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Attitude and Pupil Size
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“Numerous studies in various fields have also found pupillometry to be useful to measure cognitive load (Beatty 1982;Hess 1965;Hess and Polt 1964;Kahneman and Beatty 1966;Klingner et al. 2008Klingner et al. , 2011;;Paas et al. 2003;Szulewski et al. 2014).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Hess 1965
In the citing paper
“In an early experiment, Hess (1965) showed that pupil size increased when arithmetic problems were presented to participants, peaked when the answer was given and then dropped off again.”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Hess 1965
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Pupillary activity while listening to verbal passages
White, G. L., & Maltzman, I. M. (1978) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(78)90062-4 · Cited by 9
Pajkossy, P., & Racsmány, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226684 · Cited by 10
“Since the pioneering work of Hess [1] and Kahneman and Beatty [2], there is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that the size of the pupil tends to change as a consequence of information processing [3,4].”
BackgroundThe Complexity of Comparative Judgments in Assessing Argumentative Writing: An Eye Tracking Study
Gijsen, M., van Daal, T., Lesterhuis, M., Gijbels, D., & Mæyer, S. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.582800 · Cited by 11
“This effect was found for tasks such as mental arithmetic (Hess, 1965), sentence comprehension (Just and Carpenter, 1993), letter combination (Beatty and Wagoner, 1978), and visual searching (Porter et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRupillary response/semantic differential scale relationships
Metalis, S. A., & Hess, E. H. (1982) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(82)90076-9 · Cited by 9
Self-citationSpeech-driven embodied entrainment character system with pupillary response
SEJIMA, Y., Sato, Y., Watanabe, T., et al. (2016) · Mechanical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1299/mej.15-00314 · Cited by 9
“In addition, the pupillary response has a function that relates to human emotions that indicate such inner states as interest and degree of stress (Hess, 1965), (Iijima et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultA pupil response system using hemispherical displays for enhancing affective conveyance
SEJIMA, Y., Egawa, S., Sato, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing · doi:10.1299/jamdsm.2019jamdsm0032 · Cited by 9
“According to the previous report in which pupil size was investigated, pupil dilation brought favorable impressions (Hess, 1965; Oosaka et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInterpersonal Communication: A Review of Eye Contact
Davidhizar, R. (1992) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.2307/30147101 · Cited by 9
Cognitive processing of uncertainty: Its effect on pupillary dilation and preference ratings
Prati, R. W. (1970) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210204 · Cited by 9
Conceptual Stimuli, Pupillary Dilation and Evoked Cortical Potentials: A Review of Recent Advances
Hakerem, G. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1642-9_5 · Cited by 9
Physiological Mediation of Attitude Maintenance, Formation, and Change
Zanna, M. P., Detweiler, R. A., & Olson, J. M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5202-3_7 · Cited by 9
Altman, F., Bernick, N., & Mintz, D. L. (1972) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328667 · Cited by 9
“…and that some type of negative arousal has been produced in both groups of Ss, and if one aceepts Hess's notion that "negative" stimuli produce a smaller pupil than do neutral stimuli (Hess, 1965; Polt & Hess, 1968), a ease can still be made f 0 r these results being due to differential arousal.”
BackgroundFrisanco, A., Biella, M., Brambilla, M., & Kret, M. E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02486-w · Cited by 9
“In a pioneering work by Hess (1965), he demonstrated that images depicting women with large pupils are preferred to women with small ones (see also Kret, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialPupil-linked Arousal Signals in the Midbrain Superior Colliculus
Wang, C., White, B. J., & Munoz, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01863 · Cited by 7
“Studies back to 1960s have concurrently measured various autonomic activities to examine different cognitive modulations (Hess, 1965).”
Lee, C. L., Morais, M. D. L. S. E., Bussab, V. S. R., & Otta, E. (2002) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722002000200005 · Cited by 7
Development of an expressible pupil response interface using hemispherical displays
SEJIMA, Y., Sato, Y., & Watanabe, T. (2015) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2015.7333618 · Cited by 8
“In addition, the human pupil has a function that relates to conveying emotions such as empathy, human-interest, and degree of stress [14], [15].”
