibodies achieved modest or mixed results in preventing severe COVID-19 (however, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOC with mutations in the spike protein that may allow the evasion of neutralizing antibodies may further complicate the interpretation of these results) (refs.65,162,167).”

    From COVID-19 and cellular senescence (2023) · cites this paper as [162]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Figure data cutoff predates the first deposited sequences

    Minor

    The text says the first Omicron sequences were deposited on November 22 and 23, yet the Figure 1 legend describes a cumulative count of Omicron isolates as of November 17.

1 of 1

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References 66 · Cited by 889

Authors
Hoffmann, M., Krüger, N., Schulz, S., Cossmann, A., Rocha, C., Kempf, A., Nehlmeier, I., Graichen, L., Moldenhauer, A.-S., Winkler, M. S., Lier, M., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., Jäck, H.-M., Behrens, G. M. N., & Pöhlmann, S.
Affiliations
  • German Primate Center (DE)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
  • Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Hoffmann, Markus
  • Pöhlmann, Stefan
ORCID
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-02
Volume
185
Issue
3
Pages
447-456.e11
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.032
PMC
PMC8702401
OpenAlex
W4200391585
Cited by
889
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 220 · 2022: 493 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1
FWCI
65.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Deutsches Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung eV
  • Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung Dienststelle Berlin
  • European Regional Development Fund
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords
Omicron variant, SARS-CoV-2, antibody neutralization, spike protein mutations, antibody escape, sotrovimab, BNT162b2, heterologous vaccination, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, Delta variant, COVID-19 vaccine efficacy
MeSH terms
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, Female, Humans, Male, Protein Binding, Vaccination, Vero Cells, Adaptive Immunity, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

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