The Temperature Dependence of Sleep

Harding, Edward C.; Franks, Nicholas P.; Wisden, William

doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00336

Cited by 261Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

The Temperature Dependence of Sleep

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Harding, Edward C., Franks, Nicholas P., Wisden, William·2019·Frontiers in Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnins.2019.00336PMC PMC6491889

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Abstract

Mammals have evolved a range of behavioural and neurological mechanisms that coordinate cycles of thermoregulation and sleep. Whether diurnal or nocturnal, sleep onset and a reduction in core temperature occur together. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episodes are also accompanied by core and brain cooling. Thermoregulatory behaviours, like nest building and curling up, accompany this circadian temperature decline in preparation for sleeping. This could be a matter of simply comfort as animals seek warmth to compensate for lower temperatures. However, in both humans and other mammals, direct skin warming can shorten sleep-latency and promote NREM sleep. We discuss the evidence that body cooling and sleep are more fundamentally connected and that thermoregulatory behaviours, prior to sleep, form warm microclimates that accelerate NREM directly through neuronal circuits. Paradoxically, this warmth might also induce vasodilation and body cooling. In this way, warmth seeking and nesting behaviour might enhance the circadian cycle by activating specific circuits that link NREM initiation to body cooling. We suggest that these circuits explain why NREM onset is most likely when core temperature is at its steepest rate of decline and why transitions to NREM are accompanied by a decrease in brain temperature. This connection may have implications for energy homeostasis and the function of sleep.

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Features of sleep-wake time series can directly capture insomnia-like patterns in sleep related to diabetes mellitus.
“Similarly, features of sleep-wake time series can directly capture insomnia-like patterns in sleep related to DM6,34,43,44.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Introduction links insomnia to disruption of the body-cooling cycle, but does not discuss diabetes mellitus or features extracted from sleep-wake time series. Searches for diabetes, insomnia, and time series found no passage addressing whether such features capture diabetes-related insomnia-like patterns. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Within a night, the complexity of the distal body temperature time series is related to the autonomic nervous system's health during sleep.
“Within a night, the complexity of the distal body temperature time series has been related to the autonomic nervous system’s (ANS) health during sleep6,34.”
From Sleep and temperature data from wearable devices support noninvasive detection of diabetes mellitus in a large-scale, retrospective analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The “Warm Bath Effect” section links distal-skin temperature and vasodilation to sleep initiation, but does not discuss the complexity of a within-night temperature time series or its relationship to ANS health. Searches for those specific concepts found no passage addressing the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Greater DMN-cortical connectivity is associated with better sleep efficiency and total sleep time as measured by polysomnography.
“Studies suggest associations between DMN connectivity and subsequent sleep quality as measured by polysomnography, with greater DMNcortical connectivity associated with be er sleep efficiency and total sleep time [37].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
The Introduction and the section ‘Why Link NREM Sleep and Body Cooling?’ discuss temperature, sleep transitions, and neuronal circuits; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for DMN connectivity, polysomnography, sleep efficiency, and total sleep time found no passage addressing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A hot bath prior to, but not immediately before, the sleep period is known to help with sleep initiation.
“As a practical example, a hot bath (inducing vasodilation) prior to, but not immediately before the sleep period, is known to help with its initiation [9,52].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [9]

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MethodInfluential
Ventromedial Preoptic Prostaglandin E2 Activates Fever-Producing Autonomic Pathways
Scammell, T. E., Elmquist, J. K., Griffin, J. D., & Saper, C. B. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-19-06246.1996 · Cited by 249 · cited 1× · see citing works
“WSNs can directly sense brain temperature and are proposed to be modulated by pyrogens such as prostaglandin E2 (Scammell et al., 1996; Lazarus et al., 2007).”
Background
RBM3 mediates structural plasticity and protective effects of cooling in neurodegeneration
Peretti, D., Bastide, A., Radford, H. E., Verity, N., Molloy, C., Martin, M. G., Moreno, J. A., Steinert, J. R., Smith, T., Dinsdale, D. D., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14142 · Cited by 248 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hibernators can undergo synaptic remodelling while cold, as do animals in artificial torpor induced by 5′-adenosine monophosphate (Popov and Bocharova, 1992; Magariños et al., 2006; Popov et al., 2007).”
Background
Dexmedetomidine Does Not Alter the Sweating Threshold, But Comparably and Linearly Decreases the Vasoconstriction and Shivering Thresholds
Talke, P. O., Tayefeh, F., Sessler, D. I., Jeffrey, R., Noursalehi, M., & Richardson, C. (1997) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199710000-00017 · Cited by 248 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In people given either the sedative DEX or the anaesthetic propofol, shivering thresholds reduce to between 32 and 34◦C, respectively (Matsukawa et al., 1995; Talke et al., 1997; Sessler, 2016).”
Background
Thermoregulation: Physiological and Clinical Considerations during Sedation and General Anesthesia
Díaz, M. V., & Becker, D. E. (2010) · Anesthesia Progress · doi:10.2344/0003-3006-57.1.25 · Cited by 247 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
Local Cerebral Blood Flow during Hibernation, a Model of Natural Tolerance to “Cerebral Ischemia”
Frerichs, K. U., Kennedy, C., Sokoloff, L., & Hallenbeck, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1994.26 · Cited by 242 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Narcoleptic patients also have a strongly altered proximalto-distal skin temperature gradient during daytime waking (Fronczek et al., 2006).”
Background
Leptin-Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus and Median Preoptic Area Regulate Sympathetic Brown Adipose Tissue Circuits
Zhang, Y., Kerman, I. A., Laque, A., Nguyen, P., Faouzi, M., Louis, G. W., Jones, J. C., Rhodes, C. J., & Münzberg, H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3223-10.2011 · Cited by 240 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This results in a reduced energy expenditure, through inhibited thermogenesis, and a decrease in food consumption (Zhang et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2016).”
Background
Subregional organization of preoptic area /anterior hypothalamic projections to arousal-related monoaminergic cell groups
Steininger, T. L., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20010122)429:4 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Molecular and Metabolic Aspects of Mammalian Hibernation
Boyer, B. B., & Barnes, B. M. (1999) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1313595 · Cited by 239 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These are periods of interbout euthermia (Boyer and Barnes, 1999; Carey et al., 2003).”
Background
A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.134 · Cited by 227 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Under natural conditions, increased circulating melatonin also coincides with declining core temperature prior to sleep onset (Krauchi et al., 1997; Krauchi et al., 2006; Logan and McClung, 2019).”
Background
Warming up for sleep? — Ground squirrels sleep during arousals from hibernation
Daan, S., Barnes, B. M., & Strijkstra, A. M. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90276-y · Cited by 222 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In these periods of warming, squirrels transition from wake to NREM and then REM sleep before returning to hibernation (Daan et al., 1991).”
Background
Integration of body temperature into the analysis of energy expenditure in the mouse
Abreu-Vieira, G., Xiao, C., Gavrilova, O., & Reitman, M. L. (2015) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.001 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Skin deep: enhanced sleep depth by cutaneous temperature manipulation
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm315 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Central Nervous Regulation of Body Temperature During Sleep
Glotzbach, S. F., & Heller, H. C. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.973138 · Cited by 215 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Although this study did not assess sleep, activation of POMC neurons by Goldstein et al. (2018) could rescue sleep in animals deprived of food (Goldstein et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Regulation of REM and Non-REM Sleep by Periaqueductal GABAergic Neurons
Weber, F., Do, J. P. H., Chung, S., Beier, K. T., Bikov, M., Doost, M. S., & Dan, Y. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02765-w · Cited by 214 · cited 1× · see citing works
“POMC neurons also inhibit AgRP neurons which project to several sleeppromoting regions including the PO, the ventral periaqueductal grey (vPAG) and parabrachial nucleus (Pb) (Betley et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Weber and Dan, 2016; Weber et al., 2018) (see Figure 4).”