BackgroundSociometric Choice: A Study in Pupillary Response
Koff, R. H., & Hawkes, T. H. (1968) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1968.27.2.395 · Cited by 7
Álvarez, S. A., Winner, E., Hawley-Dolan, A., et al. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006615596899 · Cited by 8
“Pupils dilate more in response to looking at images perceived as pleasing compared to those perceived as not pleasing, as shown decades ago by Hess (1965) and Hess and Polt (1960).”
BackgroundPupillary Size as an Index of Preference
Barlow, J. D. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.31.1.331 · Cited by 8
The effects of sound on pupil size and the pupil light reflex
Frith, C. (1981) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(81)90006-4 · Cited by 8
Li, M., Yin, J., Lu, S., et al. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04954-5_20 · Cited by 8
“Previous researches [29, 30 ] about the relationship between the pupil size and mental activity suggested that the pupil diameter dilated in positive emotion (such as happy and joy), and the pupil diameter constricted in negative emotion (such as fear and sadness).”
ResultLehr, D. J., & Bergum, B. O. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.3.917 · Cited by 8
Spicer, C., Khwaounjoo, P., & Çakmak, Y. Ö. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21041028 · Cited by 7
Robson, J. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192862952.001.0001 · Cited by 8
The Relationship Between Landscape Preference and Looking Time: A Methodological Investigation
Wade, G. (1982) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.1982.11969518 · Cited by 7
Interpersonal Communication: A Review of Eye Contact
Davidhizar, R. (1992) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/646513 · Cited by 7
Wulff‐Abramsson, A., Ruder, K., Triantafyllou, E., et al. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94866-9_9 · Cited by 7
Pupillary Correlates of Emotion and Cognition: A Computational Model
Balkenius, C., Fawcett, C. A., Falck‐Ytter, T., Gredebäck, G., & Johansson, B. (2019) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8717091 · Cited by 7
“contagion was initially thought to be an effect of sexual attraction because it was found primarily when observers viewed images of individuals of the opposite-sex with dilated pupils [18] and individuals with large pupils are considered more attractive [19].”
BackgroundSchwarz, L. H. (1968) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740100113016 · Cited by 7
Comment réellement voir et pas simplement regarder ?
Watillon-Naveau, A. (2003) · Cahiers de psychologie clinique · doi:10.3917/cpc.020.0031 · Cited by 7
The Microcomputer in Social-Psychophysiological Research: An Apple II/FIRST Laboratory
Marshall‐Goodell, B., Gormezano, I., Scandrett, J. H., et al. (1981) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/004912418100900407 · Cited by 7
“…Mewborn and Rogers, 1979), electromyographic [EMG] (Cacioppo and Petty, 1981a), differential hemispheric electroencephalographic [EEG] (Cacioppo et al., 1979), pupillographic (Collins et al., 1967; Hess, 1965), vasomotor (Gerard, 1967) and cardiac activity (Cacioppo, 1979; Cacioppo et al., 1978).”
BackgroundPupillary Reactions to Sexual, Aggressive, and Other Stimuli as a Function of Personality
Tanck, R. H., & Robbins, P. R. (1970) · Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/0091651x.1970.10380251 · Cited by 7
Introversion-extraversion and experimenter effects in memory tasks
Richardson, J. T. E. (1982) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(82)90053-8 · Cited by 7
An experimental approach to decoding human reactions through mixed measurements
Janowski, A., Renigier‐Biłozor, M., & Walacik, M. (2024) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114547 · Cited by 6
Salah-Mabed, I., Saad, A., & Gatinel, D. (2017) · Journal of Refractive Surgery · doi:10.3928/01913913-20170619-03 · Cited by 6
Hatsukawa, H., & Ishikawa, M. (2022) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ac5ae6 · Cited by 6
Interpersonal Oculesics: Eye-Related Signals of Attraction, Interest, and Connection
Bowman, J. M., & Compton, B. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94492-6_1 · Cited by 6
Hatsukawa, H., & Ishikawa, M. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113850 · Cited by 6
Kim, A. J., Murch, W. S., Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Ferrari, M. A., MacDonald, K. I., Fooken, J., Cherkasova, M. V., Spering, M., & Clark, L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272070 · Cited by 5
A speech-driven pupil response robot synchronized with burst-pause of utterance
SEJIMA, Y., Egawa, S., Maeda, R., et al. (2017) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2017.8172339 · Cited by 6
“In particular, as the saying goes, “The eyes say more than the mouth,” the pupil response plays an important role to express affect [13].”
