Elevated body temperature is associated with depressive symptoms: results from the TemPredict Study
Open accessAbstract
Correlations between altered body temperature and depression have been reported in small samples; greater confidence in these associations would provide a rationale for further examining potential mechanisms of depression related to body temperature regulation. We sought to test the hypotheses that greater depression symptom severity is associated with (1) higher body temperature, (2) smaller differences between body temperature when awake versus asleep, and (3) lower diurnal body temperature amplitude. Data collected included both self-reported body temperature (using standard thermometers), wearable sensor-assessed distal body temperature (using an off-the-shelf wearable sensor that collected minute-level physiological data), and self-reported depressive symptoms from > 20,000 participants over the course of ~ 7 months as part of the TemPredict Study. Higher self-reported and wearable sensor-assessed body temperatures when awake were associated with greater depression symptom severity. Lower diurnal body temperature amplitude, computed using wearable sensor-assessed distal body temperature data, tended to be associated with greater depression symptom severity, though this association did not achieve statistical significance. These findings, drawn from a large sample, replicate and expand upon prior data pointing to body temperature alterations as potentially relevant factors in depression etiology and may hold implications for development of novel approaches to the treatment of major depressive disorder.
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Diurnal amplitude in distal body temperature measured by an Oura Ring is associated with depression.
“Diurnal amplitude in distal body temperature measured by an Oura Ring was associated with depression39, possibly due to its sensitivity to thermoregulatory dysregulation.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
The Methods identify the Oura Ring as the device measuring distal body temperature, and the Results report that diurnal amplitude generally decreased as depressive symptom severity increased. However, the Abstract says the overall association only tended in that direction and did not reach statistical significance. The unqualified claim that amplitude “was associated” omits that important caveat. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeither prior literature was able to test their efficacy in large, real-world cohorts representing a practical assessment.
“Though interesting, neither literature was able to test their efficacy in large, real-world cohorts representing a practical assessment.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
The Introduction says prior studies of body temperature and depressive symptoms had fewer than 300 participants and were conducted in controlled settings; the Discussion says this study examined the association in a larger sample outside the laboratory. That supports the claim about a gap in large, real-world assessments, but the paper does not say those earlier studies tested efficacy, and it describes its own work as observational rather than an efficacy test. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Shimizu, A., Yokoyama, S., Fermin, A. S. R., Mitsuyama, Y., Mizoi, K., Yoshimoto, J., Furukawa, T. A., Takagaki, K., Okamoto, Y., Okamoto, Y., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s526034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
From Materials Design to Device Assembly: Advanced Biosensors for Smart Healthcare
Xiao, Y., Sun, Y., Sun, T., Huang, G., Zhao, Z., & Xuanyong, L. I. U. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.75931 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
State-dependent skin temperature increase during manic episodes of bipolar disorder
Valenzuela‐Pascual, C., Lamberti, R. G., Mas, A., Borràs, R., Anmella, G., Corponi, F., Oliva, V., Prisco, M. D., Korniyenko, M., Garriga, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119643 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Inflammatory biomarker findings from a randomized controlled trial of heated yoga for depression
Nyer, M., Foster, S. L., Petrie, S. R., Giollabhui, N. M., Gould, D. A., Flux, M. C., Norton, R. J., Nagaswami, M. V., Viotti, A., Ding, G. A., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity Integrative · doi:10.1016/j.bbii.2024.100089 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDuff, D., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Thomson, S., Barakat, A., Heneghan, C., Abdel-Ghaffar, S., Sunshine, J. E., Poh, M., Sunden, L., Hernandez, J., et al. (2025) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-301307 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“14 Pruneti et al 16 evaluated changes in EDA in 53 patients with mixed anxiety and depressive disorders, and their results confirmed depression as the first predictor of suicidal thoughts but that EDA responses were a moderating factor such that those with high EDA showed a stronger association between depressive symp…”
InfluentialTyler, M. P., Wright, B. J., Raison, C. L., Lowry, C. A., Evans, L., & Hale, M. W. (2024) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2024.2374097 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The relationship between depressive symptoms and measures of subjective experiences associated with thermoregulatory processes is consistent with research showing a link between depression and elevated core body temperature [15,16].”