Background
Circadian Clues to Sleep Onset Mechanisms
Kräuchi, K. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00315-3 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Identification of a population of sleep-active cerebral cortex neurons
Gerashchenko, D., Wisor, J. P., Burns, D., Reh, R. K., Shiromani, P. J., Sakurai, T., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Kilduff, T. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0803125105 · Cited by 207 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In crucial experiments, using a ‘thermode’ implanted into the PO, warming, but not cooling, increases delta power in the EEG (Roberts and Robinson, 1969; Glotzbach and Heller, 1976; McGinty et al., 1994).”
Method
Sleep‐waking discharge patterns of median preoptic nucleus neurons in rats
Suntsova, N., Szymusiak, R. S., Alam, N., Guzmán-Marı́n, R., & McGinty, D. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023085 · Cited by 205 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This included a gradual increase in firing into, and peaking during, NREM sleep and, unexpectedly, even higher firing rates during REM sleep (Suntsova et al., 2002).”
Background
Heat or Insulation: Behavioral Titration of Mouse Preference for Warmth or Access to a Nest
Gaskill, B. N., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032799 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hibernation-induced structural changes in synaptic contacts between mossy fibres and hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Popov, V. I., & Bocharova, L. S. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90337-2 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Altered sleep regulation in leptin-deficient mice
Laposky, A. D., Shelton, J., Bass, J., Dugovic, C., Perrino, N., & Turek, F. W. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2005 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00492.2004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hypothalamic control of sleep
Szymusiak, R. S., Gvilia, I., & McGinty, D. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.013 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Impact of nesting material on mouse body temperature and physiology
Gaskill, B. N., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.018 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Seasonally hibernating phenotype assessed through transcript screening
Williams, D. R., Epperson, L. E., Li, W., HUGHES, M. A., Taylor, R., Rogers, J., Martin, S. L., Cossins, A. R., & Gracey, A. Y. (2005) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00301.2004 · Cited by 185 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Large changes in gene expression are also observed both in the brain and across the body in hibernators (Williams et al., 2005).”
Background
Maximal REM sleep time defines a narrower thermoneutral zone than does minimal metabolic rate
Szymusiak, R. S., & Satinoff, E. (1981) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90145-1 · Cited by 176 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is consistent with the idea of a narrow temperature range for optimised REM sleep (Czeisler et al., 1980; Szymusiak and Satinoff, 1981).”
Background
Night-time sleep EEG changes following body heating in a warm bath
Horne, J. A., & Reid, A. (1985) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(85)90022-7 · Cited by 169 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
Leptin action through hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase-1–expressing neurons controls energy balance
Leshan, R. L., Greenwald-Yarnell, M. L., Patterson, C. M., Gonzalez, I. E., & Myers, M. G. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2724 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: V. Energy Use and Mediation
Bergmann, B. M., Everson, C. A., Kushida, C. A., Fang, V. S., Leitch, C. A., Schoeller, D. A., Refetoff, S., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1989) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/12.1.31 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Glutamatergic Preoptic Area Neurons That Express Leptin Receptors Drive Temperature-Dependent Body Weight Homeostasis
Yu, S., Qualls‐Creekmore, E., Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Jiang, Y., Berthoud, H., Morrison, C. D., Derbenev, A. V., Zsombok, A., & Münzberg, H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0213-16.2016 · Cited by 159 · cited 2× · see citing works
“PO glutamatergic neurons expressing the leptin receptor (leptinRb) are excited (they express c-FOS) when ambient temperature rises (Yu et al., 2016).”
Background
Thermoregulatory effects of melatonin in relation to sleepiness
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Pache, M., Flammer, J., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520500545854 · Cited by 152 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Under natural conditions, increased circulating melatonin also coincides with declining core temperature prior to sleep onset (Krauchi et al., 1997; Krauchi et al., 2006; Logan and McClung, 2019).”
Background
Behavioral thermoregulatory responses of single- and group-housed mice11This paper has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Gordon, C. J., Becker, P., & Ali, J. S. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00148-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity
Morairty, S. R., Dittrich, L., Pasumarthi, R. K., Valladao, D., Heiss, J. E., Gerashchenko, D., & Kilduff, T. S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314762110 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Rapid and reversible changes in intrahippocampal connectivity during the course of hibernation in European hamsters
Magariños, A. M., McEwen, B. S., Saboureau, M., & Pévet, P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608785103 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sleep and hibernation in ground squirrels (Citellus spp): electrophysiological observations
Walker, J. M., Glotzbach, S. F., Berger, R. J., & Heller, H. C. (1977) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.r213 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At brain temperatures between 10C and 25C reduced-power delta oscillations can still be identified in the EEG signal, whereas below about 10C the signal is isoelectric (Walker et al., 1977).”
Background
Sleep-related c-Fos protein expression in the preoptic hypothalamus: effects of ambient warming
Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., King, J., Steininger, T. L., & McGinty, D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.r2079 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When they can, mice engage in huddling with group members (Gaskill et al., 2011, 2012; Gordon et al., 2014).”
Background
A neuronal hub binding sleep initiation and body cooling in response to a warm external stimulus
Harding, E. C., Yu, X., Miao, A., Andrews, N., Ma, Y., Ye, Z., Lignos, L., Miracca, G., Ba, W., Yustos, R., et al. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.054 · Cited by 136 · cited 8× · see citing works
“The heat generated by these mechanisms could activate the sensory receptors in the skin and so trigger NREM sleep (Harding et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Neuronal discharge of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons: relation to NREM sleep
Alam, M. N., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.5.r1240 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Efferent projections from the median preoptic nucleus to sleep- and arousal-regulatory nuclei in the rat brain
Uschakov, A., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.055 · Cited by 130 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As core temperature falls it coincides with a decrease in self-assessed alertness (Czeisler et al., 1980; van den Heuvel et al., 1998).”
Background
Rapid Decline in Body Temperature Before Sleep: Fluffing the Physiological Pillow?
Campbell, S. S., & Broughton, R. (1994) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529409055899 · Cited by 127 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In experiments where participants ‘selfselected’ their bed time, subjects were most likely to select a moment when the body temperature was at its maximum rate of decline (Campbell and Broughton, 1994).”
Background
Ambient temperature and human sleep
Muzet, A. G., Libert, J., & Candas, V. (1984) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01952376 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Galanin Neurons Unite Sleep Homeostasis and α2-Adrenergic Sedation
Ma, Y., Miracca, G., Yu, X., Harding, E. C., Miao, A., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A. L., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.087 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of leptin on REM sleep and slow wave deltain rats are reversed by food deprivation
Sinton, C. M., Fitch, T. E., & Gershenfeld, H. K. (1999) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00158.x · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Systemic administration of recombinant leptin in food-deprived mice increases both NREM and REM sleep durations, while mice deficient in leptin (ob/ob) have fragmented sleep as well as lower average core temperature (Sinton et al., 1999; Laposky et al., 2006).”
Background
Brain and core temperatures and peripheral vasomotion during sleep and wakefulness at various ambient temperatures in the rat
Alföldi, P., Rubicsek, G., Cserni, G., & Obál, F. (1990) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00371001 · Cited by 121 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Transitions to wakefulness or REM sleep are accompanied by vasoconstriction and brain warming (Alföldi et al., 1990; Imeri and Opp, 2009).”
Background
Prolonged Interval From Body Temperature Nadir to Sleep Offset in Patients With Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Ozaki, S., Uchiyama, M., Shirakawa, S., & Okawa, M. (1996) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/19.1.36 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Relaxation and sleep induced by warming of preoptic region and anterior hypothalamus in cats
Roberts, W. W., & Robinson, T. C. (1969) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90051-x · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A change in temperature in the fingers is a good measure of change in blood flow, and so it seems likely that these subjects started sleep in a state of vasodilation that was progressively replaced by vasoconstriction until waking (Rubinstein and Sessler, 1990; van Marken Lichtenbelt et al., 2006).”
Background
Interaction Between Sleep and Thermoregulation: An Aspect of the Control of Behavioral States
Parmeggiani, P. L. (1986) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.5.426 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mammals have a range of thermoregulatory behaviours that allow adaptation to environmental temperature fluctuations throughout the day, but these are most visible in the preparations for sleep (Peever, 2018).”
