The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Designing and executing prime editing experiments in mammalian cells
Open accessAbstract
Prime editing (PE) is a precision gene editing technology that enables the programmable installation of substitutions, insertions and deletions in cells and animals without requiring double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). The mechanism of PE makes it less dependent on cellular replication and endogenous DNA repair than homology-directed repair-based approaches, and its ability to precisely install edits without creating DSBs minimizes indels and other undesired outcomes. The capabilities of PE have also expanded since its original publication. Enhanced PE systems, PE4 and PE5, manipulate DNA repair pathways to increase PE efficiency and reduce indels. Other advances that improve PE efficiency include engineered pegRNAs (epegRNAs), which include a structured RNA motif to stabilize and protect pegRNA 3' ends, and the PEmax architecture, which improves editor expression and nuclear localization. New applications such as twin PE (twinPE) can precisely insert or delete hundreds of base pairs of DNA and can be used in tandem with recombinases to achieve gene-sized (>5 kb) insertions and inversions. Achieving optimal PE requires careful experimental design, and the large number of parameters that influence PE outcomes can be daunting. This protocol describes current best practices for conducting PE and twinPE experiments and describes the design and optimization of pegRNAs. We also offer guidelines for how to select the proper PE system (PE1 to PE5 and twinPE) for a given application. Finally, we provide detailed instructions on how to perform PE in mammalian cells. Compared with other procedures for editing human cells, PE offers greater precision and versatility, and can be completed within 2-4 weeks.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As there are less variables in base editing versus prime editing, efficiencies of target mutation induction are, in our hands, more predictable without extensive optimizations.18”
From Protocol to create isogenic disease models from adult stem cell-derived organoids using next-generation CRISPR tools (2024) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225829 · Cited by 17,116
Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage
Komor, A. C., Kim, Y. B., Packer, M. S., Zuris, J. A., & Liu, D. R. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17946 · Cited by 5,437
Self-citationSearch-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA
Anzalone, A. V., Randolph, P. B., Davis, J. R., Sousa, A. A., Koblan, L. W., Levy, J. M., Chen, P. J., Wilson, C., Newby, G. A., Raguram, A., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 · Cited by 4,767
Self-citationOptimized sgRNA design to maximize activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9
Doench, J. G., Fusi, N., Sullender, M., Hegde, M., Vaimberg, E. W., Donovan, K. F., Smith, I., Tothova, Z., Wilen, C., Orchard, R., et al. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3437 · Cited by 4,637
Programmable base editing of A•T to G•C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage
Gaudelli, N. M., Komor, A. C., Rees, H. A., Packer, M. S., Badran, A. H., Bryson, D. I., & Liu, D. R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24644 · Cited by 4,184
Self-citationGenome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors
Anzalone, A. V., Koblan, L. W., & Liu, D. R. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9 · Cited by 2,237
Self-citationDynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas System
Chen, B., Gilbert, L. A., Cimini, B. A., Schnitzbauer, J., Zhang, W., Li, G., Park, J. S., Blackburn, E. H., Weissman, J. S., Qi, L. S., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.001 · Cited by 1,988
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia
Frangoul, H., Altshuler, D., Cappellini, M. D., Chen, Y.-S., Domm, J., Eustace, B. K., Foell, J., de la Fuente, J., Grupp, S., Handgretinger, R., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2031054 · Cited by 1,962
Kosicki, M., Tomberg, K., & Bradley, A. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4192 · Cited by 1,883
CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Gillmore, J. D., Gane, E., Taubel, J., Kao, J., Fontana, M., Maitland, M. L., Seitzer, J., O’Connell, D., Walsh, K. R., Wood, K., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107454 · Cited by 1,801
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prime editing for precise and highly versatile genome manipulation
