Maternal metabolic factors and the association with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is associated with several adverse outcomes for the mother and child. Higher levels of individual lipids are associated with risk of GDM and metabolic syndrome (MetS), a clustering of risk factors also increases risk for GDM. Metabolic factors can be modified by diet and lifestyle. This review comprehensively evaluates the association between MetS and its components, measured in early pregnancy, and risk for GDM. Databases (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to 5 May 2021. Eligible studies included ≥1 metabolic factor (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol), measured at <16 weeks' gestation. At least two authors independently screened potentially eligible studies. Heterogeneity was quantified using I 2 . Data were pooled by random‐effects models and expressed as odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of 7213 articles identified, 40 unique articles were included in meta‐analysis. In analyses adjusting for maternal age and body mass index, GDM was increased with increasing FPG (odds ratios [OR] 1.92; 95% CI 1.39–2.64, k = 7 studies) or having MetS (OR 2.52; 1.65, 3.84, k = 3). Women with overweight (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.89, 2.50, k = 12) or obesity (OR 4.34; 95% CI 2.79–6.74, k = 9) also were at increased risk for GDM. Early pregnancy assessment of glucose or the MetS, offers a potential opportunity to detect and treat individual risk factors as an approach towards GDM prevention; weight loss for pregnant women with overweight or obesity is not recommended. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020199225.
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Poorly-nourished women in the study were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome.
“Poorly-nourished women in our study were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, which agrees with the results of Habibi et al. (20), who found that unfavourable metabolic profiles in pregnancy are closely associated with gestational metabolic disorders.”
From Maternal nutritional status and the risk of metabolic syndrome in pregnancy: implications for public health nutrition (2026) · cites this paper as Habibi et al. [20]
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Logan, K., Emsley, R., Jeffries, S., Andrzejewska, I., Hyde, M. J., Gale, C., Chappell, K. E., Mandalia, S., Santhakumaran, S., Parkinson, J. R. C., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0030 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic approach to diagnosis and management
Nankervis, A. J., Price, S., & CONN, J. J. (2018) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-01-18-4479 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“1 | INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as the onset or first recognition of glucose intolerance during pregnancy, primarily in the second or third trimester.(1) GDM is one of the most common metabolic complications in pregnancy, affecting 5%–25% of all pregnant women worldwide, depending on sc…”
BackgroundClustering of metabolic risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study
Lei, Q., Niu, J., Lv, L., Duan, D., Wen, J., Lin, X., Mai, C., & Zhou, Y. (2016) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2803 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
HbA1c Measured in the First Trimester of Pregnancy and the Association with Gestational Diabetes
Hinkle, S. N., Tsai, M. Y., Rawal, S., Albert, P. S., & Zhang, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30833-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Nomogram for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban, Chinese, pregnant women
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“Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.(53,60,62,72,73,97,104,105) Increased FPG in early pregnancy was associated with a higher odds for GDM (unadjusted OR 2.”
BackgroundWang, C., Zhu, W., Wei, Y., Su, R., Feng, H., Lin, L., & Yang, H. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/3013567 · Cited by 54 · cited 2× · see citing works
“41 mmol/L higher FPG during early pregnancy compared to women without GDM (p < 00,001; Supplementary Figure S4).(48,53,60,61,65,101,102,106,107,111) Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.”
BackgroundZhang, X., Zhao, X., Huo, L., Yuan, N., Sun, J., Du, J., Nan, M., & Ji, L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78164-x · Cited by 49 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Women with GDM had slightly lower mean HDL‐C compared to women without GDM (Supplementary File 2).(53,61,63,66,101,117) On meta‐analysis,(53,85,118,119) there was insufficient evidence to confirm an association between HDL‐C and GDM (aOR 0.”
BackgroundResultPrevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Swampy Cree women in Moose Factory, James Bay.