Background
Passive Body Heating and Sleep: Influence of Proximity to Sleep
Bunnell, D. E., Agnew, J. A., Horvath, S. M., Jopson, & Wills, M. (1988) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/11.2.210 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
Cold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome
Pache, M., Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Wirz-Justice, A., Dubler, B., Flammer, J., & Kaiser, H. J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05344-2 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, this sleep could be deferred by sleep deprivation suggesting the accumulation of a sleep debt during torpor (Deboer and Tobler, 1994; Palchykova et al., 2002).”
From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus
Williams, K. W., Scott, M. M., & Elmquist, J. K. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26788d · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Leptin works through well-established pathways in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, where it inhibits NPY expressing AgRP neurons (Williams et al., 2009).”
Background
Nest-Building by Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Seringbara, Nimba Mountains: Antipredation, Thermoregulation, and Antivector Hypotheses
Koops, K., McGrew, W. C., VRIES, H. D., & Matsuzawa, T. (2012) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9585-4 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Chimpanzees and other primates select their arboreal sleeping sites (Figure 1A), at least partly, on thermal characteristics, and during colder weather even adjust their nest sites to be more insulating (Koops et al., 2012; Samson and Hunt, 2012; Stewart et al., 2018).”
Background
Brain temperature dependent changes in the electroencephalogram power spectrum of humans and animals
Deboer, T. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00125.x · Cited by 101 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Animals in either daily torpor or hibernation enter a state of inactivity or quiescence, but the power of the EEG signal observed in these animals scales with temperature: the lower the body temperature, the lower the power of the EEG (Deboer, 1998).”
Background
Hypothalamic Neurons that Regulate Feeding Can Influence Sleep/Wake States Based on Homeostatic Need
Goldstein, N., Levine, B. J., Loy, K. A., Duke, W. L., Meyerson, O. S., Jamnik, A. A., & Carter, M. E. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.055 · Cited by 95 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, warm stimuli are well known to increase activity in the PO (e.g., as seen by c-FOS expression) (Scammell et al., 1993; Gong et al., 2000).”
Background
Hyperthermia induces c-fos expression in the preoptic area
Scammell, T. E., Price, K., & Sagar, S. M. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91280-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Altered Skin-Temperature Regulation in Narcolepsy Relates to Sleep Propensity
Fronczek, R., Overeem, S., Lammers, G. J., van Dijk, J. G., & van Someren, E. J. W. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1444 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Diminished Capability to Recognize the Optimal Temperature for Sleep Initiation May Contribute to Poor Sleep in Elderly People
Raymann, R., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2008) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep/31.9.1301 · Cited by 90 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the sleep-deprived animals this strategy ultimately failed, as the rats rapidly lost weight (Bergmann et al., 1989; Everson et al., 1989; Rechtschaffen and Bergmann, 1995).”
Background
Activation of temperature-sensitive TRPV1-like receptors in ARC POMC neurons reduces food intake
Jeong, J. H., Lee, D. K., Liu, S.-M., Chua, S. C., Schwartz, G. J., & Jo, Y.-H. (2018) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2004399 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Optogenetic activation of these neurons produces feeding inhibition (Jeong et al., 2018).”
Background
Sleep Deprivation Triggers Inducible Nitric Oxide-Dependent Nitric Oxide Production in Wake–Active Basal Forebrain Neurons
Kalinchuk, A. V., McCarley, R. W., Porkka‐Heiskanen, T., & Basheer, R. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0014-10.2010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Patients with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Watanabe, T., Kajimura, N., Kato, M., Sekimoto, M., Nakajima, T., Hori, T., & Takahashi, K. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.6.657 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
To sleep or not to sleep: neuronal and ecological insights
Eban-Rothschild, A., Giardino, W. J., & de Lecea, L. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Discharge modulation of rat dorsal raphe neurons during sleep and waking: effects of preoptic/basal forebrain warming
Guzmán-Marı́n, R., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., Drucker-Colı́n, R., Gong, H., & McGinty, D. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02561-0 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“During warming in the rat brain, they could inhibit important arousal nuclei including dorsal raphe and posterior hypothalamic neurons (Krilowicz et al., 1994; Guzmán-Marín et al., 2000; Steininger et al., 2001).”
Background
Manipulation of Core Body and Skin Temperature Improves Vigilance and Maintenance of Wakefulness in Narcolepsy
Fronczek, R., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Romeijn, N., Overeem, S., Fischer, M., Dijk, J. G. V., Jan Lammers, G., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.2.233 · Cited by 76 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Mice that are inactive or sleeping are much more likely to do so in contact with nesting material (Gaskill et al., 2011).”
Background
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) adjusts clock-gene expression and REM-sleep recovery following sleep deprivation
Hoekstra, M. M., Emmenegger, Y., Hubbard, J. T., & Franken, P. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.43400 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Thermoregulation and energetics in hibernating black bears: metabolic rate and the mystery of multi-day body temperature cycles
Tøien, Ø., Blake, J. E., & Barnes, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-015-0891-y · Cited by 75 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Like the dwarf lemurs, these higher temperatures appear to allow brown bears to spend large amount of time in NREM sleep (Tøien et al., 2015).”
Background
Preoptic/anterior hypothalamic warming increases EEG delta frequency activity within non-rapid eye movement sleep
McGinty, D., Szymusiak, R. S., & Thomson, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91506-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nitric oxide in the regulation of the sleep-wake states
Cespuglio, R., Amrouni, D., Meiller, A., Buguet, A., & Gautier-Sauvigné, S. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.01.006 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, NO is implicated in modulating arousal in other areas of the brain (Gerashchenko et al., 2008; Kalinchuk et al., 2010; Cespuglio et al., 2012; Morairty et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2019).”
Background
Core Body Temperature and Sleep of Older Female Insomniacs Before and After Passive Body Heating
Dorsey, C. M., Teicher, M. H., Cohen‐Zion, M., Stefanovic, L., Satlin, A., Tartarini, W. L., Harper, D. G., & Lukas, S. E. (1999) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.7.891 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Changes in sleepiness and body temperature precede nocturnal sleep onset: Evidence from a polysomnographic study in young men
van den Heuvel, C. J., NOONE, J. T., Lushington, K., & Dawson, D. E. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00112.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Working with what you’ve got: Changes in thermal preference and behavior in mice with or without nesting material
Gaskill, B. N., Rohr, S. A., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., & Garner, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.02.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reversible reduction in dendritic spines in CA1 of rat and ground squirrel subjected to hypothermia–normothermia in vivo: A three-dimensional electron microscope study
Popov, V. I., Medvedev, N. I., Patrushev, I. V., Ignat’ev, D. A., Morenkov, É. D., & Stewart, M. G. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.059 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Effect of Afternoon Body Heating on Body Temperature and Slow Wave Sleep
Jordan, J., Montgomery, I., & Trinder, J. C. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01976.x · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
A Thermodynamic Comparison of Arboreal and Terrestrial Sleeping Sites for Dry‐Habitat Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at the Toro‐Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda
Samson, D. R., & Hunt, K. D. (2012) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22031 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“WSNs can directly sense brain temperature and are proposed to be modulated by pyrogens such as prostaglandin E2 (Scammell et al., 1996; Lazarus et al., 2007).”
Background
Exposure to heat restores sleep in cats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic cell loss
Szymusiak, R. S., Danowski, J., & McGinty, D. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91086-g · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consistent with this idea, lesions in the PO of the cat disrupt both warm-defence behaviour and reduce total sleep (Szymusiak et al., 1991).”
Background
Effect of shortened sleep on energy expenditure, core body temperature, and appetite: a human randomised crossover trial
Hibi, M., Kubota, C., Mizuno, T., Aritake, S., Mitsui, Y., Katashima, M., & Uchida, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39640 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, estimates of energy use over 24 h put the cost of sleep as high as 85–95% of the metabolic cost of waking (Jung et al., 2011; Abreu-Vieira et al., 2015; Hibi et al., 2017).”