Chen, P. J., & Liu, D. R. (2022) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-022-00541-1 · Cited by 644
Self-citationPhage-assisted evolution and protein engineering yield compact, efficient prime editors
Doman, J. L., Pandey, S., Neugebauer, M. E., An, M., Davis, J. R., Randolph, P. B., McElroy, A. N., Gao, X. D., Raguram, A., Richter, M. F., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.039 · Cited by 327
Self-citationAn, M., Raguram, A., Du, S. W., Banskota, S., Davis, J. R., Newby, G. A., Chen, P., Palczewski, K., & Liu, D. R. (2024) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-02078-y · Cited by 275
Self-citationImproving prime editing with an endogenous small RNA-binding protein
Yan, J., Oyler-Castrillo, P., Ravisankar, P., Ward, C. C., Levesque, S., Jing, Y., Simpson, D., Zhao, A., Li, H. Z., Yan, W., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07259-6 · Cited by 274
Assessing and advancing the safety of CRISPR-Cas tools: from DNA to RNA editing
Tao, J., Bauer, D. E., & Chiarle, R. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35886-6 · Cited by 232
Pandey, S., Gao, X. D., Krasnow, N. A., McElroy, A. N., Tao, Y., Duby, J. E., Steinbeck, B. J., McCreary, J., Pierce, S. E., Tolar, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01227-1 · Cited by 218
Self-citationCRISPR-GPT for agentic automation of gene-editing experiments
Qu, Y., Huang, K., Yin, M., Zhan, K., Liu, D., Yin, D., Cousins, H. C., Johnson, W. A., Wang, X., Shah, M. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-025-01463-z · Cited by 266
Self-citationPrediction of efficiencies for diverse prime editing systems in multiple cell types
Yu, G., Kim, H. K., Park, J., Kwak, H., Cheong, Y., Kim, D., Kim, J.-Y., Kim, J., & Kim, H. H. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.034 · Cited by 128
Programmable gene insertion in human cells with a laboratory-evolved CRISPR-associated transposase
Witte, I. P., Lampe, G. D., Eitzinger, S., Miller, S. M., Berríos, K. N., McElroy, A. N., King, R. T., Stringham, O. G., Gelsinger, D. R., Vo, P. L. H., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt5199 · Cited by 121
Self-citationKoeppel, J., Weller, J., Peets, E. M., Pallaseni, A., Kuzmin, I., Raudvere, U., Peterson, H., Liberante, F. G., & Parts, L. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01678-y · Cited by 91
Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues
Mercer, J. A. M., DeCarlo, S. J., Burman, S. S. R., Sreekanth, V., Nelson, A. T., Hunkeler, M., Chen, P. J., Donovan, K. A., Kokkonda, P., Tiwari, P. K., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adk4422 · Cited by 85
Self-citationBulcaen, M., Kortleven, P., Liu, R. B., Maule, G., Dreano, E., Kelly, M., Ensinck, M. M., Thierie, S., Smits, M., Ciciani, M., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101544 · Cited by 69
Sousa, A. A., Hemez, C. F., Lei, L., Traore, S., Kulhánková, K., Newby, G. A., Doman, J. L., Oye, K., Pandey, S., Karp, P. H., et al. (2024) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-024-01233-3 · Cited by 72
Self-citationXu, W., Zhang, S., Qin, H., & Yao, K. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05957-3 · Cited by 74
Xiong, Y., Zhang, X., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Pan, Y., Wu, Y. Z., Zhao, J., Liu, J., Lu, Y., Liang, H., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-023-01166-5 · Cited by 67
CRISPR–Cas9 delivery strategies for the modulation of immune and non-immune cells
Alsaiari, S. K., Eshaghi, B., Du, B., Kanelli, M., Li, G., Wu, X., Zhang, L., Chaddah, M., Lau, A., Yang, X., et al. (2024) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-024-00725-7 · Cited by 63
Current advancement in the application of prime editing
Huang, Z., & Liu, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1039315 · Cited by 56
In vivo prime editing rescues alternating hemiplegia of childhood in mice
Sousa, A. A., Terrey, M., Sakai, H. A., Simmons, C. Q., Arystarkhova, E., Morsci, N. S., Anderson, L. C., Xie, J., Suri‐Payer, F., Laux, L. C., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.038 · Cited by 54
Self-citationPrime editing: therapeutic advances and mechanistic insights
Murray, J. B., Harrison, P. T., & Scholefield, J. (2024) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41434-024-00499-1 · Cited by 46
Yang, L., & Lu, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157470 · Cited by 50
Liposome-Based Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing
Yin, X., Harmancey, R., McPherson, D. D., Kim, H., & Huang, S. L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612844 · Cited by 44
