CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 57Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and Research

HbA1c Measured in the First Trimester of Pregnancy and the Association with Gestational Diabetes

Open access
Hinkle, Stefanie N., Tsai, Michael Y., Rawal, Shristi, Albert, Paul S., Zhang, Cuilin·2018·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-30833-8PMC PMC6095876
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

We aimed to examine the prospective association between first trimester HbA 1c and gestational diabetes (GDM) and explore the utility of HbA 1c for prediction of GDM. We used data from a case-control study within the prospective NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort (2009–2013), which enrolled 2,802 women at 12 U.S. clinical centers. HbA 1c was measured in GDM cases (n = 107) and matched controls (n = 214) targeted at 8–13, 16–22, 24–29, and 34–37 gestational weeks. We excluded women with HbA 1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at enrollment (n = 3) or who had a hemoglobin variant (n = 6). At 8–13 gestational weeks, women who later developed GDM had significantly higher HbA 1c (5.3[standard deviation 0.3]%; 34[4]mmol/mol) than women without GDM (5.1[0.3]%; 32[3] mmol/mol) (P ≤ 0.001); this difference remained significant throughout pregnancy. Each 0.1% (1 mmol/mol) HbA 1c increase at 8–13 weeks was associated with an adjusted 22% increased GDM risk (95% confidence interval 1.09–1.36). First trimester HbA 1c significantly improved GDM prediction over conventional risk factors (AUC 0.59 vs 0.65; P = 0.04). In conclusion, women who develop GDM may have impaired glucose homeostasis early in or prior to pregnancy, as indicated by their elevated first trimester HbA 1c. First trimester HbA 1c may aid in early identification of at risk women.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-018-30833-8

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Observational studies demonstrate that intermediate hyperglycaemia (HbA1c ≥ 6.0-6.4% [≥ 42-47 mmol/mol]) is associated with elevated risk of pregnancy complications.

    “Observational studies demonstrate that intermediate hyperglycaemia (HbA1c ≥ 6.0‐6.4% [≥ 42–47 mmol/mol]) is associated with elevated risk of pregnancy complications. 43 , 44 , 45 , 46”

    From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Results (Association between HbA1c and GDM Risk; page unavailable) report that higher first-trimester HbA1c was associated with increased gestational diabetes risk, and the Introduction identifies gestational diabetes as a pregnancy complication. The paper does not establish a risk association specifically for the stated 6.0–6.4% range or directly assess other pregnancy complications. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hinkle, S. N., Tsai, M. Y., Rawal, S., Albert, P. S., & Zhang, C.
Affiliations
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Hinkle, Stefanie N.
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-08-16
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
12249-12249
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-018-30833-8
PMC
PMC6095876
OpenAlex
W2886153995
Cited by
57
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8
FWCI
7.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HHSN275200800013C, HHSN275200800002I, HHSN27500006, HHSN275200800014C, HHSN275200800012C, HHSN275200800028C, HHSN275201000009C, HHSN275201000001Z)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
HbA1c, gestational diabetes mellitus, first trimester, glucose homeostasis, GDM prediction, risk factors, fetal growth
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Mass Screening, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Risk, Diabetes, Gestational

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review