Background
Sleep EEG after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster: similarity to the effects of sleep deprivation
Deboer, T., & Tobler, I. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90834-6 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, this sleep could be deferred by sleep deprivation suggesting the accumulation of a sleep debt during torpor (Deboer and Tobler, 1994; Palchykova et al., 2002).”
Background
Huddling, locomotor, and nest-building behaviors of furred and furless Siberian hamsters
Kauffman, A. S., Paul, M. J., Butler, M. P., & Zucker, I. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00115-x · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Fur removal in Siberian hamsters, for example, increases food consumption by almost a quarter; whereas, in cold conditions, group huddling or the provision of nesting material can reduce food consumption by 15–20%, respectively (Kauffman et al., 2003; Batavia et al., 2010).”
Background
Energy Reallocation to Breeding Performance through Improved Nest Building in Laboratory Mice
Gaskill, B. N., Pritchett‐Corning, K. R., Gordon, C. J., Pajor, E. A., Lucas, J. R., Davis, J. K., & Garner, J. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074153 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The effect of skin temperature on the hypothalamic control of heat loss and heat production
Boulant, J. A., & Gonzalez, R. R. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90916-7 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The MnPO and MPO hypothalamus receives sensory afferents conveying thermal information from the skin (Hammel, 1968; Boulant and Gonzalez, 1977; Morrison and Nakamura, 2011) (Figure 4).”
Background
Sleep Regulation in the Djungarian Hamster: Comparison of the Dynamics Leading to the Slow-Wave Activity Increase After Sleep Deprivation and Daily Torpor
Deboer, T., & Tobler, I. (2003) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.5.567 · Cited by 57 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, essentially all sedatives and general anaesthetics used clinically induce coreto-peripheral heat redistribution from vasodilation and, without warming, hypothermia (Díaz and Becker, 2010; Sessler, 2016).”
Background
Selective increases in non-rapid eye movement sleep following whole body heating in rats
Morairty, S. R., Szymusiak, R. S., Thomson, D., & McGinty, D. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90606-n · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Regulation of posterior lateral hypothalamic arousal related neuronal discharge by preoptic anterior hypothalamic warming
Krilowicz, B. L., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90507-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy
Fronczek, R., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Overeem, S., Romeijn, N., van Dijk, J. G., Lammers, G. J., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.143610 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cellular populations and thermosensing mechanisms of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
Siemens, J., & Kamm, G. B. (2018) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-017-2101-0 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Systemic administration of recombinant leptin in food-deprived mice increases both NREM and REM sleep durations, while mice deficient in leptin (ob/ob) have fragmented sleep as well as lower average core temperature (Sinton et al., 1999; Laposky et al., 2006).”
Background
Intracranial temperature across 24-hour sleep–wake cycles in humans
Landolt, H., Moser, S., Wieser, H. G., Borbély, A. A., & Dijk, D. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199504190-00022 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Preoptic leptin signaling modulates energy balance independent of body temperature regulation
Yu, S., Cheng, H., François, M., Qualls‐Creekmore, E., Huesing, C., He, Y., Jiang, Y., Gao, H., Xu, Y., Zsombok, A., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.33505 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ambient temperature is a critical determinant of energy expenditure, and failure to carry out thermal defence behaviours has consequences for energy homeostasis (Yu et al., 2018).”
Background
Sleep during arousal episodes as a function of prior torpor duration in hibernating European ground squirrels
Strijkstra, A. M., & Daan, S. (1997) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00024.x · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5C, the time spent in NREM sleep is proportional to the hibernation bout length, not temperature per se (Strijkstra and Daan, 1997).”
Background
The role of the brown adipose tissue in β3-adrenergic receptor activation-induced sleep, metabolic and feeding responses
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01047-1 · Cited by 44 · cited 8× · see citing works
“These data suggest that UCP-1 mediated BAT thermogenesis is helpful in both recovery sleep (sleep following sleep deprivation) and NREM sleep induction.”
BackgroundInfluential
Behaviorally mediated, warm adaptation: A physiological strategy when mice behaviorally thermoregulate
Gordon, C. J., Aydın, C., Repasky, E. A., Kokolus, K. M., Dheyongera, G., & Johnstone, A. F. M. (2014) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.06.006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Intact brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is required for restorative sleep responses after sleep loss
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12463 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They also show a blunted sleep induction effect of warmer temperatures observed in control mice (Szentirmai and Kapas, 2014).”
Background
Thermal load alters sleep
Shapiro, C. M., Allan, M., Driver, H. S., & Mitchell, D. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90110-8 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
Hibernation at moderate temperatures: a continuation of slow wave sleep
Walker, J. M., Haskell, E. H., Berger, R. J., & Heller, H. C. (1981) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01967947 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hibernation of the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Callospermophilus lateralis) under warmer laboratory conditions (22C) produced continuous NREM sleep (Walker et al., 1981).”
Background
Selective sleep deprivation after daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster
Palchykova, S., Deboer, T., & Tobler, I. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00310.x · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This is the known as the ‘Warm Bath Effect’ (Horne and Reid, 1985; Parmeggiani, 1987; Bunnell et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1989; Jordan et al., 1990; Dorsey et al., 1999).”
Background
Temperature sensitivity of sleep homeostasis during hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel
Larkin, J. E., & Heller, H. C. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.4.r777 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hibernation in a primate: does sleep occur?
Blanco, M. B., Dausmann, K. H., Faherty, S. L., Klopfer, P. H., Krystal, A. D., Schopler, R. L., & Yoder, A. D. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160282 · Cited by 31 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In other species of lemur (C. crossleyi and C. sibreei) that occupy a cooler environmental niche, sleep is consistently absent during the torpor phase, but returns during periods of interbout euthermia (Blanco et al., 2016).”
Background
Changes in sleep–wakefulness in the medial preoptic area lesioned rats: role of thermal preference
Ray, B., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.08.006 · Cited by 30 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Warming of the core (proximal-skin) by less than 1◦C, easily within the range encountered within the circadian day, is sufficient to shorten sleep latency (Raymann et al., 2005).”
Background
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat:XII. Effect on Ambient Temperature Choice
Prete, F. R., Bergmann, B. M., Holtzman, P., Obermeyer, W. H., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1991) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.2.109 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In rats, PO lesions alter thermal preference behaviour which subsequently converges on warmer temperatures (∼30◦C) that promote sleep recovery (Ray et al., 2005).”
Background
The Relationship of Sleep with Temperature and Metabolic Rate in a Hibernating Primate
Krystal, A. D., Schopler, B., Kobbe, S., Williams, C. V., Rakatondrainibe, H., Yoder, A. D., & Klopfer, P. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069914 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Savanna chimpanzees adjust sleeping nest architecture in response to local weather conditions
Stewart, F. A., Piel, A. K., Cristóbal‐Azkarate, J., & Pruetz, J. D. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23461 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Chimpanzees and other primates select their arboreal sleeping sites (Figure 1A), at least partly, on thermal characteristics, and during colder weather even adjust their nest sites to be more insulating (Koops et al., 2012; Samson and Hunt, 2012; Stewart et al., 2018).”
Background
Brain temperature regulation during sleep and arousal in the dog
Hayward, J. N. (1968) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(68)90138-6 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“When our core and brain temperatures are in rapid decline we are most likely to choose to sleep, and if we dissociate from this cycle of body cooling we experience insomnia (Hayward, 1968; Campbell and Broughton, 1994; Lack et al., 2008).”
Background
Brown adipose tissue plays a central role in systemic inflammation-induced sleep responses
Szentirmai, É., & Kapás, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197409 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“UCP-1 may also have a role facilitating NREM sleep during systemic inflammation (Szentirmai and Kapas, 2018).”
Background
Different Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Torpor on EEG Slow-Wave Characteristics in Djungarian Hamsters
Vyazovskiy, V. V., Palchykova, S., Achermann, P., Tobler, I., & Deboer, T. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx020 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, comparisons of recovery sleep EEG, following sleep deprivation or torpor, revealed differences in cortical network activity suggesting that torpor is not entirely equivalent to either sleep deprivation or natural sleep (Vyazovskiy et al., 2017).”