Kumar, K., Kumar, S., Datta, K., Fornace, A. J., & Suman, S. (2023) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol30060416 · Cited by 42
Increasing intracellular dNTP levels improves prime editing efficiency
Liu, P., Ponnienselvan, K., Nyalile, T., Oikemus, S., Joynt, A. T., Iyer, S., Kelly, K. L., Guo, D., Kyawe, P. P., Vanderleeden, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02405-x · Cited by 45
Alariqi, M., Ramadan, M., Yu, L., Hui, F., Hussain, A., Zhou, X., Yu, Y., Zhang, X., & Jin, S. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202416331 · Cited by 42
Marker-free co-selection for successive rounds of prime editing in human cells
Levesque, S., Mayorga, D., Fiset, J.-P., Goupil, C., Duringer, A., Loiselle, A., Bouchard, E., Agudelo, D., & Doyon, Y. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33669-z · Cited by 41
Directed evolution of hyperactive integrases for site specific insertion of transgenes
Hew, B. E., Gupta, S., Sato, R., Waller, D. F., Stoytchev, I., Short, J. E., Sharek, L., Tran, C. T., Badran, A. H., & Owens, J. B. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae534 · Cited by 35
Strategies for precise gene edits in mammalian cells
Fichter, K. M., Setayesh, T., & Malik, P. (2023) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.012 · Cited by 34
Harnessing artificial intelligence to advance CRISPR-based genome editing technologies
Thomson, T., Li, G. L., Strilchuk, A. W., Cui, H., Wang, B., & Li, B. (2025) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-025-00907-1 · Cited by 34
Genome Editing for Cystic Fibrosis
Wang, G. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12121555 · Cited by 40
Cystic fibrosis: new challenges and perspectives beyond elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor
Terlizzi, V., & Lopes‐Pacheco, M. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/17534666251323194 · Cited by 34
In vivo prime editing rescues photoreceptor degeneration in nonsense mutant retinitis pigmentosa
Fu, Y., He, X., Ma, L., Gao, X. D., Liu, P., Shi, H., Chai, P., Ge, S., Jia, R., Liu, D. R., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57628-6 · Cited by 31
Self-citationRecent advances in prime editing technologies and their promises for therapeutic applications
Zeng, H., Daniel, T. C., Lingineni, A., Chee, K., Talloo, K., & Gao, X. (2024) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103071 · Cited by 27
Prime editing: current advances and therapeutic opportunities in human diseases
Fu, Y., He, X., Gao, X. D., Li, F., Ge, S., Yang, Z. H., & Fan, X. (2023) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.015 · Cited by 28
Zhu, J., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Y., Liang, H., Cheng, K., Lu, Y., Cai, G., Wu, Y. F., Fan, Y., Chen, X., et al. (2025) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.70036 · Cited by 28
Future Perspectives of Prime Editing for the Treatment of Inherited Retinal Diseases
Hansen, S., McClements, M. E., Corydon, T. J., & MacLaren, R. E. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12030440 · Cited by 25
Prime Editing: A Revolutionary Technology for Precise Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Li, M., Lin, Y., Cheng, Q., & Wei, T. (2025) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13808 · Cited by 28
Gene editing innovations and their applications in cardiomyopathy research
Kyriakopoulou, E., Monnikhof, T., & van Rooij, E. (2023) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.050088 · Cited by 26
In vivo base editing of Angptl3 via lipid nanoparticles to treat cardiovascular disease
Khirallah, J., Bloomer, H., Wich, D., Huang, C., Workman, J. N., Li, Y., Newby, G. A., Liu, D. R., & Xu, Q. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102486 · Cited by 27
Self-citationEnhancing CRISPR prime editing by reducing misfolded pegRNA interactions
Zhang, W., Petri, K., Ma, J., Lee, H., Tsai, C., Joung, J. K., & Yeh, J.-R. J. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.90948 · Cited by 45
Petri, K., D’Ippolito, E., Künkele, A., Koehl, U., Busch, D. H., Einsele, H., & Hudecek, M. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-025-01072-4 · Cited by 28
CRISPR genetic toolkits of classical food microorganisms: Current state and future prospects
Lv, X., Li, Y., Xiu, X., Liao, C., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, J., Du, G., & Liu, L. (2023) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108261 · Cited by 21
The revolution of personalized pharmacotherapies for cystic fibrosis: what does the future hold?