Godwin, M. S., Muirhead, M., Huynh, J., Helt, B., & Grimmer, J. (1999) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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“Study population sizes ranged from 107(48) to 132,899 participants.(49) Of the 78 studies included, the majority (41.”
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“Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.(53,60,62,72,73,97,104,105) Increased FPG in early pregnancy was associated with a higher odds for GDM (unadjusted OR 2.”
BackgroundEarly triglyceride and glucose index as a risk marker for gestational diabetes mellitus
Sánchez‐García, A., Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez, R., Saldívar‐Rodríguez, D., Guzmán‐López, A., Mancillas‐Adame, L. G., González‐Nava, V., Santos-Santillana, K. M., & González‐González, J. G. (2020) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13311 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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“Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.(53,60,62,72,73,97,104,105) Increased FPG in early pregnancy was associated with a higher odds for GDM (unadjusted OR 2.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMaternal lipid profile and the relation with spontaneous preterm delivery: a systematic review
Moayeri, M., Heida, K. Y., Franx, A., Spiering, W., de Laat, M. W. M., & Oudijk, M. A. (2016) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-016-4216-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“Women with GDM had slightly lower mean HDL‐C compared to women without GDM (Supplementary File 2).(53,61,63,66,101,117) On meta‐analysis,(53,85,118,119) there was insufficient evidence to confirm an association between HDL‐C and GDM (aOR 0.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGao, S., Leng, J., Liu, H., Wang, S., Li, W., Wang, Y., Hu, G., Chan, J. C. N., Yu, Z., Zhu, H., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000909 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus at first trimester in low-risk pregnancies
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“Women with GDM had slightly lower mean HDL‐C compared to women without GDM (Supplementary File 2).(53,61,63,66,101,117) On meta‐analysis,(53,85,118,119) there was insufficient evidence to confirm an association between HDL‐C and GDM (aOR 0.”
BackgroundResultMetabolic Syndrome Including Glycated Hemoglobin A1c in Adults: Is It Time to Change?
Cavero‐Redondo, I., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Álvarez‐Bueno, C., Agudo‐Conde, C., Lugones‐Sánchez, C., & García‐Ortiz, L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8122090 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Approaches to screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnant women during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic
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“Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.(53,60,62,72,73,97,104,105) Increased FPG in early pregnancy was associated with a higher odds for GDM (unadjusted OR 2.”
BackgroundFirst trimester prediction of maternal glycemic status
Gabbay‐Benziv, R., Doyle, L. E., Blitzer, M. G., & Baschat, A. (2014) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2014-0149 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“04, k = 2, adjusted for age, BMI, family history of diabetes, plus eight confounders, Figure 5B).(69,99) There was no statistical heterogeneity between studies for either analysis (both I(2) = 0%, Phet > 0.”
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First trimester glycosylated hemoglobin as a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus
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A risk score for selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus
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“41 mmol/L higher FPG during early pregnancy compared to women without GDM (p < 00,001; Supplementary Figure S4).(48,53,60,61,65,101,102,106,107,111) Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.”
BackgroundAgarwal, M., Dhatt, G. S., Punnose, J., & Zayed, R. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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“00001; Supplementary Figure S6).(48,53,61,64,65,101,107,117) Six studies were included in the meta‐analysis.”
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“41 mmol/L higher FPG during early pregnancy compared to women without GDM (p < 00,001; Supplementary Figure S4).(48,53,60,61,65,101,102,106,107,111) Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.”
BackgroundZheng, W., Huang, W., Zhang, L., Tian, Z., Qi, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, L., & Li, G. (2019) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-019-0462-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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“41 mmol/L higher FPG during early pregnancy compared to women without GDM (p < 00,001; Supplementary Figure S4).(48,53,60,61,65,101,102,106,107,111) Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.”
BackgroundGestational diabetes in the first trimester: is early testing justified?