Background
Distal–proximal skin temperature gradient prior to sleep onset in infants for clinical use
Abe, N., & Kodama, H. (2014) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.12473 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additional work in the clinic has shown that neonates are three times more likely to fall asleep within 30 min, if their distal-to-proximal skin gradient is greater than 2.5◦C (Abe and Kodama, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Distal skin vasodilation promotes rapid sleep onset in preterm neonates
Barcat, L., Décima, P., Bodin, E., Delanaud, S., Blanchard, E. S., Leke, A., Libert, J., Tourneux, P., & Bach, V. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12514 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Distal vasodilation and higher foot temperature in preterm neonates is also correlated with shorter wake bouts (Barcat et al., 2017).”
Background
Influence of pelage insulation and ambient temperature on energy intake and growth of juvenile Siberian hamsters
Batavia, M., Matsushima, A., Eboigboden, O., & Zucker, I. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.07.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effect of Ambient Temperature Change on the Covered Area of the Body during Sleep
Okamoto-Mizuno, K., Nagai, Y., & Iizuka, S. (2003) · Journal of home economics · doi:10.11428/jhej1987.54.1025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neuroscience: A ‘Skin Warming’ Circuit that Promotes Sleep and Body Cooling
Peever, J. H. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.043 · Cited by 4 · cited 2× · see citing works
“At temperatures of 20◦C or less, during which sleep debt is accumulated, morphological changes have been observed in dendritic spines (Peretti et al., 2015).”
Background

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

Ma Y. Miracca G. Yu X. Harding E. C. Miao A. Yustos R. (2019). Galanin neurons in the hypothalamus link sleep homeostasis, body temperature and actions of the alpha2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine. bioRxiv 10.1101/565747 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Rising temperatures erode human sleep globally
Minor, K., Bjerre-Nielsen, A., Jonasdottir, S. S., Lehmann, S., & Obradovich, N. (2022) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2022.04.008 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders
Bishir, M., Bhat, A., Essa, M. M., Ekpo, O. E., Ihunwo, A. O., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Surapaneni, K. M., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Ray, B., Tuladhar, S., et al. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/5764017 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“NREM sleep is characterized by a low metabolic rate and an increase in brain temperature which helps to overcome the damages that are introduced during the wake cycle [7].”
The Promise of Sleep: A Multi-Sensor Approach for Accurate Sleep Stage Detection Using the Oura Ring
Altini, M., & Kinnunen, H. O. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21134302 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“The reason is that core body temperature reductions are mechanistically accomplished through vasodilation of peripheral surface blood vessels of the skin in the extremities, particularly the hands and feet [48].”
Background
A systematic review of ambient heat and sleep in a warming climate
Chevance, G., Minor, K., Vielma, C., Campi, E., O’Callaghan-Gordo, C., Basagaña, X., Ballester, J., & Bernard, P. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101915 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Galanin Neurons Unite Sleep Homeostasis and α2-Adrenergic Sedation
Ma, Y., Miracca, G., Yu, X., Harding, E. C., Miao, A., Yustos, R., Vyssotski, A. L., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.087 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Given that sleep induction occurs when the rate of core body temperature decline is maximal [40, 41], this could explain why LPO-DGal mice are actually more awake compared with LPO-Gal-GFP mice at the start of lights on (Figure 1A).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The effects of seasons and weather on sleep patterns measured through longitudinal multimodal sensing
Mattingly, S. M., Grover, T., Martinez, G. J., Aledavood, T., Robles-Granda, P., Nies, K., Striegel, A., & Mark, G. J. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00435-2 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…circadian responses to optimize to the environment 46 – 53 , e.g., in humans to promote sleep when it is dark and to be awake when it is light, to be asleep at the lowest point of core body temperature 43,54 – 56 , and/or to avoid extremes in ambient temperature that can impair sleep 57 – 61 .”
Background
Fundamental Concepts of Human Thermoregulation and Adaptation to Heat: A Review in the Context of Global Warming
Lim, C. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217795 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sleep and thermoregulation
Harding, E. C., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citation
Automating sleep stage classification using wireless, wearable sensors
Boe, A. J., McGee Koch, L. L., O’Brien, M. K., Shawen, N., Rogers, J. A., Lieber, R. L., Reid, K. J., Zee, P. C., & Jayaraman, A. (2019) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0210-1 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Somatostatin neurons in prefrontal cortex initiate sleep-preparatory behavior and sleep via the preoptic and lateral hypothalamus
Tossell, K., Yu, X., Giannos, P., Soto, B. A., Nollet, M., Yustos, R., Miracca, G., Vicente, M., Miao, A., Hsieh, B., et al. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01430-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Nesting provides thermal microclimates, warming the skin; this in turn, via Nos1 -, Vglut2 -expressing cells in the MPO hypothalamus, promotes NREM sleep and concomitant body cooling when sleep starts 3,9,50 .”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Common Sleep Disorders Affecting Older Adults
Jaqua, E. E., Hanna, M., Labib, W., Moore, C., & Matossian, V. (2022) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/22.114 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Dream engineering: Simulating worlds through sensory stimulation
Carr, M., Horowitz, A. H., Amores, J., Lopes, P., Bernal, G., Gálvez, T. A. V., Rosello, O., Jain, A., & Maes, P. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.102955 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sleep disruption induces activation of inflammation and heightens risk for infectious disease: Role of impairments in thermoregulation and elevated ambient temperature
Irwin, M. R. (2022) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2022.2109932 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“contributes further to sleep-related decrease in core body temperature [3].”
Background
The Sleep-Promoting Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus: What Have We Learned over the Past 25 Years?
Arrigoni, E., & Fuller, P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23062905 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, heat loss [100], and this process is linked with the inhibition of thermoregulatory neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) and the raphe pallidus (RPa) [101,102].”
Background
The contribution of sleep to the neuroendocrine regulation of rhythms in human leukocyte traffic
Lange, T., Luebber, F., Graßhoff, H., & Besedovsky, L. (2022) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00904-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lavender essential oil on postmenopausal women with insomnia: Double-blind randomized trial
Lucena, L. D. R., Santos-Junior, J. G., Tufik, S., & Hachul, H. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102726 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mitochondria Need Their Sleep: Redox, Bioenergetics, and Temperature Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and the Role of Cysteine-Mediated Redox Signaling, Uncoupling Proteins, and Substrate Cycles
Richardson, R. B., & Mailloux, R. J. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030674 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, it is unlikely that systemic energy conservation, or indeed cerebral free radical flux control, are the primary purposes of sleep [200].”
Background
Targeting Sleep Physiology to Modulate Glymphatic Brain Clearance
van Hattem, T., Verkaar, L., Krugliakova, E., Adelhöfer, N., Zeising, M., Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M., Claassen, J. A. H. R., Bódizs, R., Dresler, M., & Rosenblum, Y. (2024) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00019.2024 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interoception relates to sleep and sleep disorders
Wei, Y., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Based on these findings, an extension of the traditional two-process model of sleep has been proposed [14].”
Lateral hypothalamic neuronal ensembles regulate pre-sleep nest-building behavior
Sotelo, M. I., Tyan, J., Markunas, C., Sulaman, B. A., Horwitz, L., Lee, H. K., Morrow, J. G., Rothschild, G., Duan, B., & Eban-Rothschild, A. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.053 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Healthy sleep practices for shift workers: consensus sleep hygiene guidelines using a Delphi methodology
Shriane, A. E., Rigney, G., Ferguson, S. A., Bin, Y. S., & Vincent, G. E. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad182 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…routine [63–66], transitioning to days off work [67–72], napping for fatigue management [73–80], maintaining a comfortable sleep environment [81–86], managing exposure to light [87–92], managing caffeine consumption [18, 93, 94], limiting alcohol and nicotine [95–98], considering medication…”
Background
Human thermal perception and time of day: A review
Vellei, M., Chinazzo, G., Zitting, K.-M., & Hubbard, J. (2021) · Temperature · doi:10.1080/23328940.2021.1976004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This is corroborated through observations in other mammals [9].”