Oliver, K. E., Carlon, M. S., Pedemonte, N., & Lopes‐Pacheco, M. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2230129 · Cited by 19
Celotti, M., Derks, L. L. M., van Es, J., van Boxtel, R., Clevers, H., & Geurts, M. H. (2024) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103189 · Cited by 17
Prime-editing methods and pegRNA design programs
Mikhaylova, E. V., Kuluev, B. R., Gerashchenkov, G. A., Chemeris, D. A., Garafutdinov, R. R., Kuluev, A. R., Baymiev, A. K., Baymiev, A. K., & Chemeris, A. V. (2024) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893324010084 · Cited by 15
Huang, C., Li, Q., & Li, J. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2022-0029 · Cited by 20
Hitomi, Y., Ueno, K., Aiba, Y., Nishida, N., Kono, M., Sugihara, M., Kawai, Y., Kawashima, M., Khor, S., Sugi, K., et al. (2024) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000894 · Cited by 14
Generation of Human Isogenic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines with CRISPR Prime Editing
Bonnycastle, L. L., Swift, A. J., Mansell, E. C., Lee, A., Winnicki, E., Li, E. S., Robertson, C. C., Parsons, V. A., Huynh, T., Krilow, C., et al. (2024) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2023.0066 · Cited by 17
Engineering adeno-associated viral vectors for CRISPR/Cas based in vivo therapeutic genome editing
Moyo, B., Brown, L. B. C., Khondaker, I., & Bao, G. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123314 · Cited by 13
Prime Editing: The Next Frontier in Precision Gene Therapy
Aliciaslan, M., Erbasan, E., Erendor, F., & Şanlıoğlu, S. (2025) · The Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.70040 · Cited by 13
Insights into Prime Editing Technology: A Deep Dive into Fundamentals, Potentials, and Challenges
Hosseini, S. Y., Mallick, R., Mäkinen, P., & Ylä‐Herttuala, S. (2024) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2024.043 · Cited by 12
Molecular recording using DNA Typewriter
Liao, H., Choi, J., & Shendure, J. (2024) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-024-01003-0 · Cited by 14
RNF25 confers mRNA damage tolerance by curbing activation of the integrated stress response
Zhao, S., Palma-Chaundler, C. S., Engel, C. M., Cordes, J., Nixdorf, D., Luo, M. Y., Kaya, S., Rahmanto, A. S., van den Heuvel, D., Mackens‐Kiani, T., et al. (2026) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2026.02.024 · Cited by 12
Roman, A., Zimmer, A., Gotthardt, M., Steinmetz, L. M., Kühn, R., & Dang, T. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102734 · Cited by 12
PINE-TREE enables highly efficient genetic modification of human cell lines.
Frisch, C., Kostes, W. W., Galyon, B., Whitman, B., Tekel, S. J., Standage-Beier, K., Srinivasan, G., Wang, X., & Brafman, D. A. (2023) · Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.007 · Cited by 9
Precise Gene Knock‐In Tools with Minimized Risk of DSBs: A Trend for Gene Manipulation
Liu, Y. H., Kong, J., Liu, G., Li, Z., & Xiao, Y. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202401797 · Cited by 10
Bindal, G., & Rath, D. (2025) · Synthetic biology and engineering · doi:10.70322/sbe.2025.10014 · Cited by 10
AI-guided redesign of laboratory-evolved reverse transcriptases enhances prime editing
Tao, Y. A., Sakai, H. A., Jiang, A. Y., Krasnow, N. A., Vaganov, V., Shim, B. H., Barsdale, Z., Pandey, S., Ahmed, N., Na, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-026-03149-6 · Cited by 14
Self-citationProspects and challenges of CRISPR /Cas9 gene‐editing technology in cancer research
Li, N., Xi, J., Yin, Z., Chen, M., Zou, Q., Zhou, X., & Tang, C. (2023) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/cge.14424 · Cited by 11
Gene therapy for hereditary hearing loss
Fu, Z., Zhao, L., Guo, Y., & Yang, J. (2024) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2024.109151 · Cited by 8
Precise kilobase-scale genomic insertions in mammalian cells using PASTE
Fell, C. W., Schmitt-Ulms, C., Tagliaferri, D. V., Gootenberg, J. S., & Abudayyeh, O. O. (2024) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-024-01090-z · Cited by 8
Therapeutic Application of mRNA for Genetic Diseases
Schürmann, P. J. L., Vriesman, S. V. B., Castro-Alpízar, J., Kooijmans, S. A. A., Nieuwenhuis, E. E. S., Schiffelers, R. M., & Fuchs, S. A. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70019 · Cited by 9
ALFA nanobody-guided endogenous labeling
Wang, Z., Hu, F., Xue, F., He, W., Yuan, L., & Xu, P. (2025) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-025-02019-7 · Cited by 8
Prime editing in mammals: From promise to practicalities