ResultSelf-citationFeeling the Heat: A Thermodynamic Perspective on Emotions, Motivation, and Time Perception
Déli, É., Schoeller, F., Safron, A., Jain, A., Tozzi, A., Adrien, V., & Reggente, N. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101188 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lin, T.-J., Liang, F., Wu, C., Huang, S., Chen, S., Lee, J., & Geng, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18882-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The mechanisms underlying the effects of heat on mental health: A narrative review
Corvetto, J. F., Bahls, S.-C., Barteit, S., Ferreira, J. V. D. S., Müller, T., & Sauerborn, R. (2026) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000958 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Novel and emerging physical treatments for major depressive disorder
Cai, Y., Wang, D., Yang, W., Jiang, S., Qiang, Z., Gao, J., Shen, L., & Yao, H. (2025) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Given the dual roles of specific neurotransmitters, such as biogenic amines, in modulating both mood and thermoregulation [ 90 ], individuals with psychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia, frequently exhibit impaired thermoregulatory function [ 91 , 92 ].”
Mason, A. E., Hartogensis, W., Chowdhary, A., Siwik, C. J., Pandya, L. S., Jung, E., Lupesko-Persky, O., Hartley, E., Hopkins, L. B., Roberts, S., et al. (2025) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130251387714 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“11 Smaller observational studies have similarly shown that body temperature is higher among individuals with depression, 12,13 and experimental studies have found that temperature elevations among individuals with depression decrease upon clinical improvement.”
Self-citationZhao, H., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2026.100812 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A physical perspective on lithium therapy
Kamp, D. (2024) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.11.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Viswanath, V. K., Navaneethan, S., Burks, J. H., Soltani, S., Kasl, P., Hartogensis, W., Dilchert, S., Hecht, F. M., Mason, A. E., Wang, E. J., et al. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01501-0
“As done in a prior study of body temperature and depression 39 , we computedmetrics for the daily average distal body temperature during minutes awake (wake_- mean), the daily average during sleeping minutes (sleep_mean), and the differencebetweenthoseaverages(sleep_wake_difference).”
Self-citationCoup de chaud sur la dépression
Salthun-Lassalle, B. (2024) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.164.0011b
Whole-body hyperthermia as a novel antidepressant therapy
Gaitonde, K. D., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2025) · Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.bionps.2025.100124
Can thermotherapy mitigate depression? A review of physiological adaptations and clinical evidence
Høydal, Ø. A., Notøy, R., & Høydal, K. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.150136
Age-related patterns in distal skin temperature during naps
Soltani, S., Hartogensis, W., Kasl, P., Dasgupta, S., Dilchert, S., Hecht, F. M., Smarr, B. L., & Mason, A. E. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag077
“We provided a f low diagram of participant inclusion/exclusion criteria for this study in Figure 1, with our initial steps being identical to those of Mason et al. (2024) [ 34].”
Self-citationHow Synaptic Plasticity Shapes Mental Health: The Role of Core Body Temperature
Grenno, G., Piarulli, A., Alfì, G., Caruso, V., Aquino, G., Lencioni, R. A., Palagini, L., & Gemignani, A. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00380-0
“Elevated mean CBT, reduced circadian amplitude, and stress-induced hyperthermia have been consistently reported in mood disorders [33, 34, 121], with additional evidence in schizophrenia and neurodegenerative conditions [126–128].”
Jouvencel, A., Willoughby, A. R., Leong, R. L. F., & Chee, M. W. L. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109074
Copeland, D. I., Giollabhui, N. M., Sylvia, L. G., Cetinkaya, D., Puzak, S. J., Hopkins, L. B., Streeter, C. C., Hoeppner, B. B., Uebelacker, L. A., Koontz, J., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.07.01.26353530
Self-citationA Cross-sectional Survey Assessing the Effect of Indoor Environmental Factors on Mental Health
Badri, H. M., Khan, W. A., Shah, M. N., Banah, O. A., Bushara, M. O., Alzhrani, A. M., Quronfulah, B. S., & Aldomini, M. A. G. (2026) · Global Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Update · doi:10.25259/gjmpbu_36_2026
Soltani, S., Hartogensis, W., Dilchert, S., Flores, K., Lowry, C. A., Raison, C. L., Hecht, F. M., Smarr, B. L., & Mason, A. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1846398
Self-citationKarabatsiakis, A., Holper, L., & Scholkmann, F. (2026) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/nim/adxag004
- Authors
- Mason, A. E., Kasl, P., Soltani, S., Green, A., Hartogensis, W., Dilchert, S., Chowdhary, A., Pandya, L. S., Siwik, C. J., Foster, S. L., Nyer, M., Lowry, C. A., Raison, C. L., Hecht, F. M., & Smarr, B. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Baruch College (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mason, Ashley E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2024-02-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1884-1884
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10844227
- OpenAlex
- W4391533534
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2024-04-29)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium (MTEC-20-12-COVID19-D.-023)
- #StartSmall Foundation (7029991)
- Oura Health Oy (134650)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- body temperature, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, wearable sensors, thermoregulation, etiology of depression
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Fever, Humans, Self Report
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