BackgroundResult
Sleep disorder in patients with chronic liver disease: a narrative review
Shah, N. M., Malhotra, A. M., & Kaltsakas, G. (2020) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Sleep onset relies on core body temperature cooling through thermoregulatory mechanisms (19).”
Background
The Molecular Clock and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Stressful Time
Carter, B., Justin, H. S., Gulick, D., & Gamsby, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.644747 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This could be related to the lowering of core body temperature that occurs in healthy mammalian sleep cycles (Harding et al., 2019).”
Background
Be cool to be far: Exploiting hibernation for space exploration
Cerri, M., Hitrec, T., Luppi, M., & Amici, R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.037 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep in db/db mice
Pho, H., Berger, S., Freire, C., Kim, L. J., Shin, M., Streeter, S. R., Hosamane, N. S., Cabassa, M. E., Anokye‐Danso, F., Dergacheva, O., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab046 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm of preferred temperature in fish: Behavioural thermoregulation linked to daily photocycles in zebrafish and Nile tilapia
Vera, L. M., de Alba, G., Santos, S., Szewczyk, T. M., MacKenzie, S. A., Sánchez‐Vázquez, F. J., & Rey, S. (2023) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103544 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Likewise, similar results have been found in terrestrial animals and humans regarding the effect of temperature on the sleep pattern (Murphy and Campbell, 1997; Harding et al., 2019).”
Result
The relationship between fasting-induced torpor, sleep, and wakefulness in laboratory mice
Huang, Y., Flaherty, S. J., Pothecary, C. A., Foster, F., Peirson, S. N., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab093 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“This drop in T b is facilitated by a decline in the set-point temperature of the thermoregulatory system, which is likely to decline initially upon the wake–NREM transition and decline even further as torpor progresses [81, 93].”
Background
Review on Biomedical Sensors, Technologies and Algorithms for Diagnosis of Sleep Disordered Breathing: Comprehensive Survey
Ahmadzadeh, S., Luo, J., & Wiffen, R. (2020) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2020.3033930 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Skin temperature increases during sleep and decreases when we wakeup [136].”
Background
Examining Physical Wellness as the Fundamental Element for Achieving Holistic Well-Being in Older Persons: Review of Literature and Practical Application in Daily Life
Hung, S.-T., Cheng, Y.-C., Wu, C.-C., & Su, C.-H. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s419306 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The bedroom should be quiet, dark, and cool, and comfortable bedding should be used.(94) Additionally, it is important to avoid stimulants before bedtime.”
Background
Sleep in Myopic and Non-Myopic Children
Ostrin, L. A., Read, S. A., Vincent, S. J., & Collins, M. J. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.9.22 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Elevated body temperature is associated with depressive symptoms: results from the TemPredict Study
Mason, A. E., Kasl, P., Soltani, S., Green, A., Hartogensis, W., Dilchert, S., Chowdhary, A., Pandya, L. S., Siwik, C. J., Foster, S. L., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51567-w · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This has been observed in the form of elevated body temperature, particularly at night 13–16 , when thermoregulatory cooling responses are critical for sleep onset and quality 17,18 .”
Hot-water bathing before bedtime and shorter sleep onset latency are accompanied by a higher distal-proximal skin temperature gradient in older adults
Tai, Y., Obayashi, K., Yamagami, Y., Yoshimoto, K., Kurumatani, N., Nishio, K., & Saeki, K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9180 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of ambient temperatures on sleeping thermal comfort and respiratory immunity: A winter field study in college students
Li, S., Hu, S., Liu, R., Liang, S., He, M., & Sun, J. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104375 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Enhanced conductive body heat loss during sleep increases slow-wave sleep and calms the heart
Herberger, S., Penzel, T., Fietze, I., Glos, M., Cicolin, A., Fattori, E., Grimaldi, D., Reid, K. J., Zee, P. C., Mason, M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53839-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Mammals, including humans, exhibit typical sleep preparation behaviors such as curling up, nest building and use of bedding 38 .”
Background
Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor
Ambler, M. T., Hitrec, T., & Pickering, A. E. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time
Duhart, J. M., Inami, S., & Koh, K. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16320 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How Temperature Influences Sleep
Fan, Y., Wang, Y., Gu, P., Han, J., & Tian, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232012191 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Core body temperature changes before sleep are associated with nocturnal heart rate variability
Bigalke, J. A., Cleveland, E. L., Barkstrom, E., Gonzalez, J. E., & Carter, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00020.2023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Planetary sleep medicine: Studying sleep at the individual, population, and planetary level
Bragazzi, N. L., Garbarino, S., Puce, L., Trompetto, C., Marinelli, L., Currà, A., Jahrami, H., Trabelsi, K., Garcia, B. R. M., Asgary, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005100 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Endogenous temperature represents, indeed, an important Zeitgeber (a biological timekeeping cue), which regulates human sleep (82).”
Background
Potential effects of shift work on skin autoimmune diseases
Stenger, S., Graßhoff, H., Hundt, J. E., & Lange, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000951 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These changes would induce an increase in skin temperature, a decrease in core body temperature and in this way her body would get prepared for the sleep period (34, 44, 45).”
Background
The impacts of ambient relative humidity and temperature on supine position-related obstructive sleep apnea in adults
Liu, W., Wang, Y., Chang, L.-T., Wu, C., Wu, D., Tsai, C.-Y., Lo, C.-C., Lo, K., Chung, K. F., Chang, T.-Y., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-18922-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Temperature-related alterations in sleep stages may result from a general disruption of sleep processes rather than being specifically related to the status of the thermoregulatory system during REM sleep (Harding et al. 2019).”
Background
Re-examining extreme sleep duration in bats: implications for sleep phylogeny, ecology, and function
Harding, C. D., Yovel, Y., Peirson, S. N., Hackett, T. D., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac064 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Factors such as photoperiod (Borb´ely, 1978; Hubbard et al., 2013), light intensity (Borb´ely, 1978), ambient temperature (Harding et al., 2019), diet (St-Onge et al., 2016), social environment (Lendrem, 1984) and predation risk (Lima et al., 2005) have all been identiﬁed as capable of inﬂuencing…”
Background
Nutritional Elements in Sleep
Pattnaik, H., Mir, M., Boike, S., Kashyap, R., Khan, S. A., & Surani, S. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.32803 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Discussion around sleep hygiene highlights this role, as proper temperature [8], darkness [9,10], silence [11], and comfort, along with sleep-conducive behaviors before bedtime, are factors that influence the quality as well as the quantity of sleep [12].”
Background
Association between circadian skin temperature rhythms and actigraphic sleep measures in real-life settings
Tai, Y., Obayashi, K., Yamagami, Y., & Saeki, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10590 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Beyond day and night: The importance of ultradian rhythms in mouse physiology
Škop, V., Liu, N., Xiao, C., Stinson, E. J., Chen, K. Y., Hall, K. D., Piaggi, P., Gavrilova, O., & Reitman, M. L. (2024) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101946 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“One possibility is that it does augment core functions of sleep [75].”
Huddling substates in mice facilitate dynamic changes in body temperature and are modulated by Shank3b and Trpm8 mutation
Landen, J. G., Vandendoren, M., Killmer, S., Bedford, N. L., & Nelson, A. C. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06781-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“3F, G,lightgreenpoints),con ﬁ rming previousreports that sleep is associated with lower Tb 51 – 53 .”
Temperature effects on the neuronal dynamics and Hamilton energy
Xie, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, X., Jia, Y., Hu, X., & Li, X. (2025) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2025.116325 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How environmental conditions affect sleep? An investigation in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
Schork, I. G., Manzo, I. A., de Oliveira, M. R. B., da Costa, F. V., Palme, R., Young, R. J., & de Azevedo, C. S. (2022) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104662 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Enhancing circadian rhythms—the circadian MEGA bundle as novel approach to treat critical illness
Prin, M., Bertazzo, J., Walker, L. A., Scott, B. K., & Eckle, T. D. L. G. (2023) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-22-5127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The timing of daily temperature variation is integral to sleep and reveals the phase shift of circadian rhythms (118).”
Sleep and global warming: How will we sleep when the Earth is hotter?