BackgroundOzawa, S., Yoshimoto, H., Okanoya, K., & Hiraki, K. (2020) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000273 · Cited by 7
A body contact-driven pupil response pet-robot for enhancing affinity
SEJIMA, Y., Sato, Y., & Watanabe, T. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing · doi:10.1299/jamdsm.2021jamdsm0061 · Cited by 6
Enlargement of female pupils when perceiving something cute
Kuraguchi, K., & Kanari, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02852-5 · Cited by 7
An indirect method of attitude measurement
Madden, J. M., & Martin, E. J. (1979) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03335050 · Cited by 6
Jones, Q. R., & Moyel, I. S. (1973) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1973.37.2.483 · Cited by 6
Computational Discourse Analysis for Interpretation
Yagi, S. (2002) · Meta Journal des traducteurs · doi:10.7202/004627ar · Cited by 6
“Some researchers, like Hess (1965), discovered that pupils dilate during the performance of mental arithmetics. Beatty and Wagoner (1978) obtained the greatest pupillary dilation in a hierarchically structured letter-matching task that required higher levels of mental processing. Matthews, et al. (1991) also found tha…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEffectiveness of Gaze-Based Engagement Estimation in Conversational Agents
Ishii, R., Ooko, R., Nakano, Y., & Nishida, T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4784-8_6 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, it is widely known that pupil size becomes larger when people are looking at something interesting or exciting (Hess 1965).”
BackgroundThe Present State of Pupillometrics
Hess, E. H., & Goodwin, E. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1642-9_8 · Cited by 6
Self-citationAn investigation of the relationship between word stimuli and optical pupil size
Francis, R. D., & Kelly, M. (1969) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536908257774 · Cited by 6
Beauty is in the iris: Constricted pupils (enlarged irises) enhance attractiveness
Cossu, M., Trupia, M. G., & Estes, Z. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105842 · Cited by 5
“Early research by Hess (1965, 1975) was particularly influential, as he promoted a claim that dilated pupils are more attractive than constricted pupils.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLi, M., & Lu, S. (2016) · Journal of psychiatry · doi:10.4172/2378-5756.1000379 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies have indicated that pupil size changes could reflect the psychological expression related to emotional activities, which is embodied in mydriasis as a result of psychological activities generated by positive emotional stimuli and miosis as a result of psychological activities generated by negative emo…”
BackgroundEmotional Design and Validation Study of Human–Landscape Visual Interaction
Ren, H., Cheng, L., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14071966 · Cited by 9
Pupil Dilations Reflect Why Rembrandt Biased Female Portraits Leftward and Males Rightward
Schirillo, J. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00938 · Cited by 5
Portrait hemispheric laterality measured using pupil diameter and aesthetic judgments.
Hayes, T., Muday, J. A., & Schirillo, J. A. (2013) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0031634 · Cited by 5
“Eckhard Hess’s claim that pupils dilate to pleasant images and constrict to unpleasant images was confounded because of inconsistent contrasts and luminances across his images. Building upon the work of Powell and Schirillo (2011) that explored multiple portraits by Rembrandt, we offer a new and promising methodology…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA laughing-driven pupil response system for inducing empathy
Egawa, S., SEJIMA, Y., Sato, Y., et al. (2016) · IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII) · doi:10.1109/sii.2016.7844051 · Cited by 5
“In addition, the human pupil dilates in enhancing own affects, and it has effects on the favorable impressions [9]-[11].”
BackgroundPupil responses by level of valence sensitivity to emotion-evoking pictures
Murokawa, N., & Nakayama, M. (2021) · International Conference Information Visualisation (IV) · doi:10.1109/iv53921.2021.00031 · Cited by 5
“While it was once believed that pupil sizes dilate when people view images they prefer [4], [5], there are currently objections to this point of view.”
BackgroundWinner, E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0016 · Cited by 6
The LMA12-O Framework for Emotional Robot Eye Gestures
Galindo, K., Szapiro, D., & Gómez, R. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) · doi:10.1109/ro-man53752.2022.9900752 · Cited by 5
“Factors such as the size of one’s pupils and how quick the pupils change size can give cues of emotional intent [19].”