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Effects of body mass index and body fat percentage on gestational complications and outcomes
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The implications of a raised maternal BMI: A DGH experience
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HbA1c as screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
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“Nine studies comprising eight unique samples were included in the meta‐analysis.(53,60,62,72,73,97,104,105) Increased FPG in early pregnancy was associated with a higher odds for GDM (unadjusted OR 2.”
BackgroundHançerlioğulları, N., Kansu-Celik, H., Oskovi-Kaplan, Z. A., Kısa, B., Üstün, Y. E., & Ozgu-Erdinc, A. S. (2020) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1750003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Body Mass Index (BMI) and Glucose Intolerance during Pregnancy in White European Women.
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“and Schneider et al.(25) showed that MetS, measured in early pregnancy, increased the risk for GDM by 2–4 fold, even after adjusting for body mass index (BMI).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA correlative study to assess the effect of first trimester BMI on obstetric outcome
Sreedevi, C., Valsaraj, B. P., & Pais, M. (2012) · International Journal of Nursing Education · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes
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“…always equally effective, it is important to consider individual situations whenprescribingordevelopinginterventions. diabetes, and modi fi able factors such as higher body weight 11 , metabolic syndrome 12 , and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, including poor diet and lack of physical activity 13 .”
Self-citationLipoprotein(a) throughout life in women
Corral, P., Matta, M. G., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Mehta, R., Berg, G. A., Ruscica, M., & Schreier, L. E. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100885 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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“Meta-regression showed that metformin interventions were more effective in reducing GDM with increasing age or higher fasting blood glucose at baseline (Supplementary Data 3).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMaternal adiposity and perinatal and offspring outcomes: an umbrella review
Yang, Z., Feng, G., Gao, X., Yan, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S., Jiang, Y., Zhao, S., Zhao, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01994-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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“A meta‐analysis suggested that GDM prevention may be fulfiled by assessment of factors such as metabolic syndrome and fasting plasma glucose during early pregnancy.(24) Studies have indicated that there has been an increase in the prevalence of childhood HBP(25) and levels of childhood BP could TAB L E 6 The associati…”
BackgroundGuevara‐Ramírez, P., Paz‐Cruz, E., Cadena-Ullauri, S., Ruiz‐Pozo, V. A., Tamayo‐Trujillo, R., Felix, M. L., Simancas‐Racines, D., & Zambrano, A. K. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1228703 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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“74 Women with obesity have a fourfold increase in risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (OR = 4.34; 95% CI 2.79 to 6.74) 75 ; yet maternal GDM has been associated with greater offspring body fat and adverse metabolic health, independent of maternal BMI.”
BackgroundInfluentialZeljković, A., Ardalić, D., Vekić, J., Antonić, T., Vladimirov, S. S., Rizzo, M., Gojković, T., Ivanišević, J., Mihajlović, M., Vujčić, S., et al. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12100959 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Evidence suggests that the increase in pro-atherogenic lipid parameters, predominantly TG levels, is more prominent in early pregnancy of women who developed GDM, as compared to controls, while the data for LDL-C concentration are less conclusive [7,8].”
BackgroundImpact of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on Adipokines During Pregnancy and Lactation
Froń, A., Tomecka, P., & Orczyk‐Pawiłowicz, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199757 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Excess maternal fat mass promotes insulin resistance, which, when combined with pregnancy-induced hormonal changes, substantially increases the likelihood of impaired glucose tolerance [70].”
Cho, Y., Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Kim, C., Wild, S. H., & Byrne, C. D. (2023) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002250 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“GDM is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia (10), and cross-sectional and cohort studies have investigated the association between a history of GDM and subsequent risk of NAFLD (11 – 15).”
BackgroundSalmen, B.-M., Pietroșel, V.-A., Durdu, C.-E., Salmen, T., Diaconu, C.-T., Bica, I.-C., Potcovaru, C.-G., Gherghiceanu, F., Stoica, R. A., & Stoian, A. P. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051492 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Hence, metabolic markers that can be modified by diet and lifestyle must be assessed, allowing for early detection and management [46].”