Brooks, I. R., Graham, C., Kazemizadeh, A., & Jackow, J. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102719 · Cited by 8
CRISPR tools for T cells: targeting the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome
Wachsmann, T. L. A., & Qi, L. S. (2025) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2025.08.001 · Cited by 8
Exploitation of enhanced prime editing for blocking aberrant angiogenesis
Huang, X., Wu, W., Qi, H., Yan, X., Dong, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, Q., Ma, G., Zhang, G., & Lei, H. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.006 · Cited by 9
Efficient Rescue of Retinal Degeneration in Pde6a Mice by Engineered Base Editing and Prime Editing
Liu, Z., Chen, S., Davis, A. E., Lo, C., Wang, Q. K., Li, T., Ning, K., Zhāng, Q., Zhao, J., Wang, S., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202405628 · Cited by 7
Fu, B., Ma, H., Huo, X., Zhu, Y. J., & Liu, D. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14111409 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPrime Editing of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Attenuates Angiogenesis In Vitro
Ma, G., Qi, H., Deng, H., Dong, L., Zhang, Q., Ma, J., Yang, Y., Yan, X., Duan, Y., & Lei, H. (2024) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2024.0019 · Cited by 6
Integration of large genetic payloads using prime editing and site-specific integrases
Gao, Z., & Bak, R. O. (2024) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-024-01094-9 · Cited by 6
Directed evolution of small RNA-stabilizing motifs that improve prime-editing efficiency
Sakai, H. A., Pierce, S. E., Jiang, A. Y., Cristian, A., An, M., Kim, C. R., Ahmed, N., Hemez, C. F., Tao, Y. A., Zhang, E., et al. (2026) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-026-03123-2 · Cited by 6
Self-citationPrime Editing in Mammals: The Next Generation of Precision Genome Editing
Wang, D., Fan, X., Li, M., Liu, T., Lü, P., Wang, G., Li, Y., Han, J., & Zhao, J. (2022) · The CRISPR Journal · doi:10.1089/crispr.2022.0084 · Cited by 6
Stem cells therapy for diabetes: from past to future
Li, Y., He, C., Liu, R., Xiao, Z., & Sun, B. (2023) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.012 · Cited by 7
Delivery of genome editors with engineered virus-like particles
Lu, C., Li, Y., Cummings, J. R., & Banskota, S. (2025) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2025.01.007 · Cited by 8
Kantor, B., Duke, L. C., & Bhide, P. G. (2025) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102786 · Cited by 6
Prime Editing Driven Functional Genomics: Bridging Genotype to Phenotype in the Post-Genomic Era
Begum, S. N., & Hasan, S. K. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27041703 · Cited by 5
Precise Insertion of AttB Sequences in Goat Genome Using Enhanced Prime Editor
Li, A., Zhu, Z., Yang, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179486 · Cited by 5
Chauvin, S. D., Holley, J. A., Poddar, S., Miner, C. A., Kumble, L., Fu, J., Laue-Gizzi, H., Hardy, T. A., & Miner, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-024-01846-y · Cited by 5
Du, S. W., Palczewska, G., Dong, Z., Lauterborn, J. C., Kaipa, B. R., Yan, A. L., Hołubowicz, R., Ha, S., Chen, P., Gall, C. M., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2506257122 · Cited by 6
Self-citationChen, P., Li, X., Zhou, Q., Chen, J., Lu, L., Wang, P., Zhang, G., Sun, D., Huang, X., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf522 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBase Editing and Prime Editing
Kaya, H. B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46150-7_2 · Cited by 4
Efficient and error-free correction of sickle mutation in human erythroid cells using prime editor-2
George, A., Ravi, N. S., Prasad, K. M., Panigrahi, L., Koikkara, S., Rajendiran, V., Devaraju, N., Paul, J., Pai, A. A., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2022.1085111 · Cited by 6
Kim, M. W., Jeong, K. S., Kim, J., Lee, S.-G., Kim, C., & Chung, H. (2024) · International Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.15283/ijsc24084 · Cited by 4
Hung, J. E., Brewer, R. A., Elbakr, L., Mollica, A., Forguson, G., Chan, W. S., & Ivakine, E. A. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102401 · Cited by 4
Enhancing CRISPR prime editing by reducing misfolded pegRNA interactionsPreprint
Zhang, W., Petri, K., Ma, J., Lee, H., Tsai, C., Joung, J. K., & Yeh, J.-R. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553324 · Cited by 4
Precision T cell correction platform for inborn errors of immunity