BackgroundMemory for incidentally perceived social cues: Effects on person judgment
Pawling, R., Kirkham, A. J., Tipper, S. P., & Over, H. (2016) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12182 · Cited by 6
“…2013) where the affective value of one individual can be carried forward to other similarly featured individuals, affective learning could explain why in the moment of viewing a novel face, pupil size change affects person perception (e.g., Bull & Shead, 1979; Hess, 1965; Strass & Willis, 1967).”
BackgroundMorfoot, C., & Blake, B. F. (1978) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.1978.9941892 · Cited by 5
Brightness contrast effects in a pupillometric experiment
Hess, E. H., Beaver, P. W., & Shrout, P. E. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204099 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPsychophysiological index attenuation to pictures
Metalis, S. A., & Hess, E. H. (1981) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03332930 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAoyama, N., & Fukuda, T. (2007) · Cited by 5
Pupillometry: Some Advances, Problems and Solutions
Janisse, M. P. (1974) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1642-9_1 · Cited by 6
Effect of pupil size on dark focus accommodation
Miller, R. J. (1988) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01042.x · Cited by 5
Respiratorische Einflüsse auf die Dynamik des Pupillen-Lichtreflexes beim Menschen
Golenhofen, K., & Petrányi, P. (1967) · Kybernetik · doi:10.1007/bf00292172 · Cited by 5
Classical Conditioning of Pupillary Constriction
Borrego, R. L., & Gardnre, R. M. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.315 · Cited by 5
Conditioning the Pupillary Reflex with Control for the Orienting Response
Tanck, R. H. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.31.2.643 · Cited by 5
Perception of height as a linear function of attitude similarity
Bleda, P. R. (1972) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328935 · Cited by 5
Perception of sexual experience: The impact of nonverbal behavior
Garcia, L. T., & Derfel, B. (1983) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289960 · Cited by 5
Nunnally, J. C., Knott, P. D., & Duchnowski, A. J. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(67)90011-2 · Cited by 5
Grassi, F., Kulke, L., Lepauvre, A., & Schacht, A. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00162 · Cited by 4
“Several studies have observed increased pupil responses to emotional pictures ( Bradley et al., 2008; Hess, 1965) and auditory stimuli ( J ü rgens et al., 2018; Partala & Surakka, 2003; Riese et al., 2014).”
BackgroundShin, W., & Shin, D.-H. (2014) · Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education · doi:10.14697/jkase.2014.34.8.0795 · Cited by 4
“2) 기초과학탐구 문제별 평균동공크기(average pupil Diameter : APD) 동공은 흥분상태에서 확장하고 불쾌한 상태에서 수축한다(Hess & Polt, 1960; Hess, 1965).”
InfluentialIs a modular cognitive architecture compatible with the direct perception of mental states?
Lavelle, J. S. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.017 · Cited by 4
Zhong, N., Li, M., Wu, Y., et al. (2011) · doi:10.1109/iccme.2011.5876712 · Cited by 4
“1) Subjects: The subjects were 31 undergraduates and postgraduates with a mean age of 24 .0 (SD 2.0) years, and 15 were female.”
BackgroundInfluentialOcular reactions in response to impressions of emotion-evoking pictures
Nakayama, M. (2018) · ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA) · doi:10.1145/3204493.3204574 · Cited by 4
“For example, pupils dilate when emotion-evoking pictures are viewed [Hess 1965], and pupil reactions have been discussed as a form of mental effort, as have task-evoked responses [Beatty 1982; Steinhauer and Hakerem Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal…”
BackgroundCritique of a Pupillary Response Experiment
Dooley, R. P., & Lehr, D. J. (1967) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1967.25.2.603 · Cited by 4
Perceptual defense and vigilance: Prediction from the Byrne Scale of Repression-Sensitization
Hutt, L. D., & Anderson, J. P. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03330903 · Cited by 4
Visual Substitution Systems: Control and Information Processing Considerations
Fish, R. M. (1975) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x7506900703 · Cited by 4
Facial Feature Movements Caused by Various Emotions: Differences According to Sex
Suh, K. H., Kim, Y., & Lee, E. C. (2016) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym8090086 · Cited by 4
“Eckhard Hess, a psychologist from the University of Chicago, defined the characteristics of pupil accommodation for each sex [15]; he said pupil size could change even with the same light intensity.”
