The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Attitude and Pupil Size
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Numerous studies in various fields have also found pupillometry to be useful to measure cognitive load (Beatty 1982;Hess 1965;Hess and Polt 1964;Kahneman and Beatty 1966;Klingner et al. 2008Klingner et al. , 2011;;Paas et al. 2003;Szulewski et al. 2014).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Hess 1965
In the citing paper
“In an early experiment, Hess (1965) showed that pupil size increased when arithmetic problems were presented to participants, peaked when the answer was given and then dropped off again.”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Hess 1965
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 516
Background light intensity and the pupillary response in a reaction time task
Bradshaw, J. L. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03329118 · Cited by 38
Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., Knouse, S. B., Doherty, L. M., Vicino, S. M., Kantor, J., & Greaves, J. (1991) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(91)90026-w · Cited by 38
“Among the techniques that have been offered are physiological measures of attitude such as pupil dilation (Hess, 1965), galvanic skin response, and facial muscle contractions (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981); psychological manipulations such as the bogus pipeline - a machine purported to have lie detecting…”
MethodAbsolute pitch and pupillary response: Effects of timbre and key color
Schlemmer, K., Kulke, F., Kuchinke, L., & van der Meer, E. E. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00306.x · Cited by 36
Pupillary responses during a short-term memory task: Cognitive processing, arousal, or both?
Johnson, D. A. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031562 · Cited by 34
Kuchinke, L., Schneider, D., Kotz, S. A., & Jacobs, A. M. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.026 · Cited by 38
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Modulation of Pupillary Unrest
Schumann, A., Kietzer, S., Ebel, J., & Bär, K. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00178 · Cited by 39
“Hess and colleagues reported that human pupils dilate in response to appealing images and statements (Hess and Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965; Hess et al., 1965).”
BackgroundBrown, J. D. (1972) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1972.11011329 · Cited by 33
“Hess (14) presented mental arithmetic problems of varying degree of difficulty to students and then obtained a trace of the size of the pupil of the eye.”
BackgroundCHANGES IN PUPIL SIZE AS A MEASURE OF TASTE DIFFERENCE
Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.2.451 · Cited by 34
Self-citationBerlyne, D. E., McDonnell, P. M., Nicki, R. M., et al. (1967) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082987 · Cited by 33
Effect of the observed pupil size on the amygdala of the beholders
Amemiya, S., & Ohtomo, K. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr013 · Cited by 33
“Behavioral studies have indeed shown positive correlations between the pupil size of female faces and attractiveness rated by male subjects (Hess, 1965, 1975; Stass and Willis, 1967; Tomlinson et al., 1978; Bull and Shead, 1979), which was not always replicable in corresponding studies in female…”
BackgroundCormack, J. H. M., Phelan, J. G., & Tang, T. (1967) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196710)23:4 · Cited by 5
A developmental study of classical conditioning.
Brackbill, Y., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Lintz, L. M. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 33
Development of the Sensory Analyzers During Infancy
Brackbill, Y., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1969) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60429-2 · Cited by 33
Replicating five pupillometry studies of Eckhard Hess
de Winter, J., Petermeijer, S. M., Kooijman, L., & Dodou, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.003 · Cited by 32
“However, in a subsequent review paper, Hess stated that “the sequence of control and stimulus is repeated about 10 or 12 times a sitting” (Hess, 1965, p. 46).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Novel Pupillometric Method for Indexing Word Difficulty in Individuals With and Without Aphasia
Chapman, L. R., & Hallowell, B. (2015) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0287 · Cited by 31
The pupillary response to mental overload
Juris, M., & Velden, M. (1977) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03337847 · Cited by 31
How Socially Relevant Visual Characteristics of Avatars Influence Impression Formation
Weibel, D., Stricker, D., Wissmath, B., & Mast, F. W. (2010) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000005 · Cited by 31
“Keywords: avatar, perception, pupil size, eyeblink frequency, viewing angle”
BackgroundEffect of verbalization and two different modes of experiencing on pupil size
Bernick, N., & Oberlander, M. I. (1968) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212478 · Cited by 31
“!' In the Hess and Polt (1964) report of pupil responses during problem solving, Ss' pupils dilated up to the point when they verbally reported their answers. Immediately after their report the pupil constricted and returned to its previous baseline. In the report of Beatty and Kahneman (1966), in which an attempt is…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of Eye Position on Person Perception
Tankard, J. W. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.31.3.883 · Cited by 31
“Eye contact is another physical cue that might logically be expected to influence person perception. A growing body of literature suggests the importance of eye contact in interpersonal interaction. Gibson and Pick (1963) have shown people can detect with some skill whether or not someone is looking at them.”