Bollig, K. J., Barnhart, K. T., Schisterman, E. F., Johnstone, E. B., Peterson, C. M., Hotaling, J. M., Ryan, G. L., Voorhis, B. J. V., Carrell, D. T., Mendola, P., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae427 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“In the model development studies we included, most of them used maternal characteristics (maternal age, race/ ethinicity) or common laboratory findings (fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides) as predictors, which are often also risk variables linked with GDM, as shown by earlier studies (Giannakou et al., 2019; Habibi…”
ResultMoradkhani, A., Azami, M., Mohammadzadeh, P., Baradaran, H. R., Saed, L., Asvad, K., Kakaei, R., Khateri, S., Moradpour, F., & Moradi, Y. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01959-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Construction of a 3-year risk prediction model for developing diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes
Yang, J., Liu, D., Du, Q., Zhu, J., Lu, L., Wu, Z., Zhang, D., Ji, X., & Zheng, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1410502 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lim, S. S., Takele, W. W., Vesco, K. K., Redman, L. M., ADA PMDI GDM prevention working group, & Josefson, J. L. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.16.23288650 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Established risk factors for GDM include previous GDM, older maternal age, parity, overweight/obese body mass index (BMI), and family history of diabetes (2, 3).”
BackgroundLiu, B., Wu, X., Zou, X., Sun, F., & Yu, J. (2025) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s487493 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“31 In contrast, the lowest scoring item, K14, related to the understanding of standardized CGM reports, suggests a significant knowledge gap.”
Wang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Sun, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, C., Qin, G., Peng, J., Li, H., Fan, J., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.03.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, K., Clarke, G. S., & Grieger, J. A. (2025) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.70026 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Therefore, such dietary modification to alter these metabolites would be important for the prevention of GDM triglycerides are strong predictors of GDM [40, 41].”
Self-citationLiu, K., Clarke, G. S., & Grieger, J. A. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf291 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“This increases risk for gestational diabetes [ 4] and its associated cardiometabolic consequences, which can impact long-term risk for type 2 diabetes [ 5] and cardiovascular disease [6].”
BackgroundSirtuins and Their Implications in the Physiopathology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Zgutka, K., Tkacz, M., Grabowska, M., Mikołajek-Bedner, W., & Tarnowski, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18010041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In IR, insulin signalling is defective due to altered phosphorylation of the insulin receptor or IRS1 and fails to translocate GLUT4 to the cell surface in women with GDM [26].”
Sartayeva, A., Kudabayeva, K. I., Abenova, N. A., Bazargaliyev, Y., Danyarova, L., Adilova, G., Zhylkybekova, A., & Tamadon, A. (2025) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s486267 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Chen, S., Zhao, Z., Luo, M., Gao, Y., Zhou, T., Hu, J., Luo, L.-W., Liu, W., & Zhang, G. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3724 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dai, X.-W., Fan, X., Ye, Y., Yu, M., Li, T., & Yu, K. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07873-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Substantial evidence indicates that maternal obesity is the most significant and consistently identified risk factor for GDM across different countries [4–6].”
A Study on Risk Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Lorenzo, I. S., Pineda‐Pineda, J. J., Inza, E. P., Sigarreta, S., & Fitz, S. J. T. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6100119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Consistently, TG was a risk factor for GDM [20–23], PE [21, 24], PTB [12, 19, 25], LGA [20, 26, 27] and macroso-mia [20, 26, 27].”