BackgroundMatsumoto, A., Tange, Y., Nakazawa, A., et al. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56687-0_3 · Cited by 4
Bernick, N. (1973) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826087309057483 · Cited by 4
Socialization of verbal and nonverbal emotive expressions in young children
Gerholm, T. N. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 5
JUDGING OUTLINE FACES: A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY
Bradshaw, J. L., & McKenzie, B. E. (1971) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1971.tb03710.x · Cited by 4
“the percipient, is suggested by Hess (1965). He found that male subjects preferred otherwise identical photographs of female faces where the pupils of the eyes had been touched up and enlarged, even though they were unable to specify any apparent differences.”
BackgroundPupillary Responses of Repressers and Sensitizers to Sexual and Aversive Stimuli
Good, L. R., & Levin, R. H. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.30.2.631 · Cited by 4
Delgado, N., Mattavelli, S., Brambilla, M., Rodríguez-Gómez, L., & Harris, L. T. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104455 · Cited by 4
“…Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003) with findings showing that individuals with large pupil size are trusted and perceived positively (Brambilla et al., 2019; Hess, 1965; Kret et al., 2015; Kret & De Dreu, 2017), we expect that people would ascribe higher humanness to those targets with large pupil size.”
BackgroundInfluentialKüçün, N. T. (2023) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8351-0.ch004 · Cited by 3
Spee, B. T. M., Arató, J., Mikuni, J., Tran, U. S., Pelowski, M. J., & Leder, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1192565 · Cited by 3
“However, pupil dilations also appear due to emotions (Hess, 1965; Bernick et al., 1971; Aboyoun and Dabbs, 1998), mainly associated with arousal and appeal of challenge (Hess and Polt, 1960; Muth et al., 2015), and pleasure in fluency (Kuchinke et al., 2009; Elschner et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDuque, A., & Vázquez, C. (2013) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/cl2013a11 · Cited by 5
Beattie, G. W., & Shovelton, H. (2002) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.2002.019 · Cited by 2
Display Technology of Images with Scents and Its Psychological Evaluation
Tomono, A. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2521-1.ch022 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Discomfort Degree Estimation System with Pupil Variation in Partial 3D Images
Murakami, S., Kotani, K., Suzuki, S. V., et al. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92043-6_47 · Cited by 3
A video communication system with a virtual pupil CG superimposed on the partner’s pupil
SEJIMA, Y., Maeda, R., Sato, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing · doi:10.1299/jamdsm.2020jamdsm0091 · Cited by 3
Pupil size variation in primary facial expressions–testing potential biomarker of self-criticism
Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Strnádelová, B., Móro, R., & Bieliková, M. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-021-10057-5 · Cited by 3
“2014; Hess 1965).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe look in your eyes: The role of pupil dilation in disguising the perception of trustworthiness
Okubo, M., Ishikawa, K., Oyama, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2023) · Journal of Trust Research · doi:10.1080/21515581.2023.2165090 · Cited by 5
“Pupils dilate or constrict not only in response to changes in ambient light but also to changes in mental state, such as an increase in cognitive demand (Kahneman, 1973; Just et al., 2003) or emotional arousal (Bradley et al., 2008; Hess, 1965).”
BackgroundFrom shrieks to “Stupid poo”: emotive language in a developmental perspective
Gerholm, T. N. (2018) · Text and Talk · doi:10.1515/text-2017-0036 · Cited by 3
Nakayama, M., Yasuike, I., & Shimizu, Y. (2021) · Behaviormetrics · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1722-5_1 · Cited by 3
Mcafee, L. J., Fox, R. A., & Hicks, R. A. (1982) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330213 · Cited by 3
Facial Expression of Social Interaction Based on Emotional Motivation of Animal Robot
Chumkamon, S., Koike, M., & Hayashi, E. (2015) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2015.45 · Cited by 3
“For the robot eye’s expression each emotion, we implemented the appearance of robot’s eye to mimic the human expression by study from the research that proposed recently [14], [15].”
MethodIto, S., Kajiwara, Y., Harada, F., & Shimakawa, H. (2016) · Cited by 3
Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication
Paradis, M. (2009) · Handbook of pragmatics highlights · doi:10.1075/hoph.3.04par · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Hess, E. H.
- Corresponding author
- Hess, Eckhard H.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1965-04
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 46-54
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979675537
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 29.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- pupil size, miosis, pupil dilation, pupil reflex
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Humans, Psychophysiology, Pupil
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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