BackgroundInfluentialPupil Mimicry is the Result of Brightness Perception of the Iris and Pupil
Derksen, M., van Alphen, J., Schaap, S., Mathôt, S., & Naber, M. (2018) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.34 · Cited by 32
“Similar to the belladonna hypothesis, suggesting that faces with dilated pupils are rated as more attractive (Hess, 1965), pupil mimicry seems to be driven by a social mechanism.”
ResultMental capacity, mental effort, and cognitive style
Globerson, T. (1983) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(83)90017-5 · Cited by 28
Eye Movement during Reading in Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy Measured with Eye Tracking
Lampe, R., Turova, V. L., Blumenstein, T., & Alves-Pinto, A. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2809 · Cited by 29
Powell, W. R., & Schirillo, J. A. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.515709 · Cited by 29
“These findings do not support Hess's ( 1965 ) prediction, which suggested that unpleasant images would have been associated with a smaller pupil diameter.”
BackgroundResultKvamme, T. L., Pedersen, M. U., Overgaard, M. S., Thomsen, K. R., & Voon, V. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5131-1 · Cited by 28
“…Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; BDI, Becks Depression Inventory; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval *p<0.05 viewed positively emotionally valenced stimuli, such as sexually arousing images or political statements consistent with the observer’s interests (Hess et al. 1965; Hess 1965).”
BackgroundInfluentialNonverbal dominance in the communication of affect: A myth?
Trimboli, A., & Walker, M. B. (1987) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00990236 · Cited by 28
Multisensory signalling enhances pupil dilation
Rigato, S., Rieger, G., & Romei, V. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26188 · Cited by 28
Auditory Emotional Feedback Facilitates Human-Computer Interaction
Aula, A., & Surakka, V. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-0105-5_20 · Cited by 28
Chapter 1 The retinal image in the human eye
Charman, W. N. (1983) · Progress in Retinal Research · doi:10.1016/0278-4327(83)90002-0 · Cited by 28
Heilveil, I. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197607)32:3 · Cited by 26
Pupillometric and personality test score differences of female aggressing pedophiliacs and normals
Atwood, R. W., & Howell, R. J. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332522 · Cited by 27
Achievement motivation, performance and cardiovascular activity
Beh, H. C. (1990) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(90)90043-d · Cited by 26
Effect of Threat of Shock on Pupillary Response in a Problem-Solving Situation
Polt, J. M. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.31.2.587 · Cited by 26
Combining First-Person Video and Gaze-Tracking in Medical Simulation: A Technical Feasibility Study
Szulewski, A., & Howes, D. W. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/975752 · Cited by 25
“Eye-tracking (or gaze-tracking) technology has been used in nonmedical fields [4], particularly in the study of consumer purchasing decisions [5] and cognitive psychology [6].”
Pehlivanoglu, D., Jain, S., Ariel, R., & Verhaeghen, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00253 · Cited by 25
“Pupils also dilate during emotional processing, with larger pupil dilations occurring in response to positively valenced images (Hess, 1965), sexually arousing stimuli (Hicks et al., 1967), and positively and negatively arousing sounds (Partala and Surakka, 2003).”
BackgroundInhibition of pupillary orienting reflex by novelty in conjunction with recognition memory
Gardner, R. M., Mo, S. S., & Borrego, R. L. (1974) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333458 · Cited by 25
“The apparatus is similar to that described by Hess (1965).”
MethodWhat The Information Analyst Should Know About Body Language
Jenkins, A. M., & Johnson, R. D. (1977) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/248711 · Cited by 25
Females, but Not Males, Show Greater Pupillary Response to Direct-Than Deviated-Gaze Faces
Porter, G., Hood, B. M., Trościanko, T., & Macrae, C. N. (2006) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5438 · Cited by 26
“Seminal work by Hess (eg Hess and Polt 1963; Hess 1965) raised scientific interest in pupil measurement as a means of gauging mental activity of various kinds.”
