Subjective contours.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preliminary positive results were obtained modeling the subjective contour effect in visual inference using these circuits.
“In this section, we report some preliminary positive results that we obtained modeling the subjective contour effect in visual inference [63] using these circuits.”
From Towards a mathematical theory of cortical micro-circuits (2009) · cites this paper as [63]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kass, M., Witkin, A., & Terzopoulos, D. (1988) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/bf00133570 · Cited by 17,165 · see citing works
Stimulus Specificity of Phase-Locked and Non-Phase-Locked 40 Hz Visual Responses in Human
Tallon‐Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Delpuech, C., & Pernier, J. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-13-04240.1996 · Cited by 1,526 · see citing works
A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications
Duchowski, A. T. (2002) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195475 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
“That is, certain perceptual phenomena are left unaccounted for by scanpaths, including perception of illusory images such as the Kanizsa (1976) figure or the Necker (1832) cube.”
BackgroundPerception of shape from shading
Ramachandran, V. S. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/331163a0 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction
Driver, J. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00124-4 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
“Kanizsa subjective ®gures (Kanizsa, 1976) provide one interesting stimulus for addressing this issue.”
BackgroundTowards a mathematical theory of cortical micro-circuits
George, D., & Hawkins, J. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000532 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Visual illusions and neurobiology
Eagleman, D. M. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35104092 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional form, color, and brightness perception: II. Binocular theory
Grossberg, S. (1987) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204875 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Murray, M. M., Wylie, G. R., Higgins, B. A., Javitt, D. C., Schroeder, C. E., & Foxe, J. J. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-05055.2002 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
“One method of investigating these processes involves illusory contour (IC) stimuli (Kanizsa, 1976), wherein subjects perceive an object’s borders in the absence of luminance discontinuities.”
MethodPerceptual Anomalies in Schizophrenia: Integrating Phenomenology and Cognitive Neuroscience
Uhlhaas, P. J., & Mishara, A. L. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl047 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Gamma Oscillations and Object Processing in the Infant Brain
Csibra, G., Davis, G. J., Spratling, M., & Johnson, M. H. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5496.1582 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Inferring global pereeptual contours from local features
Guy, G., & Medioni, G. (1996) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/bf00144119 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Filling-in the gaps: The shape of subjective contours and a model for their generation
Ullman, S. (1976) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00337043 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Intracortical facilitation among co-oriented, co-axially aligned simple cells in cat striate cortex
Nelson, J. I., & Frost, B. J. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235620 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“The facilitation we observed in at least one-quarter of Area 17 simple cells in anaesthetized cat is a likely mechanism for the response to subjective contours (Kanizsa 1976) reported by v o n d e r Heydt et al.”
BackgroundHigh-frequency brain activity: Its possible role in attention, perception and language processing
Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., & Mohr, B. (1997) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00023-3 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Stanley, D. A., & Rubin, N. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01148-0 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Interactions of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in Human Visual Cortex
McMains, S. A., & Kästner, S. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3766-10.2011 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Kanizsa (1976)-type stimuli were used to manipulate the degree of perceptual organization via illusory contour formation present among elements in the stimulus array, while changing the overall arrangement of the individual elements only minimally.”
Foxe, J. J., Murray, M. M., & Javitt, D. C. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi069 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Subjects were instructed to centrally fixate an array of Kanizsa-type (Kanizsa, 1976) 'pacmen' inducers that were oriented in one of two manners to either form or not form an illusory shape ('IC present' and 'IC absent' conditions; see Fig.”