Pabón, M. A., Tapp, D. N., Pico, M. G., Vladutiu, C. J., Schmidt, C. W., DeFranco, E., Kulandavelu, S., Elfassy, T., Minissian, M., Bello, N. A., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101494 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Consistent with prior studies in other populations, [21,32] we observed a graded dose – response relationship between the number of NCEP ATP III metabolic syndrome components and APO risk, suggesting that the aggregate burden of cardiometabolic abnormalities may be more informative than any…”
Yousif, E., Abdalla, M. A. I., Abdelrahman, O. A., Abdulrahim, M. A. M., Alzubeir, K. B. K., Abdelrahman, E., Elhagelbashir, I. E., Abdelrahim, M. A. S., Haboura, O., Ali, T. E., et al. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-09647-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The findings align with a prior systematic review that identified metabolic markers such as fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides as useful markers of GDM risk, though that review was limited to individual metabolic syndrome components and focused solely on GDM prediction [37].”
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Wu, Y., Gao, Z., Gou, Y., Yan, L., & Duan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1862412
“Poorly-nourished women in our study were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, which agrees with the results of Habibi et al. (20), who found that unfavourable metabolic profiles in pregnancy are closely associated with gestational metabolic disorders.”
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“Several studies have reported that adverse cardio-vascular risk factors were present prior to pregnancy and worsened over time in women who went on to develop GDM [42, 47].”
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“…95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using modified Poisson regression with robust error variance, adjusting for potential confounders, including maternal age, BMI, smoking status, race, family income, energy intake, and conception via assisted reproductive technology (ART) [12, 13].”
Jiang, L., Shao, H., Wang, X., Wu, J., & Dong, F. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s590161
“While previous systematic reviews have comprehensively summarized the association between maternal metabolic factors and GDM risk, 31 and large-scale epidemiologic studies have established the global burden of GDM and its adverse pregnancy outcomes, 32 this study provides deeper mechanistic…”
Wang, F., Ye, D., Ma, Y., Zhao, K., Liu, Z., & Cheng, L. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000048462
“[22,23] Collectively, these biomarkers capture complementary aspects of glucose-lipid metabolism, inflammatory status, and insulin sensitivity, providing a solid physiological rationale for their inclusion in the current predictive model.”
Ahishakiye, E., Nakirijja, J., & Ahimbisibwe, S. (2026) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-026-01358-1
“Such assumptions limit their ability to represent complex biological interactions among metabolic and cardiovascular factors, a weakness commonly reported in maternal risk modelling studies [23].”
Gardner, D. S.-L., & CHANDRAN, S. R. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dci26-0079
Mohebi, A., Pathirana, M. M., Arstall, M. A., & Andraweera, P. H. (2026) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2026.2737970
“As a result, assessing MetS may provide a better understanding of the overall risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes than examining each risk factor separately (Habibi et al. 2022; Harrington Colleen et al. 2026).”
Self-citationVásquez-Tirado, G. A., Moncada-Gutiérrez, D. A., Farfán-Castillo, A., Meregildo-Rodríguez, E. D., Cuadra-Campos, M. D. C., Quispe-Castañeda, C. V., Serna-Alarcón, V., & Villarreal-Jara, M. (2026) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.61622/rbgo/2026rbgo47
“(28,45) Consequently, pregestational factors such as overweight, obesity, dyslipidemia, as well as other variables including physical inactivity, hypercaloric diets, and components of the metabolic syndrome are closely related to the development of GDM. (46) Traditionally, the pathophysiology of…”
- Authors
- Habibi, N., Mousa, A., Tay, C. T., Khomami, M. B., Patten, R. K., Andraweera, P. H., Wassie, M., Vandersluys, J., Aflatounian, A., Bianco‐Miotto, T., Zhou, S. J., & Grieger, J. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Monash University (AU)
- Victoria University (AU)
- Lyell McEwin Hospital (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Grieger, Jessica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-04-25
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e3532-e3532
- ISSN
- 1520-7552 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-7560
- PMC
- PMC9540632
- OpenAlex
- W4223942051
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT 2009038, GNT 1161871)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, fasting blood glucose, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, maternal obesity, maternal overweight, early pregnancy screening, GDM prevention
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Obesity, Pregnancy, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Metabolic Syndrome, Overweight
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