BackgroundLooking into your eyes: observed pupil size influences approach-avoidance responses
Brambilla, M., Biella, M., & Kret, M. E. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1472554 · Cited by 29
“Combining research showing that pupil dilation predicts valenced impressions (Hess, 1965; Kret et al., 2015) with findings showing that approach and avoidance behaviours are sensitive to valenced stimuli (Chen & Bargh, 1999; Paladino & Castelli, 2008; Slepian et al., 2012; see also, Laham et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialUsing Pupil Diameter Changes for Measuring Mental Workload under Mental Processing
Batmaz, İ., & Öztürk, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.3923/jas.2008.68.76 · Cited by 24
Eye Gaze in Intelligent User Interfaces
Nakano, Y., Conati, C., & Bader, T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4784-8 · Cited by 31
Pupillary Size as an Index of Preference in Political Candidates
Barlow, J. D. (1969) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1969.28.2.587 · Cited by 23
Experiments on the function of the eye in light microscopy
Baker, J. R. (1966) · Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1966.tb02185.x · Cited by 24
A social epistemology of aesthetics: belief polarization, echo chambers and aesthetic judgement
Robson, J. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0437-y · Cited by 23
“(ii) Participants in an experiment by Hess (1965) were shown photographs identical save for (artificially generated) differences in the size of the subject’s pupils. As predicted the subjects with the larger pupil size were judged more attractive. (iii) Plassmann et al. (2008) asked subjects to sample five putatively…”
MethodNeuromarketing: Understanding the Application of Neuroscientific Methods Within Marketing Research
Daugherty, T., & Hoffman, E. L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45609-6_2 · Cited by 23
Horiuchi, R., Ogasawara, T., & Miki, N. (2018) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi9060310 · Cited by 23
Judging a Book by its Cover: The Unconscious Influence of Pupil Size on Consumer Choice
Wiseman, R. J., & Watt, C. A. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6834 · Cited by 22
“…people are unconsciously influenced by the size of another person's pupils, with perhaps the most robust relationship involving men rating women with large pupils as significantly more attractive than others (see, eg, Hess 1965; Stass and Willis 1967; Bull and Shead 1979; Tombs and Silverman 2004).”
BackgroundA Theoretical View of Advertising Communication
Plummer, J. T. (1971) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1971.tb02931.x · Cited by 22
Thomas, E. L. (1969) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0033-8389(22)01513-5 · Cited by 22
Chumkamon, S., Hayashi, E., & Koike, M. (2016) · Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures · doi:10.1016/j.bica.2016.09.004 · Cited by 21
Pupil Dilation, Sex of Stimulus, and Age and Sex of Observer
Bull, R. H. C., & Shead, G. (1979) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1979.49.1.27 · Cited by 21
Li, M., Lu, S., Wang, G., Feng, L., Fu, B., & Zhong, N. (2016) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060516639169 · Cited by 21
“Expansion and narrowing of pupil diameter has been shown to reflect emotional changes in humans.(42,43) Positive pictorial stimuli, containing happy emotional information, will cause a happy emotional experience, resulting in increased pupil diameters.”
BackgroundMethodLiao, H., Kashino, M., & Shimojo, S. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01649 · Cited by 21
“, 2008), and interpersonal impressions and attitudes (Hess and Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965; Janisse, 1973; Hess, 1975).”
BackgroundCaryl, P. G., Bean, J. E., Smallwood, E. B., Barron, J. C., Tully, L. M., & Allerhand, M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.024 · Cited by 20
Pupillary dilation and mediation processes during paired-associate learning.
Colman, F. D., & Paivio, A. (1970) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0082862 · Cited by 19
Zhang, J., Park, S. H., Cho, A., & Whang, M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22051700 · Cited by 20
“A classic study by Hess [23] demonstrated that pleasant imagery leads to pupil dilation.”