Hebb's concept of cell assemblies an the psychophysiology of word processing
Friedemann Pulvermüller, A. (1996) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01057.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Shape Perception Simultaneously Up- and Downregulates Neural Activity in the Primary Visual Cortex
Kok, P., & de Lange, F. P. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.042 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Neural dynamics of surface perception: Boundary webs, illuminants, and shape-from-shading
Grossberg, S., & Ennio Mingolla, B. (1987) · Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing · doi:10.1016/s0734-189x(87)80015-4 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Laminar fMRI: applications for cognitive neuroscience
Lawrence, S. J. D., Formisano, E., Muckli, L., & de Lange, F. P. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“For example, in the Kanizsa visual illusion (Kanizsa, 1976), selective activation of the deep layers of visual cortex, coupled with down-regulation of responses to the shape inducers, is sufficient to induce an illusory visual percept (Kok et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialBright illusions reduce the eye's pupil
Laeng, B., & Endestad, T. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118298109 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Peterson, M. A., & Gibson, B. S. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206951 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…a high denotative region is separated from a low denotative region by a contour that is not physically present—an illusory or subjective contour (Kanizsa, 1976; Schumann, 1987), like that shown in Figure 5a. Subjective contour stimuli are an interesting case because Rock (1983) claimed that…”
BackgroundGamma‐range Activity Evoked by Coherent Visual Stimuli in Humans
Tallon‐Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Bouchet, P., & Pernier, J. (1995) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01118.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Sokhadze, E. M., El-Baz, A. S., Baruth, J. M., Kuravackel, G. M., Sears, L. L., & Casanova, M. F. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0662-7 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Disrupted visual perceptual congruence in autistics is illustrated by a study (Brown 2005) in which test subjects were presented with a visual shape illusion (i.e., Kanizsa figure, see Kanizsa 1976).”
MethodRetinotopic activation in response to subjective contours in primary visual cortex
Maertens, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.002.2008 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“1 April 2008 | Volume 2 | Article 2 | www.frontiersin.org Retinotopic activation in response to subjective contours in primary visual cortex Marianne Maertens1,*, Stefan Pollmann1, Michael Hanke1, Toralf Mildner2 and Harald Möller2”
BackgroundEmotion and dance in dynamic light displays
Walk, R. D., & Homan, C. P. (1984) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333870 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Silence can add tension to auditory beats , consonants to speech (Morse, Eilers, & Gavin, 1982), or contours to shapes, as in "subj~ctive contour" (Kanizsa, 1976) .”
BackgroundOscillatory synchrony and human visual cognition
Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2003) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2003.09.009 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“In a discrimination task, we compared the responses to coherent stimuli (illusory and real triangles) with the responses to a non-coherent stimulus, a Kanizsa triangle [23] in which the inducing pac-men had been rotated to suppress the illusion [10]: a larger induced gamma response was observed over occipital electrod…”
Anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system
Prasad, S., & Galetta, S. L. (2011) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52903-9.00007-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Mechanisms of perceptual constancy impose this pattern, with neural firing that supports the coherent perception (Kanizsa, 1976).”
BackgroundCapture of stereopsis and apparent motion by illusory contours
Ramachandran, V. S. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203005 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Prefrontal Neuromodulation Using rTMS Improves Error Monitoring and Correction Function in Autism
Sokhadze, E. M., Baruth, J. M., Sears, L. L., Sokhadze, G. E., El-Baz, A. S., & Casanova, M. F. (2012) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9182-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging findings on the human perception of illusory contours
Seghier, M. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.11.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Several of these theoretical models (Bradley and Dumais, 1975; Coren, 1972; Ginsburg, 1975; Gregory, 1972; Halpern, 1981; Kanizsa, 1976; Parks, 1989; Rock and Anson, 1979; Smith and Over, 1975; Watanabe and Oyama, 1988) have attempted to elucidate the mystery of 'human perception of illusory…”
BackgroundA Survey of Electronic Techniques for Pictorial Image Reproduction
Stoffel, J. C., & Moreland, J. (1981) · IRE Transactions on Communications Systems · doi:10.1109/tcom.1981.1094946 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Complete 3-D reconstruction of dental cast shape using perceptual grouping
Hirogaki, Y., Sohmura, T., Satoh, H., et al. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.959306 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Tse, P. U. (1999) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0715 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Neurocognitive biases and the patterns of spontaneous correlations in the human cortex
Harmelech, T., & Malach, R. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.014 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Boundary Completion Is Automatic and Dissociable from Shape Discrimination
Murray, M. M., Imber, M. L., Javitt, D. C., & Foxe, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3225-06.2006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“For each trial, an array of four Kanizsa-type (Kanizsa, 1976) “pacman” inducers was presented on a computer monitor (Eizo Flexscan 930; 1280 1024 pixel resolution) located 75 cm away from the subject.”
