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Cited by 43Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchPregnancy and Medication Impact

Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Strategies and Clinical Implications

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Bhattacharya, Saptarshi, Nagendra, Lakshmi, Krishnamurthy, Aishwarya, Lakhani, Om J., Kapoor, Nitin, Kalra, Bharti, Kalra, Sanjay·2021·Medical Sciences
DOI 10.3390/medsci9040059PMC PMC8544345
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Abstract

Preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) should be ruled out early in pregnancy in those at risk. During screening, a significant proportion of women do not reach the threshold for overt DM but fulfill the criteria used for diagnosing conventional gestational DM (cGDM). There is no consensus on the management of pregnancies with intermediate levels of hyperglycemia thus diagnosed. We have used the term early gestational DM (eGDM) for this condition and reviewed the currently available literature. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are the commonly employed screening tools in early pregnancy. Observational studies suggest that early pregnancy FPG and Hba1c correlate with the risk of cGDM and adverse perinatal outcomes. However, specific cut-offs, including those proposed by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group, do not reliably predict the development of cGDM. Emerging data, though indicate that FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L), even in the absence of cGDM, signals the risk for perinatal complication. Elevated HbA1c, especially a level ≥ 5.9%, also correlates with the risk of cGDM and worsened outcome. HbA1c as a diagnostic test is however besieged with the usual caveats that occur in pregnancy. The studies that explored the effects of intervention present conflicting results, including a possibility of fetal malnutrition and small-for-date baby in the early treatment group. Diagnostic thresholds and glycemic targets in eGDM may differ, and large multicenter randomized controlled trials are necessary to define the appropriate strategy.

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  • Observational studies demonstrate that intermediate hyperglycaemia (HbA1c ≥ 6.0-6.4% [≥ 42-47 mmol/mol]) is associated with elevated risk of pregnancy complications.

    “Observational studies demonstrate that intermediate hyperglycaemia (HbA1c ≥ 6.0‐6.4% [≥ 42–47 mmol/mol]) is associated with elevated risk of pregnancy complications. 43 , 44 , 45 , 46”

    From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( <scp>ADIPS</scp> ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [44]

    Section 10.4 reports that some studies associate HbA1c of 5.9% with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but it also says other studies found no such association. The paper does not establish the claimed 6.0–6.4% range as a threshold for pregnancy complications; its discussion of ≥6.0% in section 10.3 concerns the risk of developing gestational diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bhattacharya, S., Nagendra, L., Krishnamurthy, A., Lakhani, O. J., Kapoor, N., Kalra, B., & Kalra, S.
Affiliations
  • Max Healthcare (IN)
  • K S Hegde Medical Academy (IN)
  • Zydus Lifesciences Limited (India) (IN)
  • Christian Medical College, Vellore (IN)
  • Bharti Hospital (IN)
Corresponding author
Bhattacharya, Saptarshi
ORCID
Venue
Medical Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-23
Volume
9
Issue
4
Pages
59
ISSN
2076-3271 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/medsci9040059
PMC
PMC8544345
OpenAlex
W3201603269
Cited by
43
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5
FWCI
1.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Medical Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
Keywords
gestational diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test, gestational diabetes screening, diagnostic thresholds, perinatal outcomes, glycemic targets, fetal malnutrition, small for gestational age
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Fasting, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Pregnancy, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Diabetes, Gestational

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