BackgroundLi, M., Lu, S., Wang, G., & Zhong, N. (2015) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2015/807343 · Cited by 20
Changes in pupil size to visually presented words
Polt, J. M., & Hess, E. H. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331368 · Cited by 19
Self-citationNervöse Wechselwirkung in der pupillomotorischen Bahn des Menschen
Varjú, D. (1967) · Kybernetik · doi:10.1007/bf00288550 · Cited by 19
Lewis, B. N., & Cook, J. A. (1969) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(69)80019-2 · Cited by 18
Effects of Pupil Size and Facial Angle on Preference for Photographs of a Young Woman
Hicks, R. A., Reaney, T., & Hill, L. (1967) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1967.24.2.388 · Cited by 18
Interstimulus Interval in Classical Pupillary Conditioning
Fitzgerald, H. E., & Brackbill, Y. (1968) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.23.2.369 · Cited by 18
Szulewski, A., Fernando, S. M., Baylis, J., & Howes, D. (2014) · Open Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojem.2014.21002 · Cited by 17
Atchison, D. A., & Smith, G. D. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-3775-6.50007-9 · Cited by 17
How Programmers Read Regular Code: A Controlled Experiment Using Eye Tracking
Jbara, A., & Feitelson, D. G. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC) · doi:10.1109/icpc.2015.35 · Cited by 16
Interest as a predeterminer of the GSR index of the orienting reflex
Wingard, J. A., & Maltzman, I. M. (1980) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(80)90007-4 · Cited by 17
The relationship between pupil size and recognition threshold
Hutt, L. D., & Anderson, J. P. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03330905 · Cited by 16
“Investigations of the pupil response (Hess, 1965; Hess & Polto- 1960) have found that, in general, the pupil dilates to pleasant stimuli and contracts to unpleasant stimuli.”
BackgroundBrain Responses While Viewing Television Reflect Program Interest
Schafer, E. W. P. (1978) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207457809150379 · Cited by 16
Influence of the experimenter on pupillary dilation to sexually provocative pictures.
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Brelje, T. (1969) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027493 · Cited by 16
- 1 - Analysis of the role of social support - cognitive psychology and emotional process approach
Heydari, M., Xiaohu, Z., Saeidi, M., Lai, K. K., Shang, Y., & Yuxi, Z. (2020) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2020.8975 · Cited by 18
“Age distribution of participants in this study is (18-28; 28-38; 38-48; 48-58; 58-68; 68-78).”
MethodAn empirical study of eye-gaze behaviors
Ishii, R., & Nakano, Y. (2010) · doi:10.1145/2002333.2002339 · Cited by 15
“For example, it has been reported that posture type [15] and pupil size [16] are useful in revealing user’s internal states.”
Seeing through the shades of situated affectivity. Sunglasses as a socio-affective artifact
Viola, M. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2118574 · Cited by 15
“By wearing sunglasses, we largely shield facial cues of emotions, such as movements of the orbicularis oculi and other muscles in the eye region, as well as pupil size, which has long been known to reflect arousal (Hess, 1965; Figure 2).”
Eye Pupillary Measurement of Aesthetic Responses to Forest Scenes
Wenger, W. D., & Videbeck, R. (1969) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.1969.11969721 · Cited by 15
Social Anthropology and the Scientific Study of Human Behaviour
Freeman, D. (1966) · Man · doi:10.2307/2796795 · Cited by 14
Walle, K. M., Nordvik, J. E., Espeseth, T., Becker, F., & Laeng, B. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1536735 · Cited by 14
“…(1973) stressed the fact that, among several psychophysiological measures, pupil dilations best and positively relate to increases in the cognitive demands of a task (see also Alnæs et al., 2014; Beatty, 1982; Hess, 1965; Hess & Polt, 1964; Kahneman & Beatty, 1966; Lisi, Bonato, & Zorzi, 2015).”
BackgroundYao, Y., Connell, K., & Politzer-Ahles, S. (2023) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728922000931 · Cited by 8
Ledoux, K., Coderre, E. L., Bosley, L. V., Buz, E., Gangopadhyay, I., & Gordon, B. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0571-6 · Cited by 13
“Pupillary dilation can be affected by many environmental or participant-internal events (such as changes in lighting, emotional arousal, or the onset of stress; Beatty & Lucero-Wagoner, 2000; Goldwater, 1972; Hess, 1965; Hess, Seltzer, & Shlien, 1965; Loewenfeld, 1993).”
BackgroundAn utterance attitude model in human-agent communication
Yuasa, M., Mukawa, N., Kimura, K., Tokunaga, H., & Terai, H. (2010) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1753846.1754079 · Cited by 13
“The motion imitates that of a pupil that enlarges when a person has interests to talks of someone [2, 10].”
BackgroundPupillometry and Memory: External Signals of Metacognitive Control
Papesh, M. H., & Goldinger, S. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_9 · Cited by 13
Pupillary response and galvanic skin response during an imagery task
Colman, F. D., & Paivio, A. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332696 · Cited by 13
Acceptance and Consumer Preference Testing
Ellis, B. H. (1969) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86658-0 · Cited by 13
Pupillary Response to Value-Linked Words
Vacchiano, R. B., Strauss, P. S., Ryan, S., & Hochman, L. (1968) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1968.27.1.207 · Cited by 13
Pupil Size and Instructional Set in Recognition and Recall
Stanners, R. F., & Headley, D. B. (1972) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1972.tb01804.x · Cited by 12
A psicologia social como história
Gergen, K. J. (2008) · Psicologia & Sociedade · doi:10.1590/s0102-71822008000300018 · Cited by 12
“A pesquisa de Schachter (1970) sobre estados emocionais parece ter uma forte base fisiológica, assim como o trabalho de Hess (1965) sobre afeto e constrição pupilar.”