Buguet, A., Reis, J. J., & Radomski, M. W. (2023) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2023.120859 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The new science of sleep: From cells to large-scale societies
Sharon, O., Simon, E. B., Shah, V. D., Desel, T., & Walker, M. P. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002684 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Temperature, therefore, offers 1 novel and newly harnessed pathway for enhancing human sleep [74,75].”
Background
The sociality of sleep in animal groups
Chakravarty, P., Ashbury, A. M., Strandburg‐Peshkin, A., Iffelsberger, J., Goldshtein, A., Schuppli, C., Snell, K. R. S., Charpentier, M. J. E., Núñez, C. L., Gaggioni, G., et al. (2024) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2024.07.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sleep in the wild: the importance of individual effects and environmental conditions on sleep behaviour in wild boar
Mortlock, E., Silovský, V., Güldenpfennig, J., Faltusová, M., Olejarz, A., Börger, L., Ježek, M., Jennings, D. J., & Capellini, I. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2115 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Ambient temperature and light affect sleep quantity, fragmentation and quality in the laboratory [27,62]; thus, they are considered important mediators of sleep behaviour.”
Background
Sleep deprivation triggers somatostatin neurons in prefrontal cortex to initiate nesting and sleep via the preoptic and lateral hypothalamusPreprint
Tossell, K., Yu, X., Soto, B. A., Vicente, M., Miracca, G., Giannos, P., Miao, A., Hsieh, B., Ma, Y., Yustos, R., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.179671 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Circadian Rhythm of Thermoregulation Modulates both the Sleep/Wake Cycle and 24 h Pattern of Arterial Blood Pressure
Haghayegh, S., Smolensky, M. H., Khoshnevis, S., Hermida, R. C., Castriotta, R. J., & Diller, K. R. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The endothelial surface layer-glycocalyx - Universal nano-infrastructure is fundamental to physiology, cell traffic and a complementary neural network
Ninham, B. W., Bunkin, N. F., & Battye, M. (2025) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2025.103401 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quiet wakefulness: the influence of intraperitoneal and intranasal oxytocin on sleep–wake behavior and neurophysiology in rats
Raymond, J. S., Everett, N. A., Gururajan, A., & Bowen, M. T. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad112 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“During the sleep initiation period, for both humans and rats, sleep onset is most likely to occur during the steepest drop in body temperature [62, 63], suggesting that body cooling and NREM sleep are linked.”
Background
Biological sex influences sleep phenotype in mice experiencing spontaneous opioid withdrawal
Tisdale, R. K., Sun, Y., Park, S., Ma, S., Haire, M., Allocca, G., Bruchas, M. R., Morairty, S. R., & Kilduff, T. S. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Behavioural immobility and reduced body temperature are characteristic of sleep (Harding et al., 2019).”
Background
Effects of quilts on comfortable indoor temperatures and human thermal responses during sleep
Zheng, Q., Yan, F., Wang, H., & Ke, Y. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13122 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Role of Hypocretin in the Medial Preoptic Area in the Regulation of Sleep, Maternal Behavior and Body Temperature of Lactating Rats
Rivas, M., Serantes, D., Peña, F., González, J., Ferreira, A., Torterolo, P., & Benedetto, L. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.034 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Linking Hypothermia and Altered Metabolism with TrkB Activation
Alitalo, O., González-Hernández, G., Rosenholm, M., Kohtala, P., Matsui, N., Müller, H. K., Theilmann, W., Klein, A. B., Kärkkäinen, O. K., Rozov, S. V., et al. (2023) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00350 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Engages Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons to Reduce Cocaine Seeking
Guo, R., Wang, Y., Yan, R., Chen, B., Ding, W., Gorczyca, M. T., Ozsoy, S., Cai, L., Hines, R. L., Tseng, G. C., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Thermoregulation and Sleep: Functional Interaction and Central Nervous Control
Cerri, M., & Amici, R. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Thermoneutral temperature exposure enhances slow-wave sleep with a correlated improvement in amyloid pathology in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Wang, J., Huffman, D., Ajwad, A. A., McLouth, C. J., Bachstetter, A. D., Kohler, K., Murphy, M. P., O’Hara, B. F., Duncan, M. J., & Sunderam, S. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae078 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disrupting flight increases sleep and identifies a novel sleep-promoting pathway in Drosophila
Melnattur, K. V., Zhang, B., & Shaw, P. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz2166 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Early life sleep in free-living fallow deer, Dama dama: the role of ontogeny, environment and individual differences
Mortlock, E., English, H. M., Fitzsimmons, J., Börger, L., Jennings, D. J., & Capellini, I. (2024) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.03.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neuropeptide Y – Its role in human performance and extreme environments
Kienast, C., Gunga, H., & Steinach, M. (2019) · REACH · doi:10.1016/j.reach.2019.100032 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Some evidence of a time-varying thermal perception
Vellei, M., O’Brien, W., Martinez, S., & Le Dréau, J. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211034563 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“From a biological perspective, the lower MET and core body temperature occurring during sleep minimize energy expenditure and help to deal with the recovering of the cell damage done during the metabolically active periods of the day.(21) In the literature, few studies have investigated diurnal variations in thermal p…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mammalian NREM and REM sleep: Why, when and how
Rial, R. V., Akaârir, M., Cañellas, F., Barceló, P., Díaz, J. Á. R., Martin-Reina, A., Gamundı́, A., & Nicolau, M. C. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105041 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Acute Performance, Daily Well-Being, and Hormone Responses to Water Immersion After Resistance Exercise in Junior International and Subelite Male Volleyball Athletes
Horgan, B. G., Tee, N., West, N. P., Drinkwater, E. J., Halson, S. L., Colomer, C. M. E., Fonda, C. J., Tatham, J., Chapman, D. W., & Haff, G. G. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004428 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, heat loss by peripheral vasodilation (26), and thereby inducing sleep onset by core body temperature cooling (20,43), or by a placebo response to a postexercise recovery strategy.”
Background
Thermal acclimation and habitat-dependent differences in temperature robustness of a crustacean motor circuit
Stein, W., Torres, G., Giménez, L., Espinosa-Novo, N., Geißel, J. P., Vidal-Gadea, A., & Harzsch, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1263591 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The nervous system is particularly affected by temperature changes since these can significantly disrupt cellular and circuit activity (Robertson and Money, 2012; Harding et al., 2019; Marder and Rue, 2021; Robertson et al., 2023) with far-reaching consequences for animal survival and performance.”
Sleeping for One Week on a Temperature-Controlled Mattress Cover Improves Sleep and Cardiovascular Recovery
Moyen, N. E., Ediger, T. R., Taylor, K. M., Hancock, E. G., Holden, L. D., Tracy, E. E., Kay, P. M., Kotzen, K., Irick, C. R., & He, D. D. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11040352 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Body temperature is one of the main factors that affects sleep quality and, therefore, must be tightly regulated for optimal sleep [8–10].”
Background
Ambient chemical and physical approaches for the modulation of sleep and wakefulness
Wang, Y., Ma, W., Kong, L.-X., Zhang, H., Yuan, P., Qu, W., Liu, C., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.102015 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sex-specific effects of chronic hypoxia on routine cardiovascular function and metabolism in CD-1 mice
Wearing, O. H., & Scott, G. R. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Top 10 evidence-based countermeasures for night shift workers
Wallace, P., & Haber, J. J. (2020) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2019-209134 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“28 29 Some studies have shown sleeping with a warm water bottle (or other modality of warming the feet) induces this peripheral vasodilation leading to sleep induction.”
The effects of temperature on sleep experience: evidence from China
Wang, C., Liu, K., & Wang, H. (2022) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2022.2130870 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“According to the National Sleep Foundation poll in the U.S. and Harding, Franks, and Wisden (2019), the ideal temperature for sleeping is around 15.5℃ to 19℃.2 When the temperature is higher than the ideal temperature, it interrupts normal sleep physiology by affecting circadian thermoregulation…”
MethodInfluential
The Emerging Science of Glioception: Contribution of Glia in Sensing, Transduction, Circuit Integration of Interoception
Fabbri, R., Spennato, D., Conte, G., Konstantoulaki, A., Lazzarini, C., Saracino, E., Nicchia, G. P., Frigeri, A., Zamboni, R., Spray, D. C., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108403 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A randomized, sham-controlled trial of a novel near-infrared phototherapy device on sleep and daytime function
Kennedy, K. E. R., Wills, C. C. A., Holt, C., & Grandner, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10648 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prolactin in sleep and EEG regulation: new mechanisms and sleep-related brain targets complement classical data.