MethodHerrmann, C. S., & Mecklinger, A. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00170-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Redies, C., Crook, J. M., & Creutzfeldt, O. D. (1986) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00237572 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Baruth, J. M., Casanova, M. F., El-Baz, A. S., Horrell, T., Mathai, G., Sears, L. L., & Sokhadze, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1080/10874208.2010.501500 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Kanizsa illusory figures (Kanizsa, 1976) have been shown to readily produce gamma oscillations during visual cognitive tasks (Hermann, Mecklinger, & Pfeifer, 1999; Tallon-Baundry, Bertrand, Delpuech, & Pernier, 1996): Kanizsa stimuli consist of inducer disks of a shape feature and either constitute…”
BackgroundGlobal processing in amblyopia: a review
Hamm, L. M., Black, J. M., Dai, S. H., & Thompson, B. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00583 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“In a related task, individual elements (“inducers”) can be used to create illusory contours and shapes, such as those described by Kanizsa (1976).”
Casanova, M. F., Baruth, J. M., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., Sears, L. L., & Sokhadze, E. M. (2012) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-012-0022-0 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Sokhadze, E. M., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., Sears, L. L., Wang, Y., Lamina, E. V., & Casanova, M. F. (2014) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9264-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“The stimuli employed in the test were Kanizsa square (target), Kanizsa triangle (non-target), non-Kanizsa square, and non-Kanizsa triangle (standards; Kanizsa 1976).”
Equivalent Representation of Real and Illusory Contours in Macaque V4
Pan, Y., Chen, M., Yin, J., An, X., Zhang, X., Lu, Y., Gong, H., Li, W., & Wang, W. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6140-11.2012 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Illusory contours (ICs), such as the Kanizsa triangle and abutting-line gratings, are among the most frequently used illusory figures in studying form perception and object recognition (Kanizsa, 1976; Spillmann and Dresp, 1995; Nieder, 2002; Seghier and Vuilleumier, 2006).”
BackgroundOn the Diversity of Auditory Objects
Matthen, M. (2009) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-009-0018-z · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Herrmann, C. S., & Mecklinger, A. (2001) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280143000142 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“In that experiment, Kanizsa squares and triangles (Kanizsa, 1976) as well as non-Kanizsa squares and triangles were visually presented to the subjects.”
MethodSubjective surfaces: A method for completing missing boundaries
Sarti, A., Malladi, R., & Sethian, J. A. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.110135797 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Phenomena of Illusory Form: Can We Bridge the Gap between Levels of Explanation?
Lothar Spillmann, A., & Dresp, B. (1995) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p241333 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Temporal Interpretation in Mandarin Chinese
Smith, C. S., & Erbaugh, M. S. (2009) · Studies in linguistics and philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2617-0_13 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The limits of shape recognition following late emergence from blindness
McKyton, A., Ben-Zion, I., Doron, R., & Zohary, E. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.040 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Subjective Surfaces: A Geometric Model for Boundary Completion
Sarti, A., Malladi, R., & Sethian, J. A. (2002) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1023/a:1014028906229 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“In contrast, we note that the visual system is able to recover curved subjective contours (Kanizsa, 1976), by exploiting both position and direction of existing boundaries.”
BackgroundPerceptual Completion across the Vertical Meridian and the Role of Early Visual Cortex
Pillow, J. W., & Rubin, N. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00605-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“In particular,(Kanizsa, 1955, 1976, 1987; see also Figures 1A and 1B).”
BackgroundIllusory contours: a window onto the neurophysiology of constructing perception
Murray, M. M., & Herrmann, C. S. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.07.004 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Vuilleumier, P. O., Valenza, N., & Landis, T. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00148-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The present study used Kanizsa-type illusory figures [31] to examine whether grouping effects can indeed arise preattentively in spatial neglect as a function of the integrity of specific areas in the visual cortex.”