BackgroundUSING POLICY‐CAPTURING TO MEASURE ATTITUDES IN ORGANIZATIONAL DIAGNOSIS
Madden, J. M. (1981) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1981.tb00947.x · Cited by 12
Impacts of forest insects and diseases: Significance and measurement
Stark, R. W., & Waters, W. E. (1987) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352688709382238 · Cited by 12
Collins, B. E., Ellsworth, P. C., & Helmreich, R. L. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03327922 · Cited by 12
“•. these people actually have a slightly more positive attitude toward Goldwater than toward Johnson" (Hess, 1965, p. 53).”
BackgroundMultiple primary cancers and HPV infection: are they related?
Hennig, E. M., Nesland, J. M., Lonardo, A. D., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Conditioned autonomic responses as bidirectional indicators of racial attitude.
Tognacci, L. N., & Cook, S. W. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076232 · Cited by 12
Development of a system usability assessment procedure using oculo-motors for input operation
Nakayama, M., & Katsukura, M. (2010) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-010-0187-7 · Cited by 11
“As a psychological reaction, the emotional changes of the pupil are well known, such as in a series of studies by Hess [9, 10].”
BackgroundWhite and Negro Responses to Package Designs
Krugman, H. E. (1966) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224376600300213 · Cited by 11
“The measurement technique and validation have been described elsewhere [1-4].”
MethodPalmer, R. D. (1966) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196607000-00008 · Cited by 11
The influence of iris color and pupil size on expressed affect
Jones, Q. R., & Moyel, I. S. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332529 · Cited by 11
A Physiological Basis of Pupillary Dynamics
Hansmann, D. R., Semmlow, J. L., & Stark, L. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1642-9_3 · Cited by 11
The impact of Alzheimer’s disease risk factors on the pupillary light response
Sparks, S., Pinto, J., Hayes, G., Spitschan, M., & Bulte, D. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1248640 · Cited by 10
“Many studies have shown how cognitive processes can cause pupillary changes – specifically, emotional arousal, interest, and task difficulty (Hess and Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965; de Winter et al., 2021).”
BackgroundZheng, L. J., Mountstephens, J., & Teo, J. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO) · doi:10.1109/icoco53166.2021.9673503 · Cited by 10
Integration of Eye Tracking Technologies and Methods in an E-learning System
Ivanović, M. D., Klašnja‐Milićević, A., Ivković, J., & Porta, M. (2017) · Balkan Conference in Informatics · doi:10.1145/3136273.3136278 · Cited by 9
“…fixatedareasinanimage, • proportion of time spent on each area of interest, which can reveal patterns that describe how a user’s attention is drawn to an area of interest, • pupil response, which can help in determining a user’s cognitive load [9].”
BackgroundTacit and accessible understanding of language
Johnson, K. R. (2007) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-006-0006-0 · Cited by 10
“I argue that not only is there an important sense in which we are sometimes only tacitly aware of some elements of meaning, but also that there is another important sense in which we are not.”
BackgroundInformed consent in physiotherapy practice: it is not what is said but how it is said
Copnell, G. (2017) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2017.07.006 · Cited by 10
Pupillary Responses in Recognizing Awareness in Persons with Profound Mental Retardation
Chaney, R. H., Givens, C. A., Aoki, M. F., et al. (1989) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.2.523 · Cited by 10
Measuring the Pupillary Light Reflex Using Portable Instruments in Applied Settings
Gray, N. S., Price, M. J., Pink, J. C., O’Connor, C., Antunes, A., & Snowden, R. J. (2024) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision8040060 · Cited by 9
“The eyes have often been thought of as a porthole to the workings of the brain, with with variations in pupil size being associated with an array of processes [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hess, E. H.
- Corresponding author
- Hess, Eckhard H.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1965-04
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 46-54
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979675537
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 29.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- pupil size, miosis, pupil dilation, pupil reflex
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Humans, Psychophysiology, Pupil
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