Tóth, A., & Dobolyi, Á. (2025) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.106000 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sleep Characteristics of Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With and Without a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury During the Competitive Season
Murphy, C. J., Hartescu, I., Roberts, I. E., Leicht, C. A., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.643233 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, appropriate bed time temperatures (Harding et al., 2019), cognitive behavioral therapy (Haynes et al.”
Background
Topology Morphing Insulation: A Review of Technologies and Energy Performance in Dynamic Building Insulation
Stevens, T. R., Crane, N. B., & Mulford, R. B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16196978 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thermoregulation and Sleep: Functional Interaction and Central Nervous Control
Cerri, M., & Amici, R. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00151.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The intrinsic complexity of the pre-optic region is beyond the scope of this review; we, therefore, refer the reader to more specialized publications (17, 54, 89, 121, 140, 143, 159, 195, 274, 275).”
Influential
Eat Well, Sleep Well: Exploring the Association Between Eating Behavior and Sleep Quality
Bazzani, A., & Faraguna, U. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172908 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This reduction in energy use is partly mediated by central thermoregulatory downshifts, which conserve energy and mitigate environmental stress by lowering the body’s core temperature set point [25,26,28].”
Prevention of suicides associated with global warming: perspectives from early career psychiatrists
Shoib, S., Hussaini, S. S., Armiya’u, A. Y., Saeed, F., Őri, D., Roza, T. H., Gürcan, A., Agrawal, A., Solerdelcoll, M., Lucero‐Prisno, D. E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1251630 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Sleep is fundamentally tied to body cooling (14).”
Background
Early life thermal stress: impacts on future temperature preference in weaned pigs (3 to 15 kg).
Robbins, L. A., Green-Miller, A. R., Johnson, J. S., & Gaskill, B. N. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa327 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States
Wu, J., Liu, D.-Q., Li, J., Sun, J., Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Gao, S., & Mei, W. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210225152728 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The effect of the circadian input signal of the SCN onto the CNCs-Tcore has been outlined previously [2].”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of mattress support on sleeping position and low-back pain
Bolton, R., Hulshof, H., Daanen, H. A. M., & van Dieën, J. H. (2022) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-022-00073-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Impact of DAZZEON αSleep® Far-Infrared Blanket on Sleep, Blood Pressure, Vascular Health, Muscle Function, Inflammation, and Fatigue
Lee, M., Ho, C.-S., Hsu, Y.-J., Kan, N., Fei, C.-Y., Yang, H.-J., & Huang, C. (2024) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep6030033 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This, in turn, aids in the release of melatonin, increasing the duration of both deep sleep and REM sleep [33].”
Background
Sleep circuits and physiology in non-mammalian systems
Lyons, D. G., & Rihel, J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2020.03.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Although some aspects of mammalian sleep physiology, such as the 35 interaction between thermoregulation and sleep [6], are unlikely to be broadly 36 conserved, those elements of sleep physiology that constitute and regulate the core 37”
Background
Hemostasis and Cognitive Brain: 5P-Medicine and Chronotherapy of Arterial Hypertension
Pyatin, V. F., Maslova, O., Romanchuk, N., Bulgakova, S. V., & Volobuev, A. N. (2021) · Bulletin of Science and Practice · doi:10.33619/2414-2948/66/16 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Molecular and Neural Mechanisms of Temperature Preference Rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster
Goda, T., Umezaki, Y., & Hamada, F. N. (2023) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304231171624 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Therefore, there is an obvious correlation between sleep induction and body cooling (Harding et al., 2019; Harding et al., 2020).”
Background
The relationship between circadian type and physical activity as predictors of cognitive performance during simulated nightshifts: A randomised controlled trial
Easton, D. F., Gupta, C. C., Vincent, G. E., Vandelanotte, C., Duncan, M. J., Tucker, P., Milia, L. V. D., & Ferguson, S. A. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2503866 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In line with previous research recommendations, temperature and humidity were maintained at 21°C + 2°C and 40–60%, respectively (Cao et al. 2021; Harding et al. 2019).”
Analyzing potential correlations between light exposure and skin temperature in a climate chamber
Tamura, C. A., Krüger, E. L., Wagner, A., & Strauhs, F. D. R. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108242 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sleep impairment and altered pattern of circadian biomarkers during a long-term Antarctic summer camp
Moraes, M. M., Marques, A. L., Borges, L., Hatanaka, E., Heller, D., Núñez-Espinosa, C. A., Gonçalves, D. A. P., Soares, D. D., Wanner, S. P., Mendes, T. T., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42910-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Individuals preserved their Tsk oscillating from 31 to 35 °C 54 ; however, along the nights, the temperatures in the thigh and arm, distal body sites, were lower than in the chest, a proximal body site.”
Background
Circadian Rhythm of Distal Skin Temperature in Healthy Older and Young Women and Its Relationship with Sleep–Wake Rhythm and Environmental Factors under Natural Living Conditions
Dittmar, M., Stark, T., & Wedell, S. (2024) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics9040102 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Changes in human temperature rhythms with aging are of special interest because the thermoregulatory system is coupled with sleep initiation [17,18].”
Background
Fuzzy Logic-Based Sleep Quality Index: Integrating Wearable Sensors and Artificial Intelligence for a Holistic Approach to Disease Prevention
Berciu, A.-G., Micu, D. D., & Dulf, E. H. (2024) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET) · doi:10.1109/icecet61485.2024.10698066 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the skin temperature should ideally fall within the range of 31-35 °C [19], while the perceived indoor noise level should be carefully regulated between 40 and 55 decibels (dB) [20] to mitigate disturbances during sleep.”
Background
Does body cooling facilitated by bedding compared to control condition improve sleep among adults (18–64 years old)? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pasquier, F., Chauvineau, M., Castellini, G., Gianola, S., Bargeri, S., Vitale, J. A., & Nédélec, M. (2024) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104030 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
RNA velocity prediction via neural ordinary differential equation
Xie, C., Yang, Y., Yu, H., He, Q., Yuan, M., Dong, B., Zhang, L., & Yang, M. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109635 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Wefurtheranalyzespeciﬁcdifferential genesofvelocity,aspresentedinFigureS4C,includingGart,Ret,andOlfm2,whichmediateneuralstemcellandprogenitorcellproliferationand expansion, 14,15 nucleosome acetylation, 16 and maturation of OLs, 17 respectively.”
The impact of automated control of indoor air pollutants on cardiopulmonary health, environmental comfort, sleep quality in a simulated apartment: A crossover experiment protocol
Pantelic, J., Aristizabal, S., Liu, Q., Senerat, A. M., Son, Y. J., Byun, K., Li, L., Mullan, A. F., Zhang, R., Johnson, B. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2023.1117992 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Although environmental air quality factors such as noise, temperature, and humidity have been shown to impact the sleep (Okamoto-Mizuno and Mizuno, 2012; Harding et al., 2019; Akiyama et al., 2021), there is limited research on the effect of ambient and indoor air pollution exposures and sleep health measures, includi…”
Background

Authors: Harding, E. C., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
Corresponding author: Franks, Nicholas P.
Wisden, William
ORCID: Harding, Edward C.
Franks, Nicholas P.
Wisden, William
Venue: Frontiers in Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2019-04-24
Volume: 13
Pages: 336-336
ISSN: 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00336
PMC: PMC6491889
OpenAlex: W2940903564
Cited by: 261
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 2.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: sleep, thermoregulation, core body temperature, brain cooling, circadian rhythm, behavioral thermoregulation, nest building, skin warming, sleep latency, vasodilation, energy homeostasis, sleep function

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