MethodEarly vision and focal attention
Julesz, B. (1991) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.63.735 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Orientation-Selective Adaptation to Illusory Contours in Human Visual Cortex
Montaser‐Kouhsari, L., Landy, M. S., Heeger, D. J., & Larsson, J. T. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4173-06.2007 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Pak, A., Ryu, E., Li, C., & Chubykin, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1998-19.2019 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“One example of this ability is the perception of illusory (or subjective) contours, such as those found in Kanizsa’s triangle (Kanizsa, 1976).”
BackgroundHigh-frequency brain activity: perception or active memory?
Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., Keil, A., & Elbert, T. R. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01344-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
In search of closure: Subjective contour illusions, gestalt completion tests, and implications
Wasserstein, J., Zappulla, R., Rosen, J. J., Gerstman, L. J., & Rock, D. (1987) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(87)90042-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Skeletal descriptions of shape provide unique perceptual information for object recognition
Ayzenberg, V., & Lourenco, S. F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45268-y · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Apparent Motion of Subjective Surfaces
Ramachandran, V. S. (1985) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p140127 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Electrophysiological indexes of illusory contours perception in humans
Proverbio, A. M., & Zani, A. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00135-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapesPreprint
Sablé-Meyer, M., Ellis, K., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Dehaene, S. (2021) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101527 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Illusory contours: Toward a neurally based perceptual theory
Lesher, G. W. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210970 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Findings on Amodal Completion: A Review
Thielen, J., Bosch, S., van Leeuwen, T. M., van Gerven, M. A. J., & van Lier, R. (2019) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669519840047 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Modal completion involves the vivid visual perception of illusory contours and surfaces (Kanizsa, 1976, 1985).”
BackgroundMagnetoencephalographic gamma-band responses to illusory triangles in humans
Kaiser, J., Fauth‐Bühler, M., & Lutzenberger, W. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.033 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Relationship between Brightness Contrast and Illusory Contours
Jory, M. K., & Day, R. H. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The specificity of cortical region KO to depth structure
Tyler, C. W., Likova, L. T., Kontsevich, L. L., & Wade, A. R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.067 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…the KO region lies within the lateral occipital area shown by Mendola et al. (1999) to respond well to subjective contours of the conventional kind (Kanizsa, 1978), one hypothesis is that the KO region is specialized for the processing of subjective contours in general rather than solely those…”
BackgroundGestalt perception modulates early visual processing
Herrmann, C. S., & Bosch, V. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200104170-00007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
O’Connor, Z. (2013) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.21858 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wapner, W., Judd, T., & Gardner, H. (1978) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80062-8 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Disentangling effects of structure and knowledge in perceiving partly occluded shapes: An ERP study
Hazenberg, S. J., & van Lier, R. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.10.004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Seeing without Knowing: Neural Signatures of Perceptual Inference in the Absence of Report
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Fahrenfort, J. J., Sligte, I. G., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00530 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Completion of the pacmen to full disks and the increased brightness are perceptually inferred (Kanizsa, 1976; Nakayama & Shimojo, 1992; Nakayama, He, & Shimojo, 1995).”
BackgroundMicrogenesis, Immediate Experience and Visual Processes in Reading
Rosenthal, V. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2081-3_11 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Soriano, M., Spillmann, L., & Bach, M. (1996) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00107-b · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Contour interpolation revealed by a dot localization paradigm
Guttman, S. E., & Kellman, P. J. (2004) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.02.008 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The spatiotemporal properties of the Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet effect are consistent with ‘filling-in’
Davey, M. P., Maddess, T., & Srinivasan, M. V. (1998) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00329-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Otten, M., Pinto, Y., Paffen, C. L. E., Seth, A. K., & Ryota Kanai, C. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616672270 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, 2006; Zavagno & Caputo, 2001), and filling in of amodally completed Kanisza figures (Kanizsa, 1976), also occur without preceding adaptation.”
Illusory Contours and the Ends of Lines
Kennedy, J. M. (1978) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p070605 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
ERP abnormalities of illusory contour perception in Williams Syndrome
Grice, S. J., de Haan, M. D. H., Halit, H., Johnson, M. H., Csibra, G., Grant, J., & Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200310060-00003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Three-dimensional illusory contours and surfaces
Carman, G. J., & Welch, L. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360585a0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perceptual organization, visual attention, and objecthood
Kimchi, R., Yeshurun, Y., Špehar, B., & Pirkner, Y. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.07.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“To this end we employed Kanizsa-type illusory figures (Kanizsa, 1976) , and manipulated the spatial distribution of elements of opposite contrast polarity, which seems to influence the grouping of inducing elements in Fig.”