Mamia, K., Kolbeinsdóttir, S., Labun, K., Li, Z., Komisarczuk, A. Z., Keskitalo, S., Reint, G., Haugen, F. L., Lindestad, B. O., Jensen, S. S., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.08.018 · Cited by 4
Langley, J., Baudrier, L., Curry, J. E., Narta, K., Todesco, H. M., Potts, K. G., Morrissy, A. S., Mahoney, D. J., & Billon, P. (2026) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2026.101302 · Cited by 3
Gene therapy for inborn errors of immunity: past progress, current status and future directions
Torrance, R. W., Orf, K., & Fox, T. A. (2025) · Rare Disease and Orphan Drugs Journal · doi:10.20517/rdodj.2025.42 · Cited by 5
Prime editing: Emerging mechanisms, engineering innovations, and next-generation applications
Muhammad, W., Amjad, A., Liu, Y., Umar, A., Chen, K., Wang, X., & Xu, K. (2026) · BioDesign Research · doi:10.1016/j.bidere.2026.100073 · Cited by 3
Prime-editing methods and pegRNA design programs
Mikhaylova, E. V., Кулуев, Б. Р., Геращенков, Г. А., Chemeris, D. A., Гарафутдинов, Р. Р., Kuluev, A. R., Baymiev, A. K., Baymiev, A. K., & Chemeris, A. V. (2024) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.31857/s0026898424010023 · Cited by 3
Non-coding variation in dementias: mechanisms, insights, and challenges
Rogers, B. B., & Cochran, J. N. (2025) · npj Dementia · doi:10.1038/s44400-025-00012-4 · Cited by 3
PE-STOP: A versatile tool for installing nonsense substitutions amenable for precise reversion
Song, Z., Zhang, G., Huang, S., Liu, Y., Li, G., Zhou, X., Sun, J., Gao, P., Chen, Y., Huang, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104942 · Cited by 3
Bioinformatic tools for CRISPR-mediated genome editing
Gila, F., Shakeri, S., Khoddam, S., Jamali, Z., Sichani, A. S., Dehghan, Z., & Fallahi, J. (2025) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102204 · Cited by 3
Li, G., Zhou, X., Zhu, G., Pan, Y., Yan, J., Meng, J., Ye, T., Cheng, Y., Liu, C., & Gu, Z. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15152161 · Cited by 3
Gould, S. I., & Rivera, F. J. S. (2025) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2025.01.006 · Cited by 2
Prime editing as a promising therapeutic strategy for junctional epidermolysis bullosa
Hierl, M., Bischof, J., Liemberger, B., Köcher, T., Hainzl, S., Gruner, S., Trattner, L., Reichl, V., Klausegger, A., Aussel, C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.10.054 · Cited by 2
CRISPR–Cas9 mediated gene therapy in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
Hewa, N. J. S. M., Rajendra, K. C., Hewitt, A. W., & Fairfax, K. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Hematology · doi:10.3389/frhem.2025.1713610 · Cited by 2
Gene modification: Exploring the potential in treating kidney diseases
Ekperikpe, U. S., Zhao, S., & Daehn, I. S. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108104 · Cited by 3
Wang, M., Niu, D., Zhang, Q., Tang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Chen, F. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151352 · Cited by 2
Gao, X. D., Presa, M. F., Duby, J. E., Ryan, J., Piec, P.-A., Hsu, A., Banskota, S., Jiang, A. Y., Chen, L., Newby, G. A., et al. (2026) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-026-01651-5 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPrime editing: a new frontier in precision genome engineering for rice improvement
Al-Saadi, N. H., Hatawsh, A., Elkordy, F., Sharkawi, A., Abdelhamid, A. M., Abdelhady, S., Auf, S., Tran, B. Q., Rehan, M., Venkatesh, J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1804263 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Doman, J. L., Sousa, A. A., Randolph, P. B., Chen, P. J., & Liu, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, David R.
- Venue
- Nature Protocols
- Published
- 2022-08-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2431-2468
- ISSN
- 1750-2799 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-2189
- PMC
- PMC9799714
- OpenAlex
- W4290673775
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Protocols (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI142756)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1HG009490)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB031172)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM118062)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Liu investigatorship)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Liu grant)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- prime editing, pegRNA design, DNA repair pathways, experimental design optimization
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Animals, DNA, DNA Repair, Humans, Mammals, RNA, Guide, Kinetoplastida, DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