Emergent representations, interaction theory and the cognitive force of metaphor
Indurkhya, B. (2006) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2006.07.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The time-course of global and local attentional guidance in Kanizsa-figure detection
Conci, M., Töllner, T., Leszczyński, M., & Müller, H. J. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: A multi-paradigm approach
Tulver, K., Aru, J., Rutiku, R., & Bachmann, T. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.008 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Corballis, P., Fendrich, R., Shapley, R., & Gazzaniga, M. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563535 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These results suggest that illusory contours may be attributable to low-level visual processes common to both hemispheres, whereas amodal completion re ects a higher-level, lateralized process.”
BackgroundSmith, J., Disalvo, M., Green, A., Ceranoglu, T. A., Anteraper, S., Croarkin, P., & Joshi, G. (2022) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-022-09564-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“( Kanizsa, 1976) In these studies, the rate of commission, omission, and total errors was measured pre-and post-TMS after subjects were exposed to the Kanizsa odd-ball task.”
Fuss, T., Bleckmann, H., & Schluessel, V. (2014) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00024 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
On the perception of illusory contours
Ramachandran, V. S., Ruskin, D. A., Cobb, S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D., & Tyler, C. W. (1994) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90080-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
From local to global processing: The development of illusory contour perception
Nayar, K., Franchak, J. M., Adolph, K. E., & Kiorpes, L. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.11.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Global form perception and boundary completion in the service of visual object recognition have been extensively studied in adults using Kanizsa illusory contours (KICs) (Kanizsa, 1976).”
BackgroundGrouping in object recognition: The role of a Gestalt law in letter identification
Pelli, D. G., Majaj, N. J., Raizman, N., et al. (2009) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13546800802550134 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…investigators refined Wertheimer’s dot lattice technique, studying factors that bias the observer to report the elements as grouped in one way or the other (Epstein, 1988; Hochberg & Peterson, 1987; Kanizsa, 1976; Kubovy, Holcombe, & Wagemans, 1998; Peterson & Gibson, 1994; Rock & Palmer, 1990).”
MethodSokhadze, E. M., Lamina, E. V., Casanova, M., Kelly, D. P., Opriș, I. C., Tasman, A., & Casanova, M. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2018.00020 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The test used in the study was a three-stimuli oddball task with rare illusory Kanizsa (Kanizsa, 1976) squares (target, 25%), rare Kanizsa triangle (novel distracter, also 25”
MethodCasanova, M. F., Shaban, M., Ghazal, M. A., El-Baz, A. S., Casanova, M., Opriș, I. C., & Sokhadze, E. M. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10070423 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stimulus determinants of brightness and distinctness of subjective contours
Petry, S., Harbeck, A., Conway, J., et al. (1983) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211344 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kartsounis, L. D., & Warrington, E. K. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90061-c · Cited by 50 · see citing works
What can fish brains tell us about visual perception?
Salva, O. R., Sovrano, V. A., & Vallortígara, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00119 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Subjective contours are the manifestation of these principles, the action of a network that is predisposed to complete certain figural elements (Kanizsa, 1976; Gerbino and Salmaso, 1987; Purghé and Coren, 1992; Nieder and Wagner, 1999).”
BackgroundThe perceived strength of illusory contours
Banton, T. A., & Levi, D. M. (1992) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211704 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Levine, D. S. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426.pas0406 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal properties of illusory figures
Kojo, I., Liinasuo, M., & Rovamo, J. M. (1993) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90072-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kanizsa, G.
- Corresponding author
- Kanizsa, Gaetano
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1976-04
- Volume
- 234
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 48-52
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4251427381
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- illusory contours, visual perception, figure-ground perception, depth perception
- MeSH terms
- Form Perception, Humans, Illusions, Optical Illusions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
